Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer
Risala Tasin Khan
Learning
► Is a collection of related
components that have all been
designed to work together
smoothly.
Computer System.ppt
Components of Computer
Input Devices
– enable users to get
data into the
computer for
processing
Computer System.ppt
Computer System Components
Microprocessor is
simply a small
processor
fabricated on a chip
of silicon
Computer System.ppt
Computer System Components
Computer System.ppt
Computer System.ppt
What is a Software?
► Software – refers to any program that tells the computer system what to do.
Computer System.ppt
Categories of Software
► System Software – programs that take control of the PC on start-up, and then
play a central role in everything that happens within a computer system by
managing, maintaining, and controlling computer resources.
► Application Software – designed and created to perform specific personal,
business, scientific processing tasks.
Computer System.ppt
System Software
Computer System.ppt
PC Platforms
► Word Processing
– a text editing program, which allows the user to
type, compose and correct manuscripts without
the need to re-type, when errors changed.
Computer System.ppt
Application Software
Computer System.ppt
Application Software
► Electronic Spreadsheet
– is a program replacing the traditional
financial modeling tools that offer modern
improvements in ease of creating, editing, and
using of financial models and graphical
representations.
Computer System.ppt
Application Software
Computer System.ppt
HUmanware
► A programmer:
► A programmer requires a comprehensive knowledge of
programming languages.
► This position doesn’t require the broader understanding of the
structure and inner working of an application.
► A Computer Operator:
► A computer operator is an individual who generally performs a
series of well-defined tasks to keep computer operating at
maximum efficiency.
► The efficiency of a computer installation depends on the quality
and ability of the operational staff.
Characteristics of Computers
► Characteristics:
These computers were based on vacuum tube technology
These were the fastest computing devices of their time
These computers were very large, and require a lot of space for installation
Since thousand of vacuum tubes were used, they generated a large amount of heat.
Therefore ac was essential
Non-portable and very slow equipments
They were very expensive to operate and used a large amount of electricity
Unreliable and prone to frequent h/w failure
Machine language was used.These computers were difficult to program and use
Example:
ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC
First generation ALU module
Second Generation (1956-63)
► Characteristics:
These machine were based on transistor technology
These were smaller as compared to first generation computers
The computational time of these computers was reduced to microseconds to
milliseconds
More reliable and less prone to h/w failure
More portable and generated less amount of heat
Assembly language was used to program computers. Hence, programming became
more time-efficient and less cumbersome
Still required air conditioning
Example:
PDP-8, IBM 1401 and IBM 7090
The first Transistor
1024 bit
(128 bytes)
2 μS
► Characteristics:
These computers were based on integrated circuit (IC) technology.
Easily portable and more reliable than the second generation
Able to reduced computational time from microsecond to nanoseconds
These devices consumed less power and generate less heat.
Size of these computers were smaller as compared to previous computers.
Since h/w rarely failed, the maintenance cost was quite low
Extensive use of high level languages became possible
Commercial production became easier and cheaper.
Manual assembling of individual components was not required, so it reduced the large requirement
of labor and cost
Example:
NCR 395 and B6500
Fourth Generation (Early 1970s-till date)
► Characteristics:
Fourth generation computers are microprocessor based systems
These computers are very small
Fourth generation computers are cheapest among all the other generations
They are portable and quite reliable
Generates negligible amount of heat, they do not require ac
H/w failure is negligible, so minimum maintenance is required
Production cost is very low
GUI and pointing devices enable users to learn to use the computer quickly
Interconnection of computers leads to better communication and resource sharing
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): AI
► Minicomputer:
► These are minimized computers.
► In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and
mainframes.
► Minicomputers are multiprocessing system capable of supporting
many users simultaneously.
► Medium and small businesses typically use these computers.
Cont…
► Microcomputers:
► These are the most common type of computers used today..
► The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of
single chip microprocessors.
► Microcomputer includes:
► Desktop computer
► Game console
► Note-book computer.
► Tablet computer.
► Smart phone
► Programmable calculator.
Cont…
► Supercomputer:
► These are the fastest type of computers.
► They are very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require immense amount of mathematical
calculations. For example: weather forecasting requires
super computers.
► The main difference between super computer and
mainframe computer is that a super computer channels all
its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible
whereas a mainframe computer uses its power to execute
many programs concurrently.