1

Contents

Unit 1 SUPER READERS 3

Unit 2 LET’S SPEAK UP! 25

Unit 3 WRITING BASICS 35

Unit 4 PRESENTING 25

Unit 5 LET’S WRITE 39

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 UNIT 1: SUPER READERS
A. PRONUNCIATION
ENGLISH PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Repeat the words after the lecturer
Consonants
p pen, copy, happen
b back, baby, job
t tea, tight, button
d day, ladder, odd
k key, clock, school
g get, giggle, ghost
tʃ church, match, nature
dʒ judge, age, soldier
f fat, coffee, rough, photo
v view, heavy, move
θ thing, author, path
ð this, other, smooth
s soon, cease, sister
z zero, music, roses, buzz
ʃ ship, sure, national
ʒ pleasure, vision
h hot, whole, ahead
Vowels
ɪ kit, bid, hymn, minute
e dress, bed, head, many
æ trap, bad
ɒ lot, odd, wash
ʌ strut, mud, love, blood
ʊ foot, good, put
iː fleece, sea, machine
eɪ face, day, break
aɪ price, high, try
ɔɪ choice, boy
uː goose, two, blue, group
əʊ goat, show, no
aʊ mouth, now
ɪə near, here, weary
eə square. fair, various
ɑː start, father
ɔː thought, law, north, war
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m more, hammer, sum
n nice, know, funny, sun
ŋ ring, anger, thanks, sung
l r light, valley, feel
j right, wrong, sorry, arrange
w yet, use, beauty, few
wet, one, when, queen
ʔ middle, metal
(glottal stop)
department, football
ʊə poor, jury, cure
ɜː nurse, stir, learn, refer
ə about, common, standard
I happy, radiate. glorious
thank you, influence,
U situation
suddenly, cotton
ˈ (stress mark)
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 Instruction:
Pronounce the words below

http://www.slideshare.net/Andriyanieka12/5-diphthongs-21298452

5
 http://slideplayer.com/slide/5055414/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/3118_scrolls.html
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B. READING STRATEGIES

Discuss:

 What do you usually read in English ? Explain how you read them.
 What technique do you use?
 How fast do you read? quickly or slowly?
 What do you usually do while reading?
 Do you understand the text?

There are different styles of reading for different situations. The technique
you choose will depend on the purpose of the reading

1. If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document.

2. If you're looking for particular information, you might scan for a particular
word.
3. You may use Extensive reading if you have longer texts for pleasure and global
understanding.
4. You may use Intensive reading if you have shorter texts, extracting specific
information, accurate reading for detail.

What is Scanning?

Scanning refers to reading a text quickly in order to locate specific pieces of

information.

When scanning,

1. Don't start from the beginning and read to the end

2. Jump around in the text, trying to find the information you need
3. can’t read every word / skip many words
4. look for information as quickly as you can

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You can scan

• A table of contents in a book or magazine

• An index in a textbook
• A timetable
• The ads in a newspaper
• A list of movies in the newspaper
• A telephone book The page of a dictionary
• A passage/text/article to quickly find the information mentioned in the
question.

You usually don’t scan

• A mystery story
• A textbook for an important course
• A map for finding your way home

What is skimming?

Skimming refers to reading a paragraph quickly to get an idea of what it is about,

without trying to understand its details.

This is a technique used to identify the main ideas of a text.

When skimming,

• don’t read everything but try to skip the text

• read the first and last sentences of paragraphs
• read the introduction, and the summary
• read a few examples until you understand the concepts they are meant to
illustrate.
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When skimming a textbook,

• quickly note the title, subheadings, italicized words, boldfaces prints, and
illustrations.

Extensive reading

 Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and

includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books.
 Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business
procedures.
 Do not worry if you don’t understand each word.

You usually read extensively :

 The latest marketing strategy book

 A novel you read before going to bed
 Magazine articles that interest you

Intensive reading

 Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific

information.
 It includes very close accurate reading for detail.
 Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation.
 In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.

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You usually read intensively
 A bookkeeping report
 An insurance claim
 A contract

Exercises  A textbook for an important course

How would you read the following items?

The ‘What’s On’ section of the local paper
A novel
Travel guide
Diary
Itinerary
Journal
Essays
Courses schedule at school
Magazines
Short stories
Comic book
Signpost
Advertisement Billboard
Yellow Pages
Table of Contents
Leaflet

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C. READING PRACTICES

1. Reading 1 (Skimming)

Don’t read the whole text, read bits of the text

Forget details. Concentrate on main ideas

The suggestions:
1. the first sentence in every paragraph is normally important and gives the main
idea of the paragraph
2. the first few words in each paragraph normally tell you what that sentence is
about
If you do this, you should get the general idea. It’s not perfect, but it can be a good
place to start.

