3LP-Life-Long

Life-Wide and
Learning
Program
(Portfolio)

Submitted by:
Name:Christian P. Vitug
Course & Year Level: BSIT 2nd year

Submitted to:
MS. IRENE D. PAYAD
(Instructor)

Discuss the following:

COMPUTER
• Fundamentals of Computer Architecture
-Computer architecture is a basic idea in the study of computer
science. Computer architecture is a framework for comprehending
how computers work and how their components function to perform
tasks. Computer architecture comprises hardware, software, and
communication components.
• Computer Uses
-Computers are mainly used for performing data processing
tasks, maintaining citizens' details, budgeting, security
controls, and many more operations.A computer is an electronic
device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that
you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games,
and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create
spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.
• Different types of Computer Systems
-Mainframe Computer. It is high capacity and costly computer.
 -Super Computer. This category of computer is the fastest and
also very expensive.
-Mini computer
-micro computers
-Workstation Computer.
-Personal Computer (PC)
-Laptop computer (notebook)
-Tablet and Smartphone
• The Generation of the Computer
-Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving
hardware
-First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based
-Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based
-Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based
-Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based

COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL COMPUTER

• Input Unit
-An ‘input unit’ accepts instructions and data from the user
with the help of input devices such as keyboard, mouse, light pen
and so on. Since the data and instructions entered through
different input devices will be in different form, the input unit
converts them into the form that the computer can under-stand.
After this, the input unit supplies the converted instructions
and data to the computer for further processing.
• Central Processing Unit
-central processing unit (CPU), principal part of any digital
computer system, generally composed of the main memory, control
unit, and arithmetic-logic unit. It constitutes the physical
heart of the entire computer system; to it is linked various
peripheral equipment, including input/output devices and
auxiliary storage units. In modern computers, the CPU is
contained on an integrated circuit chip called a microprocessor.
• Output Unit
-The ‘output unit’ performs just opposite to that of input
unit. It accepts the outputs (which are in machine-coded form)
produced by the computer, converts them into the user
understandable form and supplies the converted results to the
user with the help of an output devices such as printer, monitor
and plotter

• Memory System
-Memory system organization is a major factor in determining
computer performance. Different memory technologies, such as
DRAM, SRAM, and hard drives, offer trade-offs in capacity, speed,
and cost. This chapter introduced cache and virtual memory
organizations that use a hierarchy of memories to approximate an
ideal large, fast, inexpensive memory. Main memory is typically
built from DRAM, which is significantly slower than the
processor.
• Input and Out Devices
-Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact
with the outside world by moving data into and out of the system.
-An input device is used to bring data into the system. Some
input devices are:

-Keyboard
-Mouse
-Microphone
-Bar code reader
-Graphics tablet
-An output device is used to send data out of the system. Some
output devices are:

-Monitor
-Printer
-Speaker

CONCEPT OF SOFTWARE AND LANGUAGES

• System Software
-System software is a type of computer program that is designed
to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we
think of the computer system as a layered model, the system
software is the interface between the hardware and user
applications. The operating system is the best-known example of
system software. The OS manages all the other programs in a
computer.
• Function of Operating system
• Input/Output Operations
-In computing, communication between two processing systems is
based on Input-Output operations. For example, input operations
are the signals/data sent from a CPU or another type of
controller towards a storage device. While output operations are
reading and sending data from a drive towards an external system.
• Handling File System
-a file system is a method and data structure that the operating
system uses to control how data is stored and retrieved.Without a
file system, data placed in a storage medium would be one large
body of data with no way to tell where one piece of data stopped
and the next began, or where any piece of data was located when
it was time to retrieve it.
• Allocation of Resources
-Resource allocation is the process by which a computing system
aims to meet the hardware requirements of an application run by
it.
• Detection Errors
-When data is transmitted from one device to another device, the
system does not guarantee whether the data received by the device
is identical to the data transmitted by another device. An Error
is a situation when the message received at the receiver end is
not identical to the message transmitted.
-Types Of Errors
Error Detection
Errors can be classified into two categories:

-Single-Bit Error:The only one bit of a given data unit is

changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.
-Single-Bit Error:The two or more bits are changed from 0 to 1 or
from 1 to 0 is known as Burst Error.

The Burst Error is determined from the first corrupted bit to the
last corrupted bit.

