CHAIRMANSHIP

PREAMBLE

Chairmanship is the art of chairing or conducting a public meeting. For public meetings to be
conducted in an orderly manner, there must be accepted rules of procedure. Thus, every leader
should possess some knowledge of the customs and procedures of parliamentary order. This piece of
work is extremely important to every leader in our church. The representative form of church
government, eg: the SDA Church, recognises that authority is in the church membership with its
executive bodies and officers for its smooth running. In our church, decision making comes through
committee discussions. It is therefore extremely important for the leader (s) to know some of the
simple rules of chairmanship whose purpose is to maintain harmony and determine the will of the
majority through a properly organised business transaction. One needs a personal copy as a leader to
avoid confusion, tension and disorder in meetings. Although this piece of work may not be exhaustible
on the subject matter, it is hoped that the compilation will stimulate further research to enhance good
leadership skills. Let our meetings be conducted decently and in order.

ABOUT THE CHAIRPERSON

Whoever is a preside at a business meeting or a meeting of the Adventist Youth Executive is usually
called the Chairman or the Chairperson. Some presiding officers would prefer to refer to them by their
titles, e.g. Mr. President. In many instances, however, this formality is dropped, speakers address the
chair in order to avoid development of personality conflicts. In any case, the term chairman is still
widely used and should be considered in the generic sense, i.e; for both men and women. In some
parts of the world, the term chairperson is more appropriate. It is also common to use the term chair
when referring to the person who leads the meeting. It is usually important to determine local custom
and follow it unless someone might be offended.

QUALITIES OF A CHRISTIAN CHAIRPERSON

◊ Must be spiritual, see Gen 6:9. He / she must walk with God.
◊ Must be a man of vision. He must have unusual discernment in his deliberations. An
organisation seldom achieves more than its leaders believe it can. See Prov. 29:18.
◊ A good chairman must know his tools. He must know his rights, policies and rules regarding his
work. See 2nd Tim. 2:15.
◊ He must have love for God, love for the people and the church. See Luke 2:52.
◊ He must be humble. See Phil. 2:5-13.
◊ He must be patient. See Ecc. 7:8.
◊ He must be a man of courage. He must not fear confrontations or frictions.
See Joshua 1:19
◊ He must be a man of integrity. He must be honest in all things. Fidelity to God involves
fidelity to man. See Nehemiah 7:2.

WHAT EVERY CHAIRPERSON OUGHT TO KNOW

◊ The chairperson must know his destination. See John 14:6. Jesus also once said, “ I Know
where I came from and I know where I am going”.
◊ The chairperson must only allow one subject to be discussed at a time.
◊ The chairperson must ensure “FULL” debate to every proposition presented. This gives clarity.
◊ The chairperson should ensure “FREE” debate to the house.
◊ Every member has rights equal to those other members. As long as one is a committee
member, he must have the right to speak whether young or old, rich or poor.
◊ The chairperson must ensure that the will of the majority is carried out.
◊ The chairperson must ensure that the rights of the minority are preserved. The minority must
not be laughed at. They must be respected with their views and participation. It is normal in
a meeting to agree or disagree. However, each member of the committee has a responsibility

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 to act with the committee in whatever way the majority may decide. Trying to serve the
desires of our opinions will impair the work of the church.
◊ The chairperson must always act as a “referee”. He acts as the middleman between those for
and against and gives direction tactfully.
◊ He must recognise formation of sub-committees. Formation of sub-committees eases pressure
on the chairperson and the house and avoids consensus circuit.

MAIN FEATURES OF ORDER OF BUSINESS

1. Calling the meeting to order. The chairperson calls the meeting to order or to commence at
the appointed time when the quorum is met.
2. Opening song and prayer.
3. Devotion.
4. Season of Prayer.
5. Roll Call.
6. Adoption of Agenda.
7. Approval of minutes. This involves corrections, additions, approval and or any matters arising.
8. Unfinished business from the previous meeting.
9. Committee reports (if sub-committees have been instructed to report).
10. New business, e.g. Investiture ceremony.
11. Announcements.
12. Adjournments.
13. Closing prayer.