Text 1 Volcanoes

This text is longish – about half a full IELTS reading. The idea is to show you that
you need to combine skimming with other skills too.
1. Try skimming first
2. Then focus on the questions
3. Scan the text by looking for words that relate to the question – that tells you
where the answer is
4. Then closely read the text and question to see if it is True False or Not given.
It might help you to know that a “vulcanologist” is an expert in volcanoes. You
should be able to guess this
vulcan = volcano
ologist = expert (think psychologist/geologist etc)

There are different ways in which volcanoes are classified. Perhaps the most
common and certainly the one used by non-specialists is the division of volcanoes
into the catgories of active, dormant or extinct. This classification is problematical
as there is no clear definition of what makes a volcano active, dormant or extinct.
Typically, a volcano is said to be extinct if it has not erupted in historical times, or
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at least since written records began, and it is dormant if it is known to have
erupted in historical times but is now quiet. The difficulty with this is that man has
been on the planet for a comparatively short period of time and our historical
records are a rather inaccurate predictor of volcanic activity and dormant, and
even extinct, volcanoes have been known to erupt. This can be exemplified by one
of the most notorious episodes in the annals of vulcanology, the eruption of Mt
Vesuvius in 79 AD. When Vesuvius did erupt, it caused massive loss of life in the
nearby towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii for the simple reason that the locals
had not just settled in towns near to the volcano but they had even gone so far as to
build vineyards on its slopes. An assumption had been made that just because it
had not erupted in memory, it would not erupt. Indeed, this is by no means an
isolated example of humans deciding to settle near volcanoes: another famous
instance is how Edinburgh Castle is likewise built on a volcano. The one difference
being that the castle is still with us and has not disappeared in a cloud of ash and a
torrent of lava produced by a volcanic eruption.
Scientists tend to categorise volcanoes not by their probable activity, but by
their features, size, location and form. Hence vulcanologists refer to
stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes,
cone volcanoes, mud volcanoes, supervolcanoes and subglacial volcanoes. The
most dangerous of these are the supervolcanoes which should they erupt would
not merely threaten the existence of a town such as Pompeii but could even call
into question the future of entire continents for human habitation. They are of such
magnitude that the sulphur and ash produced by an explosion could adversely
affect air temperature globally. Some of the largest, and least known, volcanoes are
the submarine volcanoes found on the ocean floor. Their activity often goes
unnoticed by non-specialists because the sheer amount of water pressing down on
them means that the gases do not escape into the atmosphere. Though,
occasionally they do erupt so massively that new islands are formed above the
level of the ocean. Likewise, subglacial volcanoes that form beneath the ice cap
escape general notice until the ice cap melts and table top mountains appear.
Stratovolcanoes, cone, shield and mud volcanoes are simply volcanoes classified by
being formed of different materials and forming different shapes.

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Questions: State True, False or Not Given

1. Experts classify volcanoes by determining how active they are

2. Pliny the Younger described the loss of life caused by Vesuvius in 79 AD

3. Not all the largest volcanoes are on the Earth’s surface.

4. Table top mountains are formed by the eruption of subglacial volcanoes.

Read more: A skimming exercise with true false not given practice | http://www.dcielts.com/ielts-reading/skimming-
exercises-skills/#ixzz3kSxBIU9D Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives

Text 2
Article

Instructions
1. Skim the text below.
2. Answer the multiple choice questions

The Environment and Global Economies

As we enter the new millennium, the challenge for humankind is to transform the
existing economy into one that does not, threaten or destroy the environment. This
Environmental Revolution can be compared to the Agricultural Revolution and the
Industrial Revolution of the past.

Archaeological findings reveal that the great civilizations at the dawn of history pursued
economies that were fairly destructive to the environment. However, the people then
were unable to change what they were doing because they did not understand what was
happening. Either that or they could not persuade their governments to bring about the
necessary changes.

Today, however, we have the power to bring about changes to stop the destruction of the
environment because we are becoming more aware of how our lives are shaped by the
environment. Even when events do not directly affect us, reports in the mass media
expose us to the extensive damage caused by such events. Fishery collapses, water
shortages, rainforests burning uncontrollably, sudden deaths of birds, dolphins and fish,
record heat waves, and raging storms that cause widespread destruction only serve to
increase our awareness that our survival depends on the weather which in turn depends
on our ability to maintain the ecological balance.

Decades before, it was mainly environmental activists who played a dominant role in
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drawing attention to the gradual destruction of the environment. Today, directors of large
corporations, government ministers, prominent scientists and intelligence agencies are
speaking out on the need to change. They have a clear sense of what has to be done for
they know that the current economy cannot take us as far as we want to go under the
present circumstances.

People can now make decisions that will help restructure economies. For example,
companies who want to buy timber products can decide whether to buy from companies
that are managing forests in a responsible manner or from companies suspected of illegal
logging practices. Consumers in the United States, for example, can choose to buy power
from 'green' sources as consumers become more aware of different energy sources
available. Governments can also decide to become a 'green consumer' by opting for
sources of electricity that are climate-friendly and buy paper that has a high recycled
content.

Time is of the essence and the new economic practices must be accepted quickly. The
only way this can be done is to spread accurate information quickly and on a regular
basis. For example, information on climatic changes, and of how the inefficient use of
water can lead to food shortages must be shared. Media coverage of environmental
trends and events must also be stepped up. Can the global economy be restructured in
time before environmental deterioration in turn, leads to economic decline?

1. Why do you think1 the author compared the Environmental Revolution to the
Agricultural Revolution
. and the Industrial Revolution ?

(A) These Revolutions had a great impact on the lives of people.

(B) These Revolutions took place a long time ago.
(C) These Revolutions took place over many, many years.
(D) These Revolutions brought about bloodshed.

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2. Why couldn't people in the past stop the destruction of the environment ?
.

(A) They were ignorant simple peaceful people.

They did not realize that their actions were slowly destroying
(B)
the environment.
(C) They did not know people in the governments.
Their governments did not believe that the environment was
(D)
being destroyed.

