Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: ‫ ;محمد اقبال‬9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938) was a poet, Scholar and politician from Punjab, British

India (now in Pakistan), whose poetry in Urdu, Punjabi and Persian is considered to be among the greatest of the modern era,[1] and
whose vision of an independent state for the Muslims of British India was to inspire the creation of Pakistan. He is commonly
referred to as Allama Iqbal (‫عالمہ اقبال‬, Allama lit. Scholar).
After studying in England and Germany, Iqbal established a law practice, but concentrated primarily on writing scholarly works on
politics, economics, history, philosophy and religion. He is best known for his poetic works, including Asrar-e-Khudi—which brought
a knighthood— Rumuz-e-Bekhudi, and the Bang-e-Dara. In Iran, where he is known as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī (Urdu: ‫اقبال الہوری‬, Punjabi: ‫اقبال‬
‫لہوری‬ Iqbal of Lahore), he is highly regarded for his Persian works.
Iqbal was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation across the world, but specifically in India; a
series of famous lectures he delivered to this effect were published as The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. One of the
most prominent leaders of the All India Muslim League, Iqbal encouraged the creation of a "state in northwestern India for Indian
Muslims" in his 1930 presidential address.[2] Iqbal encouraged and worked closely with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and he is known
as Muffakir-e-Pakistan ("The Thinker of Pakistan"), Shair-e-Mashriq ("The Poet of the East"), and Hakeem-ul-Ummat ("The Sage
of Ummah"). He is officially recognised as the "national poet" in Pakistan. The anniversary of his birth (‫– یوم والدت محمد اقبال‬ Yōm-e
Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl) on 9 November is a holiday in Pakistan.

Contents

 1Early life
 2Personal life
o 2.1Background
o 2.2Early education
o 2.3Marriages
o 2.4Higher education in Europe
o 2.5Academic career
o 2.6Legal career
o 2.7Final years and death
 3Efforts and influences
o 3.1Political
o 3.2Iqbal, Jinnah and the concept of Pakistan
 4Revival of Islamic polity
o 4.1Patron of Tolu-e-Islam
 5Literary work
o 5.1Persian
o 5.2Urdu
o 5.3English
o 5.4Punjabi
 6Modern reputation
o 6.1"Poet of the East"
o 6.2Iran
o 6.3The West
 7Legacy
 8Gallery
 9Bibliography
 10See also
 11References
 12Further reading
 13External links