• Language Processors
- A language processor, or translator, is a computer program that
translates source code from one programming language to another.
They also identify errors during translation. Computer programs
are usually written in high-level programming languages (like C+
+, Python, and Java).
• Utilities
-A computer's utility software includes components that assist
the operating system to optimize, maintain, organize and manage
how it functions in all situations. This type of software also
supports the computer's infrastructure, which differs from
application software that performs tasks to benefit the user.
• Application Software
-Application software is a type of computer program that performs
a specific personal, educational, and business function. Each
application is designed to assist end-users in accomplishing a
variety of tasks, which may be related to productivity,
creativity, or communication.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• Machine Level Language (Low Level Language)
-Machine Language Low-Level language is the only language which
can be understood by the computer. Low-level language is also
known as Machine Language. The machine language contains only two
symbols 1 & 0. All the instructions of machine language are
written in the form of binary numbers 1's & 0's.
• Assembly Level Language
-An assembly language is a type of low-level programming language
that is intended to communicate directly with a computer's
hardware. Unlike machine language, which consists of binary and
hexadecimal characters, assembly languages are designed to be
readable by humans.
• High Level Language
High-level languages are programming languages that are designed
to allow humans to write computer programs and interact with a
computer system without having to have specific knowledge of the
processor or hardware that the program will run on.

DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

• Data Transmission Technique
-What is Data Transmission? Data transmission is the transfer of
data from one digital device to another. This transfer occurs via
point-to-point data streams or channels. These channels may
previously have been in the form of copper wires but are now much
more likely to be part of a wireless network
• Transmission Modes with Illustration
-Data Transmission mode defines the direction of the flow of
information between two communication devices . It is also called
Data Communication or Directional Mode. It specifies the
direction of the flow of information from one place to another in
a computer network.
• Types of Wired Network
-Twisted pair
Shielded, copper-based, twisted-pair cable. This form of cabling
is used in local area networks, particularly older types of
networks.
-Coaxial
Copper-based coaxial cable. Coaxial cable is thick, multiwire
cable that can be used for both high bandwidth and high
connectivity connections.
-Ethernet
Unshielded, copper-based, twisted-pair cable. The unshielded
twisted-pair wiring is the most commonly used network cable and
is used on most versions of Ethernet.
-Fiber optic
Glass or plastic-based fiber-optic cable. Optical

• Types of Wireless Network

-LAN
A local-area network is a computer network that exists at a
single site, such as an office building. It can be used to
connect a variety of components, such as computers, printers, and
data storage devices. LANs consist of components like switches,
access points, routers, firewalls, and Ethernet cables to tie it
all together. Wi-Fi is the most commonly known wireless LAN.

-PAN
A personal-area network consists of a network centralized around
the devices of a single person in a single location. A PAN could
have computers, phones, video game consoles, or other peripheral
devices. They are common inside homes and small office buildings.
Bluetooth is the most commonly known wireless PAN.
-MAN
A metropolitan-area network is a computer network that spans
across a city, small geographical area, or business or college
campus. One feature that differentiates a MAN from a LAN is its
size. A LAN usually consists of a solitary building or area. A
MAN can cover several square miles, depending on the needs of the
organization.

-WAN
A wide-area network covers a very large area, like an entire
city, state, or country. In fact, the internet is a WAN. Like the
internet, a WAN can contain smaller networks, including LANs or
MANs. Cellular services are the most commonly known wireless
WANs.
• Types of Networking with Illustration
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
The smallest and most basic type of network, a PAN is made up of
a wireless modem, a computer or two, phones, printers, tablets,
etc., and revolves around one person in one building. These types
of networks are typically found in small offices or residences,
and are managed by one person or organization from a single
device.

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

We’re confident that you’ve heard of these types of networks
before – LANs are the most frequently discussed networks, one of
the most common, one of the most original and one of the simplest
types of networks. LANs connect groups of computers and low-
voltage devices together across short distances (within a
building or between a group of two or three buildings in close
proximity to each other) to share information and resources.
Enterprises typically manage and maintain LANs.

3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Functioning like a LAN, WLANs make use of wireless network
technology, such as Wi-Fi. Typically seen in the same types of
applications as LANs, these types of networks don’t require that
devices rely on physical cables to connect to the network.

4. Campus Area Network (CAN)

Larger than LANs, but smaller than metropolitan area networks
(MANs, explained below), these types of networks are typically
seen in universities, large K-12 school districts or small
businesses. They can be spread across several buildings that are
fairly close to each other so users can share resources.

5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

These types of networks are larger than LANs but smaller than
WANs – and incorporate elements from both types of networks. MANs
span an entire geographic area (typically a town or city, but
sometimes a campus). Ownership and maintenance is handled by
either a single person or company (a local council, a large
company, etc.).

6. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Slightly more complex than a LAN, a WAN connects computers
together across longer physical distances. This allows computers
and low-voltage devices to be remotely connected to each other
over one large network to communicate even when they’re miles
apart.

7. Storage-Area Network (SAN)

As a dedicated high-speed network that connects shared pools of
storage devices to several servers, these types of networks don’t
rely on a LAN or WAN. Instead, they move storage resources away
from the network and place them into their own high-performance
network. SANs can be accessed in the same fashion as a drive
attached to a server. Types of storage-area networks include
converged, virtual and unified SANs.

8. System-Area Network (also known as SAN)

This term is fairly new within the past two decades. It is used
to explain a relatively local network that is designed to provide
high-speed connection in server-to-server applications (cluster
environments), storage area networks (called “SANs” as well) and
processor-to-processor applications. The computers connected on a
SAN operate as a single system at very high speeds.

9. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

As an alternative to traditional switch-based Ethernet LANs,
POLAN technology can be integrated into structured cabling to
overcome concerns about supporting traditional Ethernet protocols
and network applications such as PoE (Power over Ethernet). A
point-to-multipoint LAN architecture, POLAN uses optical
splitters to split an optical signal from one strand of
singlemode optical fiber into multiple signals to serve users and
devices.

10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

These types of networks are built and owned by businesses that
want to securely connect its various locations to share computer
resources.
11. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
By extending a private network across the Internet, a VPN lets
its users send and receive data as if their devices were
connected to the private network – even if they’re not. Through a
virtual point-to-point connection, users can access a private
network remotely.
• Network Topologies with Illustration
-Network topologies describe the methods in which all the
elements of a network are mapped. The topology term refers to
both the physical and logical layout of a network.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF INTERNET

• Modem
-modem, (from “modulator/demodulator”), any of a class of
electronic devices that convert digital data signals into
modulated analog signals suitable for transmission over analog
telecommunications circuits.
• Computer
-A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of
digitized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a
program, software, or sequence of instructions on how the data is
to be processed.
• Web TV
-Web TV services enable a user to access the Web on a television
set using a special remote control and a decoder that sits on top
of the TV. Services are offered by various types of providers —
e.g., TV broadcasters, satellite operators, and telecom
operators.
• World Wide Web (WWW)
-The World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers
to all the public websites or pages that users can access on
their local computers and other devices through the internet.
These pages and documents are interconnected by means of
hyperlinks that users click on for information
• Working of Internet
-It provides organizations with solutions that streamline
communication and collaboration within and outside the companies.
You can use various tools that enhance productivity, process
automation, and business communications. Thus high-speed
connection allows you to
excel in your company's performance.
• Domain Names System (DNS) with Illustration
-A Domain Name System (DNS) turns domain names into IP addresses,
which allow browsers to get to websites and other internet
resources. Every device on the internet has an IP address, which
other devices can use to locate the device.
• Word Address
-addresses of memory on a computer uniquely identify words of
memory. It is usually used in contrast with byte addressing,
where addresses uniquely identify bytes.
• IP Address
-a unique numerical identifier for every device or network that
connects to the internet. Typically assigned by an internet
service provider (ISP), an IP address is an online device address
used for communicating across the internet.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WEB COMPONENTS
• Web Clients
-A Web client typically refers to the Web browser in the user's
machine or mobile device. It may also refer to extensions and
helper applications that enhance the browser to support special
services from the site.
• Web Server
-A web server is a computer system capable of delivering web
content to end users over the internet via a web browser.
-How web servers work?
The end user processes a request via a web browser installed on a
web server. The communication between a web server or browser and
the end user takes place using Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP). The primary role of a web server is to store, process,
and deliver requested information or webpages to end users. It
uses
• Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)
-The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems that
allows users to communicate data on the World Wide Web.
-HTTP was invented alongside HTML to create the first
interactive, text-based web browser: the original World Wide Web.
Today, the protocol remains one of the primary means of using the
Internet.
-As a request-response protocol, HTTP gives users a way to
interact with web resources such as HTML files by transmitting
hypertext messages between clients and servers. HTTP clients
generally use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections to
communicate with servers.
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
-A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier used to
locate a resource on the Internet. It is also referred to as a
web address. URLs consist of multiple parts -- including a
protocol and domain name -- that tell a web browser how and where
to retrieve a resource.
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the set of markup symbols
or codes inserted into a file intended for display on the
Internet. The markup tells web browsers how to display a web
page's words and images.