3. The people of today

3 have become more aware of the relationship between the
weather, environment
. and global economies because of

(A) the havoc caused by storms and beat waves

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 (B) the efforts of governments
(C) extensive media coverage
(D) collapsed fisheries

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4. Who is paying more attention to preserving the environment today ?
.

(A) Environmental activists as opposed to big companies

(B) Strong individuals as opposed to weak individuals
(C) Public corporations as opposed to individuals
(D) Ecologists as opposed to economists

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5. How can business decisions affect economies and consequently, the environment ?
.

If a country buys paper from only one company, the other

(A) paper-producing companies will have no market and so their
revenue will decrease.
If countries decide to buy paper with a high recycled content,
(B) then paper-producing countries must heed to this demand,
otherwise there will be no demand for their products.
Paper-producing countries must plant more trees to meet the
(C) demand for paper, otherwise they may not have any more trees
to produce paper.
Companies wishing to buy paper often scrutinize the type of
(D) paper because they only want to buy paper with a high recycled
content.

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6. What is the writer trying to convey in the expression Time is of the essence.
.

(A) The very essence of life is time

(B) it is important
(C) We must not delay
(D) Time is life

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7. The writer emphasizes two elements in the last paragraph : time and
.

(A) climatic changes

(B) environmental trends
(C) the sharing of information
(D) food shortages

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 2. Reading 2 (Scanning)

Text 1 Woodpeckers
Instructions
1. Scan the underlined words and find the meanings.
2. Pronounce those words in good pronunciation.
3. What are the amazing facts you find in this text?
Why Woodpeckers Don't Get Headaches
(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11)

The birds have some clever adaptations (1) to keep their noggins safe.
A red-headed woodpecker works on a tree in Nebraska. The birds have skulls specially
suited to hard labor.

By Liz Langley
During election season, everyone can relate to woodpeckers: We all feel like banging
(2) our heads against the wall.

The birds handle it better, though, so Weird Animal Question of the Weekwas
pleased to look into Derek Halas’ question: ―Why don’t woodpeckers get
headaches (3)?‖

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Little Drummer Bird

It's a tough (4) one to answer, says Walter Koenig, an ornithologist at Cornell
University via email. But, he says, if pecking caused pain and injury (5),
―presumably they wouldn’t be around for very long"—a hurt bird would likely
succumb (6) to predators.

There are more than 300 species of woodpeckers worldwide, and they peck wood
for a variety of reasons: To excavate (7) nest cavities, dig for insects or sap, or
create holes to store food.

When selecting wood, the birds usually target trees weakened by fungal decay,
which are easier to crack (8), Jerome Jackson, a behavioral ecologist at Florida
Gulf Coast University, says via email.

The tapping is also ―usually done with glancing (9) blows—not a direct hit—thus
not so hard on the woodpecker," he says. (See "Weasel Rides Woodpecker in Viral
Photo—But Is It Real?")

Some woodpeckers practice drumming (watch video)—a super-fast pecking that

attracts mates and defends territory (10)—on a resonant surface, like a hollow
tree. That allows for a louder noise while avoiding punishing impacts.

Acorn woodpeckers of North and Central America have another strategy: They
carve out individual holes into trees, each just big enough to jam "squeeze (11) in
a single acorn"—storage for leaner times, Jackson says.

Hoarders: Acorn Woodpeckers Acorn woodpeckers must deal with birds of prey,
greedy ground squirrels, and a hectic (12) gathering schedule to protect their treasured
acorn hoard.

In a recent incident in California, acorn woodpeckers stashed 300 pounds of acorns

into a wireless antenna, disrupting communication in nearby towns. ( Watch the
incredible video.)

Bird Brains

Woodpeckers also have, well, a head for pecking.

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For one, woodpeckers have tiny brains (13)—just 0.07 ounce. The bigger the
brain, the higher the mass, and thus the higher the risk of brain injury, says Lorna
Gibson, a professor of materials science and engineering at MIT who has studied
woodpecker brains.

―Size is the most important thing, ‖ says Gibson, an avid birdwatcher

who documented her results in a video series.

Another factor that protects woodpecker noggins (14) is the limited time the tree
and their bill are in contact, she says. It's brief—just one-half to one millisecond.
By comparison, a typical human head injury happens between about 3 and 15
milliseconds.

The woodpecker’s capacity to absorb blows has even inspired a system to reduce
concussions in sports such as football.

Bone-Headed

The outside of woodpecker skulls made of dense bone, while the inside is porous
bone (15), Gibson says.

An acorn woodpecker perches on a branch in Costa Rica. The birds are famous for
their pecking (16) abilities.

The force (17) applied during pecking are "distributed around the skull to the sturdy
bone at the base and the back,‖ keeping the pressure off the brain, says Richard Prum,
evolutionary ornithologist at Yale University via email. (Related: "Woodpeckers are
Pros at Protecting Their Brains.")

Woodpecker brains also fit snugly in those skulls (18), preventing the organ from
banging around. The orientation of the brain is also important, MIT's Gibson says:
It sits at an angle toward the back of its head, like a half orange with the flat side
facing the front. That creates more surface (19) area to absorb those exacting
blows.

A 2011 study suggested that the hyoid apparatus, a bone-and-muscle structure

(20) that wraps around the woodpecker skulls, also keeps the brain safe.

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―The bottom line," Prum says, "is good evolutionary design.‖

Have a question about the weird and wild world? Tweet me, leave me a note in the
comments or find me on Facebook. Weird Animal Question of the Week answers
your questions every Saturday.