LADDER OF PROCEEDINGS

RECOGNITION BY THE CHAIRPERSON

ADDRESSING THE PRESIDING OFFICER

PRESENTING A MOTION

SECONDING A MOTION

STATING A MOTION

DISCUSSION OR DEBATE

VOTING

RESULTS

BRIEF NOTES ON THE LADDER

1. Recognition by the Chairperson. A member who desires to present a motion may not do so
until the chairperson recognises him by first of all raising his hand. Then the chairperson

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 recognises him by calling his name, pointing at him or nodding at him and that member is now
free to speak. The speaker is then said to have the floor.
2. Addressing the presiding officer. Having been recognised by the chairperson, the member
rises and pronounces the title of the presiding officer, e.g. Mr. Chairperson etc. When a
member stands to speak, he must address the chairperson. No speaker should address the
name of the former, or turn to face him and then speak as this can bring confusion due to
direct confrontation.
3. Presenting a motion. This is when the person on the floor introduces a motion by saying, ‘I
move that or I propose that …. ‘This is followed by the statement of the proposal.
4. Seconding a motion. A support to consider a motion for discussion. This is a signal given by
any member of the house to indicate that he has an interest in having the item brought to
discussion without necessarily tying him to vote in favour of its direction.
5. Starting a motion. After the motion has been seconded, let the chairperson restate the
motion before the house for clarity.
6. Discussion or debate. This is the debating stage of the motion.
7. Voting. After the discussion is exhausted, the chairperson must subject the motion to a vote.
8. Results. At this stage, it is the duty of the chairperson to announce the results and not the
secretary. If the majority have said Aye, the chairperson announces, for example, ‘The motion
is carried.’ If the majority have said Nay, the announcement is, ‘The motion is lost’.
Immediately the results have been announced, the chairperson must put another motion in
order for discussion.

GUIDELINES ON WHO TO SPEAK

1. Preference should be given to the proposer of the motion to allow him to explain his line of
thought.
2. A member who has not spoken has prior claim over one who has already discussed.
3. The chairperson should recognise a member who seldom speaks in preference to the one who
frequently claims the attention of the house.
4. A member who raises his hand first when all have spoken stands a priority.
5. If the chairperson knows the opinions of the various members regarding the measure before the
house, he should alternate between those for and those against.

CHAIRMANSHIP LANGUAGE

1. Presiding Officer ~ Chairperson.

2. Assembly or House ~ People in the meeting.
3. Agenda ~ List of items to be discussed.
4. Debate ~ Discussion.
5. Motion ~ A concise and precise statement of a proposed
action.
6. Seconding the motion ~ A support to consider a motion for discussion.
7. Seating members ~ Rightful people to be in a meeting.
8. Motion on the table ~ Item under discussion in the house.
9. On the floor or getting the floor~ Having the right to speak before the House.
The most disciplined person in a meeting is one
Who speaks only when given time to speak (getting the
floor).
10. Adjourn ~ To end a meeting or breaking off a meeting to
a later time.
11. Point of Order ~ An objection raised by a committee member
Because of disorder in procedure or unpalatable
conduct. The presiding officer must rule immediately.
12. Majority ~ when more people side for the motion at voting
13. Amendment ~ A proposed change to the existing main motion.
14. Tabling the motion ~ When an item under discussion is withdrawn from
debate and deferred to a later date owing
investigations or further research.

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15. Quorum ~ This is the minimum number or proportion of the
Organisation membership that is required to do
business.
16. Chairperson pro tempore ~ A temporary chairperson.
17. Question ~ Ending a discussion or close a debate on a motion
so as to bring it to a vote.
18. Appeal ~ A request for a majority vote to overrule a decision
of the presiding officer.
19. Decorum in discussion ~ Observance of the rules of order and courtesy and
proper procedure in discussions.
20. Dilatory motion ~ A meaningless motion.
21. Division ~ Voting through hands.
22. Unanimous Consent ~ Making a resolution without a vote where there are
no differences of opinions.
23. Minutes ~ A systematic and precise record of action or business
transaction of the previous meeting.
24. Pending Question ~ The motion under discussion.
25. Question of privilege ~ Asking the presiding officer to deal with an emergency
or disorder in a committee for general welfare.
26. Recess ~ A temporary break.
27. Parliamentarian ~ Chief advisor to the chairman on matters of procedure
and must preferably be a qualified master guide with
vast experience.
28. Ad-hoc committee ~ This is a special committee that may be elected at any
time to deal with a special issue. This committee is
dissolved when the assignment is over.
29. Ratify ~ Refers to motion to approve an emergency action that
was taken say by the chairman or few of the
administrative personnel.

