Journal of Applied Physics &
Nanotechnology
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium
(Turner) C. Agardh with their Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for
Seed Germination
Suparna Roy* and Anantharaman P
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology,
Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University,
Tamilnadu, India
*Corresponding Author: Suparna Roy, Centre of
Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine
Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India,
Email: suparna09roy@gmail.com
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002
Research Article
This article was published in the following Scient Open Access Journal:
Journal of Applied Physics & Nanotechnology
Received December 30, 2017; Accepted January 10, 2018; Published January 25, 2018
Abstract
Chemical originated Nanoparticles are recognized for their utility in various fields such
as pharmaceuticals, medicine and also as bio-fertilizer, but Nanoparticles also had been
reported for its toxic effect on the environment and human, so reasonably Nanoparticles
are under safety concern. So, biosynthesis of silver Nanoparticles is now a leading interest
in research with evaluation of their phyto-friendly nature. The aqueous extract of brown
seaweed (Sargassum ilicifolium) had been used for the synthesis of silver Nanoparticles.
The synthesized silver Nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy,
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and the morphological structure was
characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy. The antibacterial activity of green
synthesized silver Nanoparticles was assayed against six human pathogenic bacteria
which showed that biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles had high inhibitory activity against
Escherichia coli (0.83 ± 0.05cm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.53 ± 0.05 cm), Proteus
mirabilis (0.46 ± 0.05cm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.4 ± 0.1cm) in comparison
to antibiotic Chloramphenicol (5mg/ml). The phyto-toxicity of bio- synthesized silver
Nanoparticles was investigated by studying its effect on seed germination of Abelmoschus
esculentus and Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus. The seed germination test showed
that the biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles had quite good promoting effect on germination
of both seeds. The seed germination was 60 percent in case of Abelmoschus esculentus
and seed treated with water also had 60 percent seed germination but in case of Raphanus
seed, the seed germination was 100 percent in comparison to normal water treated seeds
which was 60 percent. This study clearly confirmed that biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles
had accelerating effect on both seed germination and consequently indicated that
biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles is environmentally safe and can be used as nano-bio-
fertilizer after further long duration treatment with plant growth and crop yield.
Keywords: Seaweed, Silver nanoparticles, Seed germination, Antibacterial activity
Introduction
Nanoparticles are peculiar in their physical and chemical properties in comparison
to bulk compounds. So, Nano scale research gain the attention in the modern field
of material science and research groups. In various fields, the novel applications of
Nanoparticles are gradually improving and became as emerging needs. But chemical
originated silver Nanoparticles had been reported for its toxic nature on the vegetation.
So, to know the toxic level and mechanism, chemical originated silver Nanoparticles had
been investigated for its effect on various seed germination such as Wang, et al. (2015)
[1] reported that chemically originated silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
had a significant effect on seed germination of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The effect
of chemical Fe and Ag Nanoparticles on seed germination had been evaluated for flax
(Linum usitatissimum L, cv. Electra), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L, cv. Tove), and two-
rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L, cv. Annabell) in combination of soil compositions
by Sayed El-Temsah et al, and the effect of Ag Nanoparticles also had been reported
to evaluate its effect on seed germination of Vigna radiata [2]. The effect of chemical
originated nano silver on seed germination and seedling growth in fenugreek seeds was
investigated by Hojjat [3].
The majority of previous reports showed that chemical originated Ag Nanoparticles
had a toxic effect on seed germination and vegetation. So, eco-friendly and phyto-
friendly biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles may negotiate and replace the toxic
www.scientonline.org J Appl Phys Nanotechnol
Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
effect of chemical originated silver Nanoparticles. Seaweeds
had been reported as raw material for green synthesis of silver
Nanoparticles such as Caulerpa racemosa [4], Turbinaria conoides
[5] and some seaweed was evaluated for their potential for seed
germination [6-11] which revealed that seaweed synthesized
silver Nanoparticles was not toxic to seed germination but it was
promoting the seed germination in comparison to normal water
treatment as well as seaweed extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer.
Silver nanoparticles were also reported to their application in