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 Text 2 Advertisements

Read the following advertisements and answer the questions.

A. Sunny 1, central location,

washer/dryer in building, Storage
space, parking included in rent.
One year lease required. Call 837-
9986 before 6 P.M.
B. Cozy one bedroom with available in
elevator building. Near City Park.
Amenities include exercise room,
pool, and party room. Other
apartments also available. One-and
two- year leases. Call 592-8261
C. Small one-bedroom, reasonable
rent, near shopping, bus routes,
D. Don’t miss this unique opportunity.
Large two-bedroom plus study,
which could be third bedroom.
Quiet neighborhood. Walk to
elementary and high school, park,
shops. Small pets allowed.
E. Furnished flats, convenient to
central business district. Studios,
one-, and two- bedrooms.
Weekly and monthly rentals
available. Call our office 376-
09239-5 M-F.

university. References required. No

pets. Call Mr. Watkins 876-9852

Write the letters of the appropiate advertisements in boxes 1-7 on your answer
sheet. You may use any letter more than once.

Which apartment is appropiate for a person who

1. owns a car?
2. is a university student?
3. has children?
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4. likes to swim?
5. usually uses public transportation?
6. wants to rent for two months only?
7. often entertains large groups of people?

3. Reading 3 (Extensive reading)

Text 1 LORD OF THE RINGS

‘Lord of the Rings’ fans are anxiously waiting for director Peter
Jackson’s first installment in the 'Hobbit' series, titled ‘The Hobbit: An
Unexpected Journey.’ To pass the time, take this quiz and test your
knowledge of all things Middle-earth. Think you’re well-versed in the
realm of hobbits, dwarves, wizards, and elves? Take this quiz and find
out.

1. Name that character!

“Nine companions. So be it. You shall be the fellowship of the ring.”

2. What is the name of the region in which the Hobbits live?

Rhovanion
Eriador
Shire
Gondor

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TEXT 2 Potatoes, Eggs and Coffee Beans

Instructions

1. Read aloud the text below with a good pronunciation.

2. Who are the characters of this story
3. What are the moral values of this story?

Short Story (http://www.livin3.com/)

Potatoes, Eggs, and Coffee Beans

Once upon a time a daughter complained to her father that her life was miserable and
that she didn’t know how she was going to make it. She was tired of fighting and
struggling all the time. It seemed just as one problem was solved, another one soon
followed.

Her father, a chef, took her to the kitchen. He filled three pots with water and placed
each on a high fire. Once the three pots began to boil, he placed potatoes in one pot,
eggs in the second pot, and ground coffee beans in the third pot.

He then let them sit and boil, without saying a word to his daughter. The daughter,
moaned and impatiently waited, wondering what he was doing.

After twenty minutes he turned off the burners. He took the potatoes out of the pot and
placed them in a bowl. He pulled the eggs out and placed them in a bowl.

He then ladled the coffee out and placed it in a cup. Turning to her he asked. ―Daughter,
what do you see?‖

―Potatoes, eggs, and coffee,‖ she hastily replied.

―Look closer,‖ he said, ―and touch the potatoes.‖ She did and noted that they were soft.
He then asked her to take an egg and break it. After pulling off the shell, she observed
the hard-boiled egg. Finally, he asked her to sip the coffee. Its rich aroma brought a
smile to her face.

―Father, what does this mean?‖ she asked.

He then explained that the potatoes, the eggs and coffee beans had each faced the same
adversity– the boiling water.

However, each one reacted differently.

23
The potato went in strong, hard, and unrelenting, but in boiling water, it became soft and
weak.

The egg was fragile, with the thin outer shell protecting its liquid interior until it was put
in the boiling water. Then the inside of the egg became hard.

However, the ground coffee beans were unique. After they were exposed to the boiling
water, they changed the water and created something new.

―Which are you,‖ he asked his daughter. ―When adversity knocks on your door, how do
you respond? Are you a potato, an egg, or a coffee bean? ―

In life, things happen around us, things happen to us, but the only thing that truly
matters is what happens within us.

Which one are you?

24
 UNIT 2 LET’S SPEAK UP!
Target 1----Describing yourself

There are three ways you can talk about yourself- factual, physical, and
emotional. The examples are:

Factual : My name is Aya Gonzalez. My first name is spelled A-Y-A and my last
name ends “Z” not “S”. I am from Colombia.

Physical : I am almost 160 cm tall. My hair color is brown, the same color as my
eyes.

Emotional/personal traits: I am a serious student, but I like to laugh, too. I spend

a lot of time studying, but in the evenings I like to unwind after studying hard, and
on weekends, I like to go out with my friends.

Useful words

Physical Emotional/ Personal traits

First name Tall Serious

Last name Feet/meters Picky

Surname Inches/centimeters Cheerful

Ends with Curly Nervous

Begins with Straight Calm

Brown/blue/green/red Excited

Worried

Confident

25
 Personal Information Form

Factual
First Name
Middle Name
Last Name
Age Photo
Nationality
Native Language
Occupation
Physical
Height
Weight
Eye Color
Hair Color (Check one):
- Long, short, medium length
- Straight, curly, wavy

Other characteristics (glasses? Beard? Moles?)