MODES OF VOTING

1. Acclamation.
2. Secret ballot.
3. Standing up.
4. Raising hands.
5. Bell call.
6. Calling the roll.

KINDS OF MOTIONS

1. Main motion ~ This is the original motion proposing a major action. The main motion
takes precedence.
2. Subsidiary motions ~ These are motions to deal with the motion before the house or under
discussion. E.g. ‘I move to table the motion’
3. Privileged motion ~ This motion is not debatable nor can it be amended except to fix a
date for adjournment. However, it must be seconded and voted. A
good example is a motion to adjourn. The chairman must put the
motion to adjourn to a vote immediately. The motion to adjourn can
be made at any stage of the proceedings in the meeting. A member
simply moves: “Mr Chairman, I move that we adjourn”. Someone else
must say, “I second”. The chairperson then says: “There is a motion to
adjourn. All in favour say ‘Aye’ all opposed say ‘Nay’. The motion is
carried and we are adjourned, “or” The motion is lost and we will
continue with our business”. That marks the end of the meeting unless
there are any announcements. Any pending issues are carried over to
the next meeting as unfinished business.
4. Amendment motions ~ See chairmanship language, item # 13.

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HOME NURSING.

DEFINITION: This is the taking care of a sick person at home.

GUIDELINES IN TAKING CARE OF SOMEONE WHO IS SICK.

 B – For bed, bath, bladder, bowels

BED : Make sure that the person who is sick has enough sleep and that the bed is
Comfortable.

BATH : Ensure that the patient has a bath for this is healthy for the patient and helps
for good circulation.
BLADDER: The patient must visit the toilet to pass urine, if the patient does not visit to
urinate then give the patient a lot of fluids for this will help the patient to visit
the toilet. Turn on a tap while patient see running water.
BOWELS: The patient must visit the toilet for heavy duty. (To open bowels) normally a
person should open bowels daily.

 D – For diet and drugs

DIET : Ensure that you try by all means to provide the patient with a well balanced
Diet, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Roughage, Vitamins.
DRUGS : Give the patient the drugs prescribed to him / her at the appointed time and
the correct dosage. (correct dosage) correct route.

 E – For exercise

EXERCISE: Make sure that the patient has exercises to give him a little bit of strength, this
can be in form of a straw around the yard. (Avoid stiffening) help circulation.

 F – For Fluids

FLUIDS: Give the sick person enough fluids more especially water, this is to wash the
internal impurities. Fruit fluids are also essential.

 H – For Hair

HAIR It does not mean that just because the person is sick then he / she does not
have to comb their hair. Ensure that the patient’s hair is neat, clean and well
combed.

 M – For mouth, mental state.

MOUTH: The patient’s mouth must be brushed to prevent the mouth from smelling and
for the patient’s mouth to be fresh.
MENTAL: Make sure that the patient’s mental state is normal, you can tell by the way
they will talk and behave. (If the situation is abnormal please do take the
patient to the hospital).

 O – For observation, and occupation.

OBSERVATION: Observe the patient’s temperature whether high or normal if high wipe the
patient with a wet cloth. (Luke worm H2O). Observe the patient’s pulse (80 –
100 per minute), that is the heart beat, the breath should be 18 to 20 beats per
minute. Temperature 37oC.
OCCUPATION: Occupy the patients time by giving the patient a book to read.

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 PRESSURE AREAS: The patient’s pressure areas are the back, elbows, shoulders, knees, uncles and
the oxput. These areas easily have bed – sores if the patient is not turned from
time to time.

 R – For rest

REST: The patient must have enough bed rest. When they are resting please do not
disturb them.

 S – For sleep

SLEEP: The patient should sleep, if the patient does not sleep give him / her sedatives
(sleeping tablets) that is as prescribed by the doctor. (eg. Piriton) (Valium).

POULTRY
Poultry is a word that covers a range of birds kept for meat eating. Poultry includes the following:

 Turkeys, Pigeons, Chickens etc

In this case we are going to look at poultry in chickens.

CHICKEN PRODUCTION

 Chickens are dependable source of protein.

 Valuable source of income.
 They offer quick return of capital.
 There is quick nutritional improvements in birds.
 There is also a quick significant development in birds.

TYPES OF CHICKENS

 BROILERS: These are kept for table meat, they are very fast growers lets say within a
Period of 3 weeks.

 LAYERS: These are kept for egg production and also for meat at times. These are slow
growing birds, they reach point of production at 18 – 20 weeks (reach point
layer) before this they are called Pullet.

Point layer – this is the period when a chicken starts layering it’s first eggs.

SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION:

 FREE RANGE SYSTEM – This is whereby they have no proper shelter, you leave them free and
they move around the yard without taking care of them. You take a certain range of time to
feed them but mainly they feed on their on
 BATTERIES CAGE SYSTEM – In this system you put a few chickens in a room or cage so that they
do not move around. This kind of production is good in that it avoids diseases to attack the
poultry and they don’t use much enough to move around. This system is commonly used for
layers. You have to provide the chickens with all the food used for laying eggs.
 DEEP UTTER – This is a system whereby you take so much care of them such that on the floor of
the shelter you provide cushioning materials for warmth and to avoid freezing. Special food is
given and there is usually a feeding time-table.

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 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR RAISING CHICKENS

 There has to be high levels of hygiene, tools must be clean and people looking after them
must be clean.
 Birds must receive adequate supply of clean water
 Birds must receive balanced and enough feed
 The room must have good ventilation
 There must be correct temperature (33 – 35 degree Celsius)
 Houses must be located in well drained sites
 Correct stocking rate 18 birds per square meter for boilers 11

Prepare the tools in advance, put some litter / cushioning materials on the floor to avoid freezing,
wash the room regularly, know the vaccine to give and also the correct temperature 33 – 35 degree
Celsius.

RECEIVING CHICKS

 Ensure that you check the details on the barge

 Check for diseased ones

DAILY ROUTINE

 Make sure that there it is clean

 Ensure that there is enough feeds
 Check for diseased birds
 Ensure that the birds are comfortable.

CATS OF THE WORLD

The scientific name of the a cat is Felidae or Filime

Cats are normally distinquished from other animals by looking at their characteristics. These
characteristics are in two groups namely: behaviour and physical characteristics.

BEHAVIOUR CHARACTERISTICS

 They fight fearlessly when there is a cause especially to defend their young ones.
 Raise hair (fur) all over when in danger and that forms a protective coat.
 They feed on raw meat and milk.
 They make very good mothers.
 They like freedom at night and hate been shat in
 Enjoy being stroked and petted
 They bury the waste (execrators)
 Like to sleep during the day
 Dislike water but wild ones swim when necessary
 They are fematically clean animals

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

 They have soft paws

 They have no collar born
 They have large claws
 They are born blind and helpless
 They have very well senses of hearing, sight and smile

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  They have strong fore legs
 They are four (4) footed
 Whiskers help them know whether they can move through certain places
 The tail betrays its mood, in anger it has switching movement, in pleasure upright airy, in fear
the tail becomes stiff.
 They have eighteen (18) toes
 They have a rough tongue used for leaking the meat off the bones
 They have thirty (30) teeth
 They have muscular bodies that can be stretched in to many shapes
 They have natural eyes because they absorb light during the day and use it at night.
(expandable pupil)
 They make twenty seven (27) sounds
 Their solidity coloured fur helps to camouflage these animals when hunting or resting.

DOMESTICATED CATS

Domesticated cats have white short fur and blue eyes

WILD CATS

1. Lion – this is known as the king of the beasts or the jungle.

2. Jaguar – largest wild cat on the American Continent.
3. Cheetah – this is the fastest runner at the velocity of 70 miles / hr or
112 km / hr
4 Siberia tiger – this is the largest in the world
5. Leopard (panther) - this is called as the black sheep in the leopard family
6. Ocelot – these are found all over Central America
7. Lynx – these are small and dangerous
8. Manx – smallest and tail less

Bush cats – these have long legs and are found in Africa
Jaquar – these are found in America
Black Leopard – these are black in colour and are found in Africa
Siberian Tigers – these are orange in colour and are found in Siberia
African wild cats – these are yellowish in colour and are found in Africa
Leopard – black and white spots and are found in Africa
Domesticated cats – (Royal Siamese, soul pant Siamese) these are long, short haired
cats.

USES OF CATS

 They keep balance of nature between carnivorous and herbivorous

 They are used as cloaks in China and other Countries
 Cats destroy pests e.g rats
 Used for medical reasons
 Used as a means of income (through circus)

WILD CATS

 LIONS – It is the king of the beasts, lions are large are very fierce animals
 JAGUAR – It is a very powerful beast of prey and commonly found in America and jaguars are
the largest wild cats in America
 SIBERIAN TIGER – This is the largest wild cat in the whole world commonly found in Siberia
 CHEETAH – A cheetah looks like a leopard, it is fastest animal running at approximately 120km
per hour
 BLACK LEOPARD – Also known as the black sheep of the leopard family because of its black
colour.