medicine to reduce the infection in burn treatment and prevent
the adherence of dental bacterial colonization [12,13]. The
seaweed synthesized silver Nanoparticles had been reported for
their antibacterial activity such Padina tetrastromatica [14], and
Turbinaria conoides [15].
Though, some previous research was done on antibacterial
activity of seaweeds mediated silver Nanoparticles but many
seaweed species are yet not explored in this aspect. Therefore,
the focus of the present study is on antibacterial activity of
biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum ilicifolium
aqueous extract. So far we know, there are very few reports on the
effect of biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles on seed germination,
so we evaluated the potential of seaweed synthesized silver
Nanoparticles on seed germination to prove its phyto-friendly
nature and future use of bio-Nano-fertilizers.
Materials and Methods
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Seaweed extracts preparation: The seaweed (Figure 1)
had been collected from Vadakkadu Rameshwaram, southeast
coast of India and identified with CMFRI taxonomy key and other
available taxonomic key. After repeatedly washed, the cleaned
fresh seaweed was cut into small pieces and small piece of
seaweed of 20 g was pasted as fine paste with mortar and pestle
and the seaweed paste was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water
and boiled for 15 minutes at 60 ̊Cat water baths. The seaweed
extract was kept at room temperature for cooling, and the cold
seaweed extract was filtered with whatman filter paper and the
extract was used for synthesis of silver Nanoparticles.
Synthesis of Ag-Nanoparticles: The aqueous 1mM solution
of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) was prepared with Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
powder. For typical biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, 10 ml of
the aqueous extract of seaweed was added to the 90 ml aqueous
solution of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) in 250 ml conical flask and
Figure 1. Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, Division - Phaeophyta,
Class - Phaeophyceae Family - Sargassaceae (09°19’.700’’N and
079°19’.072’’E).
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002 www.scientonline.org
Page 2 of 9
kept at room temperature for 72 hours within mechanical shaker
at 120 rpm with continuous shaking. The colour change of the
solution indicated the biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles [16].
Preparation of Seaweed extract: The aqueous seaweed
extract was prepared according to the extraction of seaweed
liquid fertilizer (1:20) after an 90 minutes, of boiling, then
seaweed solution was kept at room temperature for complete
cooling and the cold seaweed solution was filtered with Whatman
filter paper. The seaweed extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer
was used to study its effect on seed germination of Abelmoschus
esculentus and Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus seed.
Characterization of Biosynthesized Silver
Nanoparticles
UV-Vis spectrophotometer
After 72 hours of biosynthesis, for characterization and
confirmation of biosynthesis of silver Nanoparticles, the solution
was scanned from 300-700 nm with UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
(UV-2600 SHIMADZU).
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
The biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles were centrifuged
at 5000 rpm for 30 minutes to precipitate the pellet at the
bottom. The pellet was collected and air dried to make powder
at room temperature for further use. The biosynthesized silver
Nanoparticles powder was mixed with Potassium bromide (KBr)
and made a pellet for use in Perkin Elmer FTIR model 2000 to
identify the functional groups which were responsible for the
green synthesis of silver Nanoparticles.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
The dry powder of biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles was
sprayed on gold coated copper grid to make the thin film on grid
and images were taken with JEOL JSM-5610LV Scanning Electron
Microscope for morphological identification of biosynthesized
silver Nanoparticles.
Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles
using an aqueous extract of Sargassum ilicifolium was assayed
by the agar disc diffusion method against six human pathogenic
bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and
Proteus mirabilis which were collected from the Department of
Medical Microbiology, Raja Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai
University. The bacterial cultures were freshly prepared in
nutrient broth, which was sub-cultured from pure culture. After
24 hours of culture, each bacterial culture was inoculated into
the agar plates and kept for 24 hours. The market available
Chloramphenicol antibiotic was used as positive control. The
500mg powder Chloramphenicol was dissolved in 100 ml
autoclaved distilled water to make a concentration of 5 mg/ml.
The 1 mm Silver Nitrate (AgNo3) solution was used as negative
control. The 20µl of seaweed synthesized silver Nanoparticles
solution, the solution of Silver Nitrate and antibiotic were given
to sterile paper discs and the discs were placed on bacterial
plates. After 24 hours of incubation, the zones of inhibition were
measured in triplicates from three different plates.
J Appl Phys Nanotechnol
Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
Page 3 of 9