Emotional: (Circle all that apply)

Optimistic, pessimistic, easygoing, serious, fun, loving, studious, nervous,
calm, shy, confident, outgoing, friendly, hardworking, talkative, quiet,
cheerful

Useful Words:

PERSONAL TRAITS

Aggressive bad tempered cheerful careful careless decisive

Lively diplomatic double-faced energetic emotional fussy

Generous loyal helpful impatient kind neat obedient

Rebellious warm selfish/egoistic sloppy slow stingy

Stupid understanding unfriendly stubborn

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 A thick moustache Sideburns
CHEEKS Freckles Birthmark
NOSE
Chubby A mole A ponytail
Flat/pug
SHOULDERS Dimpled
Sharp/pointed/turned - HEIGHT Near-sighted far-sighted
up COMPLEXION Broad Freckled
Short
Small Dark narrow
Tall FIGURE
Tiny Fair
Of average/medium Small
Big Black AGE height
Tiny
stubby Red Old
Big
Oriental Young
Stocky
Pale Middle-aged
Muscular
Ruddy Elderly
Small
LOOKS
smooth A teenager
Tiny
Beautiful
In one’s
Slim
twenties Pretty
FACE Slender Sweet

Round Plump Charming

Long EARS Oval Fat Tempting

Big Baby faced Well built Sexy

Small Angular Attractive

Ugly
Oblong
EYES
Cute
Black
Small Cool
Blonde/blond
Big Good looking
Grey
Crossed-eyed Handsome

Slanted Gorgeous

27
Practice 2. Write three sentences about yourself. Use the examples as models.
Then without looking at the form or sentences, describe your self out loud. This is
your time to practice.

Factual

1. __________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________

Physical

1. ___________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________

Emotional/personal traits

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

Target 2----- Describing Your Home or Hometown

You can talk about your home or your neighborhood. You can talk about either one, or
you can talk more personally. Try to have a lot of specific details prepared.

Home: General Description

We live in a flat in the old section of the city. It was once a large home that was
converted to several flats. Now, five families live in this home. We have two bedrooms:
one for me and one for my parents. There is a large living room and a kitchen with a
small balcony overlooking the street. The streets are very narrow, and there are no
trees.

Neighborhood: General Description

I was born in Beijing. Even though it is a very large city and the capital, we live in a part
that is like a small village. We know everyone here. On the corner of my street, there is a
28
small grocery store. Acrros from that, there is a dry cleaner. Next to the dry cleaner is a
big clothing store. On the corner opposite the grocery store, there is a bus stop so we
can easily go anywhere in the city.

Home: Personal Description

My home is a small house in a new development. It was built by my father. The house
has three bedrooms: a large one for my parents and two smaller bedrooms for my
brother and me. In my bedroom, I have a bed, a desk, and a chair. I also have a lot of
books in bookshelves along two walls. I have a window in my room that looks out over
our garden. It’s a small garden, but we can grow all our own vegetables.

Neighborhood: Personal Description

My father and my mother live in my hometown, Burdur. In fact, my entire family- aunts,
uncles, grandparents, everyone- lives in Burdur. We’ve lived there for over six
generation. We know everyone in the area so when we sit outside, it is like being in our
living room with our very large family. We live across the street from a park. My family
spends a lot of time sitting in this park talking to neighbors and relatives.

Useful Words

Type Relation Descripton

Balcony Across from Large/small

One-bedroom along Spacious

Kitchen Behind Airy

Section/area Beside Narrow

Grocery store Corner Old/new

Park End Lots

Post office Facing A lot of

Department store In back/front/middle of Big

Taxi stand/rank Left-hand/right-hand side

Clothing store Near

Dry cleaner Next to , overlook

29
Exercise

Complete these forms about home and neighborhood. This will help you organize
your personal information.

Home Information Form Neighborhood Information Form

Size Name

Age Style of houses

Number of Shops/businesses
bedrooms

Other rooms Schools

Garden/yard Religious buildings

Special features Other buildings

My Bedrooms: Transportation

Size

Furniture Parks/gardens

Colors Special
characteristics

Art

Other

Write four sentences about your home. Use the above as models. Then, without
looking at the form or sentences, describe your home and hometown out loud.

Home: General Description

1. __________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

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Neighborhood: General Description

1. ___________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________

Home: Specific Description

1. ___________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________

Neighborhood: Specific Description

1. ___________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________

Target 3--------- Describing your occupation or school

You may discuss how you spend your day in work or study. You can prepare
specific details about your work and study.

31
Occupation

I’m an engineer. I’ve booked for the same compay for three years. My specific job is
working with the senior engineer and helping her prepare presentations for contractors
and their clients. I’d like to get an advanced degree. That’s why I’m applying to study at
an engineering school in Australia.

School

I’m a third-year student at National University. I’m studying psychology. I’m in class
most of the day, and when I’m not in class I have to spend a lot of time working on my
assignments. My goal is to become a research psychologist, so I’ll have to get a doctorate
degree. I have a lot of years of studying a head of time.

Useful Words

Boss Duties Qualified

Co-workers Assignment Goal

Clients Position Advanced degree

Classmates Schedule Master’s degree

Instructors Salary Doctorate degree

Complete this form about your occupation or studies. This will help you organize
your personal information.

Job Information Form Education Information Form

Company Name
Job Title Major/subject
Length of time at this job
Duties
Training required for this job
Things I like about this job
Things I don’t like about this job Future career goals
Future career goals

32
Make four sentences about your occupation or studies. Use the above as models.
Then, without looking at the form or sentences, describe your job or school out
loud.