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AFRICAN WILDCATS

LIONS : The male lion has mane around its neck

LEOPARDS : The leopard has white and black spots
AFRICAN WILD CATS : They are yellowish and grey in colour

BASIC CATS

DOMESTIC CATS : e.g. Siamese cats are plenty

MEXICAN HAIRLESS : This is the strongest cat of all the domesticated cats

BENEFITS FROM CATS

 They are used to kill snakes

 They are used to control pests
 They give warning of approaching strangers

STORIES OF CATS IN THE BIBLE

DAVID AND THE LION

While a young boy, his father’s sheep was taken by a lion. With his rod he went after the lion and
fought it rescuing his father’s lamb

DANIEL IN THE LIONS DEN (DANIEL 6 VS 16 – 25)

When a decree was passed in Babylon that no man should worship the living God. Daniel never abided
to the decree and as a punishment he was thrown in the lion’s den. Because Daniel was a God fearing
man, God shut the lion’s mouths and they harmed him not.

SAMSON AND THE LION (JUDGES 14 VS 5 – 9)

Samson on his way to meet his bride, he came face to face with a lion and because of the strength and
power that lied in his hair. Without difficult, he fought the lion, tore it apart and over come the beast.
God’s people had power over beasts.

Also in the book of Daniel we read of the four beasts, Revelation 17 also mentions of a woman riding on
a beast. Revelation 17 vs 1:15, (7-12), Daniel 7 vs 3-8, Revelation 13 vs 1-3.

DOGS OF THE WORLD

The scientific name for a dog is Canidae. These dogs are in three classes namely: Jackel, Fox and
Wolf.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DOGS

 They have five claws on front legs

 They have sharp teeth used for tearing flesh
 They pant by hanging out their tongue
 Make various sounds (hauling, bark, yap, and groan
 They have well sense of smell and hearing
 Have four / five claws on their hind legs
 Eat flesh

FIVE GROUPS OF WILD DOGS

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  Wolf
 Coijobe
 Fox
 Dingo
 Jackel

CONTRIBUTION OF DOGS TO MAN

 They attack the enemies (Collie)

 Finding the way to the enemies
 Guiding the blind
 Caring message from enemy lines (Broad head)
 They look for lost items (St Bernard)
 Look after the sheep (Shepherd)
 Dogs pull sledge (Eskimo)
 Dogs can be sent to the market (Hanad family dog)

TWENTY SIX KINDS OF DOGS

 Dash hound
 Beagle
 Collie
 Pug
 Grey hound
 Puddle
 Spanial
 Golden retriever
 Labroder retriever
 May motadar
 Shethound
 Seal phoun
 Air date tetters
 St Bernard
 Irish teover
 Dalamations
 Papillion
 Chilualha
 Boston tetter
 Black and to-hound
 Island
 Pekingese
 Fox tetter
 Basset hound
 Scottish kind tetter
 Manchester

DOG DISEASES

DISTMPHER – It is compared to human cold. It is highly infectious and dangerous. Little is known
about this disease. However it attacks mostly puppies.

HYSTERIAL - It disarranges the nervous system

RABBIES - This one kills, its infectious and can be transmitted to man if beaten by a rabbied dog

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THE TOY DOG

These are dogs which are harmful to man e.g. Manchester, Pug, Papillion, Pekingese, and Bull dog…

DOG CARING

HOUSING – Each dog should have one box and place of retreat
TEACHING – A dog should know what is expected from it
PROTECTION – A dog should be protected at all cost
ATTENTION – Be firm, kind and appreciative to your dog
UNDERSTANDING – Always be fair with your dog

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT DOGS

 The smallest dog is the Chiluhua, the largest dog is the Frish Wolf tetters
 The only dog with a wholly blue or black tongueries, Cheow Chow
 The most popular dog is the Puddle
 The fastest running dog is the Grey hound
 The only dog which is used to truck down animals is the Blood hound

DOG TRAINING

 A dog trainer should be experienced

 A training place should have all the requirements for dog training.

CAMP CRAFTS
Camping is the adventure which exists among Christian youths in thrills with hiking, cooking out of
doors and ability to view God’s creation.

Camping is for everyone and not only youths, it can be done at anytime of the year for hunting in the
forest, fishermen as they went to fish, missionaries as they went to and from preaching the word of
God.