Seed germination test

The seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus and Raphanus sativus
var. longipinnatus were sterilized with 5% Sodium hypochlorite
solution for 15 minutes [17]. The sterile seeds were dipped in
biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles solution, normal water, 1 mm
AgNO3 solution, seaweed extract, and seaweed bio-fertilizer for
overnight. In sterile Petri plates, sterile filter papers were placed
and 5 ml silver Nanoparticles solution, normal water, 1 mm AgNO3
solution seaweed extract and seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer were
added to the filter paper, and then treated seeds were placed on
filter paper within Petri plates. Then, Petri plates were covered and
kept at room temperature. After 12 hours germination halted and
the germination percentage, mean germination time, germination
index, relative root elongation, relative seed germination and
germination rate were estimated. Germination parameters were
calculated using the following equations [11,18-20].
Relative root elongation (E) = (Mean root length with NPs)/ Figure 2. Representing (A) the aqueous solution of seaweed extract and (B)
Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles solution.
(Mean root length with control) ×100
Relative seed germination= (Seeds germinated with NPs)/
(Seeds germinated with control) ×100
Germination index (GI) = (Relative seed germination) ×
(Relative root elongation)/100
Germination Percentage (GP %) = (Gf/n) × 100 where Gf is the
total number of germinated seeds at the end of the experiment
and n are the total number of the seed used in the test.
Mean Germination Time (MGT) =ΣNiDi/n where Ni is the
number of germinated seeds until the ith day and Di is number of
days from the start of experiment until the ith counting and n is the
total number of germinated seeds.
Germination Rate (GR) = Σ Ni/ Σ Ti Ni, where Ni is the number
of newly germinated seeds at time Ti.
Figure 3. Representing the UV-visible spectrum of biosynthesized Silver
GR = (a/1) + (b-a/2) + (c-b/3) +.....+ (n-n-1/N) (6) Nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Sargassum ilicifolium.

Statistical Analysis
Table 1. FT-IR peak values of the aqueous extract of Sargassum ilicifolium.
Means and standard deviation was estimated from the triplicates Peaks Bonds Functional Groups
measurement of zone of inhibition for antibacterial activity. 3649.52 N-H Stretch , C-H Stretch Amide, Alkane

Results & Discussions 2910.13 O-H Stretch, Carboxylic Acid O-H Carboxylic
1113.95 C-O Stretch, Ester, Ether
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles 538.99 C-Br, C-I Stretch Alkyl halides
514.07 C-Br, C-I Stretch Alkyl halides
The mixing of seaweed aqueous solution with Silver Nitrate
(1mM) solution produced reddish brown colour in comparison
to control, the Silver Nitrate solution (AgNO3) and the aqueous The only aqueous extract which was used for synthesis
seaweed solution which suggested the formation of Ag-NPs of silver Nanoparticles also analysed for FT-IR to identify the
by reduction of the aqueous Ag+ (Figure 2). Due to the surface functional groups which was present in water extract of the
Plasmon vibrations among the produced Silver Nanoparticles, mentioned seaweed which was listed below table 1 and the
the colour change occurred [21]. spectrum is represented at figure 4. The functional groups
which are responsible for the synthesis of silver Nanoparticles
Characterization of Biosynthesized Silver by a reduction of 1 mm AgNO3 with the aqueous extract of the
Nanoparticles mentioned seaweed was listed below table 2 and the spectrum is
UV-Visible spectrophotometer represented at figure 5.

The biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles was scanned The SEM image (Figure 6) showed the high density, spherical,
from 200nm to 700nm.The absorbance peak at 440 to 460 nm cubical and hexagonal shaped and well distributed Ag-NPs
indicated the biosynthesized of Silver Nanoparticles (Figure 3). synthesized from seaweed extract.

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002 www.scientonline.org J Appl Phys Nanotechnol

Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
Page 4 of 9

Effect of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles, seaweed The relative root elongation (500) and relative seed
extract and seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer on seed ger- germination (150) was the highest at 48 hours, for the seeds
mination of Abelmoschus esculentus treated with biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles but germination
index which was 750, the highest germination index for the
The figures 7a-7d showed the effect of biosynthesized Silver seeds treated with biosynthesized Ag-Nanoparticles at 48 hours
Nanoparticles on seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus.  of treatment (Figure 7a). The effect of biosynthesized Silver
Nanopaerticles and normal water on the seed germination
Table 2. FT-IR peak values of Sargassum ilicifolium mediated biosynthesized of Abelmoschus esculentus was the same. The maximum
Silver Nanoparticles. germination rate was found at 24 hours for both treatments
Peaks Bonds Functional Groups such as biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (SL-AgNPs) treated
481.04 C-I, C-Br Stretch Alkyl halides seeds (0.076) and normal water treated seeds (0.076) and the
1019.12 C-F Stretch, C-O Bend Alkyl halides, Ether germination rate was gradually decreased with increased of time
3448.15 O-H Stretch, H-Bond, N-H Alcohol, Amine, Amide (Figure 7d). The mean germination time was gradually increased
2920.20 O-H Stretch, Carboxylic Acid O-H Carboxylic with increase of time for both seeds which may be due to more
2849.30 C-H Bend, C-H Stretch Aldehydes, Alkyl effect and reaction of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles
1632.74 C=C Stretch Alkenyl (Figure 7c). The seed germination percentage of normal water
1382.55 N-O Bend, C-F Stretch Nitro , Alkyl halide treated seeds were comparatively higher than biosynthesized

Figure 4. Representing the FT-IR spectrum of aqueous extract of Sargassum ilicifolium.

Figure 5. FT-IR spectrum of biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles synthesized by Sargassum ilicifolium aqueous extract.

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002 www.scientonline.org J Appl Phys Nanotechnol

Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
Page 5 of 9

Figure 6. Representing the SEM images of biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles synthesised by Sargassum ilicifolium aqueous extract.

a b

c d

Figure 7. (a) Seed germination index, (b) Seed germination percentage, (c) Mean seed germination time, (d) Seed germination rate.

Ag-Nanoparticles treated seeds at 24 and 96 hours; but the seed
germination percentage was equal for both seeds treated with
water and biosynthesized Ag-Nanoparticles at 48 hours (Figure
7b). The two types of seaweed extracts such as normal seaweed
extract and the seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer had no effect on
seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus. The 1 mm solution
of AgNO3 was also used as a negative control to study its effect
on seed germination in comparison to normal water, but only 20
percent seed germination occur in case of AgNO3 solution and 60
percent seed germination occurred in the case of seeds treated
with normal water (Figure 8). This result proved that 1mM AgNO3
solution was toxic to seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus.
The only one seed of Abelmoschus esculentus was germinated
(Figures 8a and 8b). The anatomical study was done for the
only one germinated seed which was treated with 1mm AgNO3
revealed that the root tip with root cap was chocked and damaged
due to treatment of 1 mm AgNO3 solution, but in case of normal
water treatment, the germinated seeds had the normal root with

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002 www.scientonline.org J Appl Phys Nanotechnol

Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
Page 6 of 9

Figure 8. Seed germination percentage of Abelmoschus esculentus in different treatments.

a b

Figure 8a. showing the ladies finger seed germination with normal water and 1 mM AgNO3 solution, 8b. showing the ladies finger seed treated with
seaweed extract.

c d

e f

Figure 8c and 8d. The root of seedling of normal water treated seed showed plenty of branch root development and the sectional simple microscopic
view of normal root with the well-developed vascular system, tissues and its connection with branch roots, (e) and (f) - The root tip treated with 1 mm
AgNO3 solution and sectional simple microscopic view of root with the distorted damaged vascular system and tissues.

fair root cap and shoot growth was comparatively good. But the
normal seaweed aqueous extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer
extract had a completely negative effect on seed germination.
After one week of treatment, no seed germination occurred
in case of the seeds treated with seaweed aqueous extract and
seaweed liquid fertilizer of Sargassum ilicifolium (Figures 8c - 8f).
Effect of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles, seaweed
extract and seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer on seed ger-
mination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus
The effect of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on
seed germination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus was

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002 www.scientonline.org J Appl Phys Nanotechnol

Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
a b
c d
Figure 9. (a) to (d) Representing the effect of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and the aqueous extract of Sargassum ilicifolium on seed germination of
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus.
comparatively better than the effect of the normal water, seaweed
extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer. The seed germination index
was the highest at 24 hours (133.33) for seeds treated with
biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (SL-AgNPs) but the relative
seed germination was the highest at 96 hours (200) (Figure 9a). The
mean germination time, for biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles
was less than the mean germination time of seed treated with
normal water at 24 hours, but the mean germination time was
gradually increased with increase of duration of treatment at 48
hours and 96 hours (Figure 9c). It indicated that seeds treated
with biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles germinated faster
than seeds treated with normal water, seaweed extract and
seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer. The germination percentage for
biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles treated seeds was increased
with time in comparison to normal water treated seeds,
seaweed extract treated seed and seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer
treated seed (Figure 9b). The seed germination percentage was
comparatively higher for seeds treated with biosynthesized Silver
Nanoparticles to increase of time than normal water treated
seeds. The germination percentage reached to the maximum at
96 hours (100). The germination rate was the highest at 48 hours
for biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles treated seeds (Figure
9d). The 1mM Silver Nanoparticles (AgNO3) solution was used
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Page 7 of 9
as a negative control to study its effect on seed germination.
After one week of observation, there was no seed germination
of the seeds which was treated with 1 mm AgNO3 solution that
proved the Silver Nitrate solution (AgNO3) had a toxic effect on
seed germination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus but the
seeds were germinated with normal water treatment (Figure 9e).
The seaweed extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer was also used
as a positive control to study their effect on seed germination of
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus (Figure 9g). After one week
of treatment, no seed germination occurred for the seeds treated
with seaweed extract and seaweed liquid bio-fertilizer (Figure
9f). The root length germinated seeds of radish and ladies finger
were measured with standard measuring scale for calculation of
seed germination parameters (Figure 10a and b).
Antibacterial activity
Seaweed synthesized Silver Nanoparticles had the maximum
inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (0.83 ± 0.05 cm),
followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.53 ± 0.05 cm), and
Proteus mirabilis (0.46 ± 0.05 cm). The zone of inhibition of Ag-
Nanoparticles for mentioning four pathogens was greater than
the inhibitory activity of antibiotic Chloramphenicol (5mg/ml)
and AgNO3 (1mM) which had very less antibacterial activity in
J Appl Phys Nanotechnol
Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
Page 8 of 9

e f

Figure 9. (e) showed the radish seed germination with normal water and 1 mM AgNO3 solution, (f) showed the seaweed extract treated seeds of radish.

Figure 9. (g) Representing seed germination percentage of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus in different treatments.

a b

Figure 10. (a) the seedling of raddish and Figure 10 (b) Seedling of ladies finger after treatment with seaweed synthesized silver Nanoparticles
(SL) from Sargassum ilicifolium.

comparison to these four pathogens. But for two pathogens
such as Staphylococcus aureus (0.31 ± 0.02cm) and Enterococcus
faecalis (0.35 ± 0.05 cm) the zone of inhibition of antibiotic (5mg/
ml) was greater than biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles solution.
The zone of inhibition of seaweed mediated Nanoparticles for
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis was (0.15 ± 0.00
cm) and (0.2 ± 0.03cm) (Figure 11).
Conclusions
It can be concluded from this study, that the biosynthesized
Silver Nanoparticles had a significant effect on seed germination
of Abelmoschus esculentus. For Abelmoschus esculentus seeds, the
effect of Silver Nanoparticles on seed germination was as equal as
normal water, but biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles had a better
effect on seed germination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus
than seed germination with treatment of seaweed extract and
seaweed liquid fertilizer. The 1 mm AgNO3 solution had been
proved to be toxic to the germination of Abelmoschus esculentus
seeds consequently one seed germinated and it was again dried
and damaged after 3 days due to distortion and vascular damage
which was shown in the sectional view of root. In case of seeds
treated with seaweed extract and seaweed liquid fertilizer, no seed
germination occurred for Abelmoschus esculentus seeds. The seed
germination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus was excellent
with the treatment of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles where
a germination percentage was 100 at 96 hours in comparison
to normal water, which indicated that the biosynthesized Silver
Nanoparticles had high promoting effect on seed germination
promoting of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus seed. The
seaweed extract, seaweed liquid fertilizer and 1 mm Silver
Nitrate solution (AgNO3) was proved completely toxic to seed
germination of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus. For the

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 002 www.scientonline.org J Appl Phys Nanotechnol

Citation: Suparna Roy, Anantharaman P (2018). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh with their
Antimicrobial Activity and Potential for Seed Germination
Figure 11. Showing the zone of inhibition of biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles synthesized by the Sargassum ilicifolium aqueous extract.
antibacterial activity, the biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles
had a significant zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis in comparison to
positive control, the solution of antibiotic Chloramphenicol.
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