My occupation/study: ______________________

1. _________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________

Target 4: Describing Your Hobbies or General Interests

Hobby (Example 1)

I enjoy bird watching. I often go to a park near my house in the early morning to watch the
birds. I also belong to a bird watching club. Several times a year we take trips to other places.
We try to find birds that we’ve never seen before. You don’t need much equipment for bird
watching, just a pair of binoculars and a pair of strong legs for walking. I enjoy this hobby
because I like to be outside, and I’m fascinated by the natural world.

Hobby (Example 2)

I like to play the guitar. I took lessons when I was child. Some friends and I had a rock band
once, a long time ago. We played at parties. Now I mostly play on my own at home, and
sometimes I get together with friends to play. I’m thinking about taking lessons again. I’d like to
learn how to play jazz guitar. I have a large collection of jazz CDs.

Useful Words

Interested in Club Equipment

Enjoy Get together Collect/collection

Join Learn how Passion

Belong to Lessons Fascinate/fascinated by

33
Complete this form about your hobby or general interest. This will help you
organize your personal information.

Hobby/Free-Time Activity Information Form

Hobby/Activity #1
How often do you do this hobby or activity?
Do you do it on your own or with other people?
Do you belong to a club related to this hobby/activity?
How did you learn how to do this hobby/activity?
Do you need special equipment for it?
What do you like most about it?

Write four sentences about how you spend your free time. Use the above models.
Then without looking at the form or sentences, describe your hobbies and general
interests out loud.

Hobby/Activity # 1

1.

2.
3.

4.

34
 UNIT 3 WRITING BASICS

Writing Skills is just as important as speaking skills. We have to use words

extensively, besides using the oral channel of communication. Written communication

defines as clear expression of ideas in writing and it is an important aspect of academic

and business communication.

YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND IN WRITING

Punctuation
Below are notes on common punctuation:
 Full stop or period (.)
 Question mark (?)
 Comma (,)
 Exclamation mark (!)
 Brackets ( )
 Colon (:)
 Dash ( -)

Spelling: act of writing or saying the letters of a word in their proper order; way
in which a word is spelled

Articles
Articles consists of a, an and the. The article the is called the definite article. The
article a and an are called indefinite articles.

Tense
Tense is derived from the Latin word for time. It shows the relationship between
the time of the action and the time of the speaking or writing of the sentence.

FINDING THE ERRORS

Please read the text and try to find the errors (5). They can be
punctuation, spelling, articles and tenses.

35
EXERCISE 1
Find 5 errors at the following text
My city

My city isn’t bad city however it’s nothing to get too excited about either. Because it’s a quiet
city with very little crime lots of people move here to start families. There are plenty of
schools and several parks. There also quite a number of jobs. People work in both offices and
factories.

Having grown up here, I know it well. Too well. I’m ready to move to another place. I wants to
see other cities and other countries. I think it’s importants to learn new things and explore
other cultures. I like to spend time with people who have ideas that are different from my
ideas. It help me to see things in a new way.

EXERCISE 2
Find 5 errors at the following text
The House

Mr. and Mrs. Smith have one son and one daughter. The son's name are John. The daughter's
name is Sarah.

The Smiths live in a house. They have a living rooms. They watch TV in the living room. The
father cooks foods in the kitchen. They eat in the dining room. The house has two bedrooms.
They sleep in the bedrooms. They keep their clothes in the closet. There is one bathroom. They
brushes their teeth in the bathroom.

The house has a garden. John and Sarah play in the garden. They have a dog. John and Sarah
likes to play with the dog.

36
EXERCISE 3
Find 5 errors at the following text
Miami

Christina visited Miami during her winter vacation. She is come from Boston, where it is cold
during the winter months. Miami, however, has a very warm climate. There are many sunny days
in Miami, and people cans go to the beach all year long. Christina spent a good portion of her
trip on the beach to relax and sunbathe. However, she also explored Miami and its
surroundings.

Inspired by Miami’s proximity to the ocean, Christina visited the Miami Seaquarium to learn
about marine life. There, she watcheeds a show using trained dolphins, killer whales, and other
aquatic mammals. She took a lot of pictures of the sea creatures jumping out of the water and
performing tricks.

Christina also tooks an excursion to the Everglades National Park. This park is a protected area
spanning 1.5 million acres. Because the park is mostly swampland, it is home to many reptiles.
Native animals include snakes, alligators, and crocodiles. The park is also great for
birdwatching. Christina enjoyed hiking the trails in the Everglades and observings the wildlife
in its natural environment.

When Christina returned to the city, she visited Little Havana. This is Miami’s Cuban
neighborhood. Christina could see that Little Havana’s people demonstrated a lot of pride for
their Cuban heritage. There were many outdoor shops and vendors, live musicians, and the
Cuban cuisine was delicious. Little Havana was Christina’s favorite part about her trip to Miami.
This neighborhood made Christina feel like she had traveled to Cuba without ever having to
leave the United States.

37
EXERCISE 4
Find 10 errors at the following text
Food

While eating at a restaurant is an enjoyable and convenient occasional treat, most individuals and
families prepare their meals at home. To make breakfast, lunch, and dinner daily, these persons
must have the required foods and ingredients on hand and ready to goes; foods and ingredients are
typically purchased from a grocery store, or an establishment that distributes foods, drinks,
household products, and other items that're used by the typical consumer.
Produce, or the term used to describes fresh fruits and vegetables, is commonly purchased by
grocery store shoppers. In terms of fruit, most grocery stores offer bananas, apples, oranges,
blackberries, raspberries, grapes, pineapples, cantaloupes, watermelons, and more; other grocery
stores with larger produce selections might offer the listed fruits in addition to less common fruits,
including mangoes, honeydews, starfruits, coconuts, and more.
Depending on the grocery store, customers can purchase fruits in a few different ways. Somes
stores will charges a set amount per pound of fruit, and will weigh customers' fruit purchases and bill
them accordingly; other stores wills charge customers for each piece of fruit they buy, or for bundles
of fruit (a bag of bananas, a bag of apples, etc.); other stores yet will simply charge by the container.
Veggetables, including lettuce, corn, tomatoes, onions, celery, cucumbers, mushrooms, and more
are also sold at many grocery stores, and are purchased similarly to the way that fruits is. Grocery
stores typically stock more vegetables than fruit at any given time, as vegetables remain fresh longer
than fruits do, generally speaking.
It'd take quite a while to list everythings else that today's massive grocery stores sell, but most
customers take the opportunity to shoppee for staples, or foods that play a prominent role in the
average diet, at the establishments. Staples include pasta, rices, flour, sugar, milk, meat, and eggs,
and bread. All the listed staples are available in prepackaged containers, but can be purchased
"fresh" in some grocery stores, wherein employees will measure and weigh fresh products and then
provides them to customers.

Think before you speak. Read before you think.”

― Fran Lebowitz, The Fran Lebowitz Reader

38
 A. Read the presentation draft below and try to draw a chart based on the
presentation below

Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen. At this point, I’d like to say a few words about the
organizational of “Benefit and Profit” Ltd. On the transparency, you will see that Mr. Lucky
Luck, Mr. Smiley Rich, and Mrs. Nancy Money are sitting on the Board of Directors

The board is headed by Mr. Lucky Luck. He is the chief executive of Benefit and
Profit Ltd and he has overall control of the whole company. Mrs. Nancy Money who
graduated from Finance Faculty of Harvard University is the chief accountant of the
company. She deals with finances and investment of the organization.

In 2005, the Board elected Mr. Happy as the managing director of Benefit and Profit Ltd.
He is responsible for running the company and is involved with the total managing of
the company from the factory floor up to the board room.

Now, Mr. Happy is assisted by four executive managers.

First, Mr. Caring, he is the personnel manager and is responsible for recruitment,
personnel, training, management development, staff conditions, health and safety, first
aid nurse, and is also responsible for general maintenance and security. He does have a
lot of jobs to handle.

Second, Mrs. Cash, she is the finance manager who takes care of the corporate finance
and accounting as well as credit control, purchase and sales. She does internal audit and
handles the welfare of the employees, you know, wages, salaries, pension and insurance.

Next, we have Sales Department which is led by Mrs. Friendly. Mrs. Friendly is in charge
of handling incoming orders from home and abroad. She will organize all areas of selling
in the company, manage linking with representatives and agents, do market research,
advertising, and promoting products. Ms Friendly is assisted by the warehouse
department who is responsible for stock control and export department which takes
care of shipping, transportation, and document handling.

Last but not least is Mr. Planning. Mr. Planning has a solid team of designers, engineers,
quality controller and factory maintenance officers. He is responsible for all the
production process.

That’s about the people in the company. Now the company itself was set up in 2004 and
for the last two years, many reliable esteem companies around the world have proposed
to be our agent or sales representatives of our products in their areas. We have carefully
selected the companies who want to be our agent. These agents of ours must have their
own office, paper ones. They also must have a showroom and a group of technician. So
far we have 17 representatives in all, 4 Offices in Asia countries, 8 in some cities in USA,

39
and the rest in European countries. Detail info on our offices and representatives can be
read from the information sheet you have.

Well that’s a brief overview about our company. Are there any questions?

B. Study the following chart

1. HIERARCHY

The company is headed by the Managing Director

The Personnel Manager reports progress to the Managing Director
The Finance Manager is under the Managing Director
The Sales manager is accountable to the Managing Director

Sales Manager

The Sales Manager is supported by a sales team

The Sales Manager is assisted by a sales assistant
2. Responsibilities or Function
The Managing Director is responsible for running the company
The Finance Manager takes care of corporate finance
The Sales Manager in charge of handling the incoming orders

40
3. Title
Chairman (President)
Board of Directors/board (senior executives/group of directors)
Managing Director/MD (chief executive/senior vice president)
 Finance manager/director (Vice President – Finance)
Sales manager (Sales director)
C. Based on the organization chart below, write at least five sentences based
on every chart.

41
D. Presenting the famous companies in the world

1. Now, look at the pictures below

2. Can you inform us :
a. The company organization
b. The company history
c. The products
d. The location
e. The promotion
3. Make groups of 5 students and prepare a presentation

“IF PEOPLE ARE TRYING TO BRING YOU DOWN

IT ONLY MEANS YOU ARE ABOVE THEM”

42
 UNIT 5 LET’S WRITE!!

A. Descriptive Paragraph

Read the following text!

Mark Zuckerberg, he is one of world phenomenon today. Mark followed the ways of his
seniors like steve job and bill gates to drop out from University and build business in
technology. Now, because of his hard work, his social network became fastest rate of
growth and fastest progress throughout the world. Today, The name of Zuckerberg is
known as founder social networking site of Facebook and he is also CEO the company
which had built in 2014.

Mark born as child with smart on literature and technology. Evidently, he could use 4
languages and had hobbies to think making software from teenagers.

His Intelegence made Harvard become the first choice as his University. He went there
to study about computer science and sociology as the focus. In the second year, Mark
started to show his work when creating program or application named Facemash. It is
the funny application which could make the students in Harvard can give the photo of
other students to share through this application.
Then, Facemash closed just in few days from the launching because mark truly sabotage
the students’ photograph data in the harvard official website. Then, harvard college
blocked fashmash. But, he did not stop cause that accident, he even continued to create
Facebook, which used the origin facemash template. First time, social media service is
just for students of Harvard University. It launched in 2004 and in just 4 months,
Facebook used by another 30 colleges. Then, in the ending of 2004, Facebook users
reached one million users.

The fast growth of Application Facebook made Mark did not want to come back and
choose to drop from University. Finally he focused on the developing the bussiness.
Today, facebook has more than 600 million users. The last, in the 2010. Mark has been

43
named as one of 100 influenced human in the world. And the story of Mark’s life is
published in little movie, the tittle is The social network.

Social Function
To describe a particular person, place or thing

Generic Structure
Identification : identifies phenomenon to be described
Description : describes parts, qualities, characteristics

Read the following text and study its generic structure !

Paris

Identification

Paris is the capital city of France.

Description

It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is also one of the world's most
crowded cities. Lovely gardens and parks are found throughout Paris. At night, many
palaces and statues are lit up. For this reason, Paris is often called the City of Light.

Every year, millions of people visit Paris. The most popular place to visit is the
Eiffel Tower. This huge structure has become the symbol of Paris. The Louvre, one of the
world's largest art museums, draws many visitors. The Cathedral of Notre Dame, a
famous church, is another favourite place to visit.

44
Read the text and analyze its structure!

Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. The place is
very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is
very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow
the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public
transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save
enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This
place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or
friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy
wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as
camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make
voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we
can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold
by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious
food enjoyed by the visitors.

Come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria
peninsula.
http://peperonity.com/go/sites/mview/descriptive/14825328

45
EXERCISE 1

Describe one of the following pictures and write the paragraphs with a partner!

EXERCISE 2

Write descriptive paragraphs about a well known person or place that you know

46
 B. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social Function

To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case

Generic (Schematic) Structure

1. Thesis position: introduces topic and indicates writer position

2.

 Point: restates main argument outlined in Preview


3. : restates writer’s position

Example

Thesis: Position

In Australia there are three levels of government, the federal government, state
governments and local governments. All of these levels of government are necessary.
This is so for a number of reasons

Argument 1

Point

First, the federal government is necessary for the big things

Elaboration

They keep the economy in order and look after things like defences

47
Argument 2

Point

Similarly, the state governments look after the middle sized things

Elaboration

For example they look after law and order, preventing things like vandalism in schools

Argument 3

Point

Finally, local governments look after the small things

Elaboration

They look after things like collecting rubbish otherwise everyone would have diseases

Reiteration

Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of govenment are
necessary

EXERCISE 1

Try to analyze the generic structure of the following text!

Should Children Wear Hats at Schools?

I believe that you should always wear a hat at school when you are playing
outside , to keep from getting sunburn .
Firstly, if you don't wear a hat, you will get sunburn and a sunburn is
painful.

48
Secondly, sunburn could lead to skin cancer. Sunburn can lead to health
problems later in life. Many older people suffer from skin cancer which can
kill them.

In my opinion all school students should wear hats.

EXERCISE 2

Industries should use machine instead of human

Do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answers!

EXERCISE 3

Do you agree that smoking should be banned?

Write your answer and reasons in paragraphs.

“STOP WISHING START DOING”

49
 REFERENCES

Advanced Oxford Dictionary

English Teaching Forum. Volume 49 No. 2, 2011. Washington: Regional English

Language Office

English Teaching Forum. Volume 49 No. 3, 2011. Washington: Regional English

Language Office

English Teaching Forum. Volume 50 No. 2, 2011. Washington. : Regional English

Language Office

Faulkner, Claude W. 1957. Writing Good Sentences. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Gerot, Linda, and Wignell, Peter. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar: In
Introductory Work Book. Australia: Gerd Stabler.

Lou, Robby. 2006. The Handbook of How to Say It. Jakarta: V-Print.

Lougheed, Lin. 2006. IELTS International English Language Testing System: Barron’s
Students’ #1 Choice. The United States of America: Barron’s Educational
Series

McCarthy, Michael, McCarten, Jeanne, Sandiford, Helen. 2005. Touchstone. Students

Book 2. NYC: Cambridge University Press
University Technology Sydney. Prepare for IELTS. Sydney:

http://pinterest.com/entrepreneuress/motivation-and-wise-words/

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_an_example_of_an_analytical_exposition_text
Potatoes, Eggs, and Coffee Beans retrieved at
http://www.livin3.com/ on 7 November 2016

No criminality in Clinton emails – FBI retrieved at

(http://www.bbc.com/news) on 7 November 2016

FBI: No charges against Hillary Clinton over emails retrieved at

(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016) on 7 November 2016

Liz Langley. Why Woodpeckers Don't Get Headaches. Retrieved at

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11 on 7 November 2016

English phonetic symbol.

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/3118_scrolls.html

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