Camping started in England around 1820 and was started by girl boy scouts guides in 1905, boy scouts in
the USA first camped in 1907 girl guides in England. The first A.Y Camp was in 1926.

WHY CAMP

1. To learn Gods nature book (Bible).

2. Camping is an adventure when you explore unknown places
3. Camping can be held in forests, mountains, deserts etc.
4. Hiking is also part of camping.

WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN PICKING A CAMP SITE

When picking a Camp site, one has to consider 6 things:

These are:

 WATER - Water is a necessity in a camp for one because water is life, we need water for
Cooking, Washing our dishes and clothes, bathing and swimming, for drinking
and also used for transport.

 WIND - Avoid windy places, i.e. the area you are camping at should have wind breakers
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 around preferably mountains and trees.

 WOOD - Wood is one of the important things that you will require as a camper for you
will use it as fire wood for your cooking, for warmth during camp fire, and also
as furniture.
 WEATHER - Never camp in an area or place with sunny and rainy conditions though camping
is done all year round. Ensure that the area is well drained.

 WILD ANIMALS - Ensure that the area has no wild animals though not all wild animals
are a danger to man.
 WILLINGNESS - Ensure that the land owner is willing to let you use his land for camping
and also that the people around the camping site are also willing.

CAMPING GEARS

 SLEEPING GEAR - Sleeping bag, sleeping mat, blanket, pillow, camp bed etc.
this is because you have to be warm.
 TOILET GEAR - Tooth brush, tooth paste, soap, tissue, towel, mirror, etc
should be carried.
 KITCHEN GEAR - Pots, spoons, fork, cup, plates etc, because you have to be fed.
 WORSHIP KIT - Bible, Hymn book, study guide and other spiritual books.
 MISCELLANEOUS GEAR - Touch, new batteries.
 MAP and COMPASS - For direction.
 FIRST AID KIT - Your kit should contain pain killer tablets, snake and burn
ointment, pounded charcoal, bandages, etc.
 BAG - For your packing, this can be in form of a hard board, African
head carrier, maize sack.

TWO TYPES OF SLEEPING GEAR

1. Sleeping bag / mat

2. Hammock

FIVE IMPORTANT KNOTS IN CAMPING

1. Square knot
2. Bowline
3. Clove hitch
4. Sheet bend
5. Two half hitches

KINDS OF CAMP TENTS

There are usually three types of tents which are normally used as sleeping gears at a camp. Note that
even an hammock can also be used as a sleeping gear.

 PRISM TENTS.

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  CONE

 TRIANGLE / PYRAMID

FIRE BUILDING IN A CAMP

There are three things needed for fire to burn these are:
FUEL / Paraffin – this is the material that will burn
HEAT – cause fuel to ignite
AIR – to provide oxygen for burning fire sticks.

PRECAUTIONS

 Always clear an area of about 3 feet (3 meters)

 Do not build a fire around low hanging branches
 Have tools for clearing
 The fire should be built on the middle of the cleared area
 Do not play with fire (stirring with a stick)
 Always put off the fire after use
 If it is a camp use a Cross-fire

CATEGORIES

WARMING – Back log, criss cross, pyramid, council and rock.

BAKING - Rock reflector, log reflector
COOKING - Trench, hyke, hunters and rock fire.
LIGHTING - Pyramid, Council.

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PYRAMID FIRE

CRISS CROSS FIRE

COUNCIL FIRE

HUNTER FIRE

HYKE FIRE

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FIRE

BACK LOG FIRE

LOG REFLECTOR FIRE

TRENCH FIRE

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ROCK REFLECTOR FIRE.

CHRISTIAN STORY TELLING

This is the telling of an experience of one certain individual which require name and place to give
authentisy, name of character and where it occurred.

MAJOR THINGS A STORY HAS

 Title
 Aim
 And theme

The importance of the mentioned above is to create a goal for one who is telling the story.

STAGES IN A STORY

 DEVELOPMENT / BODY - This contains the whole elements and facts of the story at hand
 CLIMAX - This is the highest peak of the story. It emphasises, yet brief
the lesson underlying in that story.
 CONCLUSION - This has to come immediately after the climax so as not to
spoil what has already been said. It contains the solution to
the problems found or discovered in the character of the story.

HOW TO ANALYSE A STORY

 Make an attractive title

 Know the general idea of the story
 Read it again, noticing the details
 Close the book, think through point by point and create a picture
 Read again to see if at all the important points have been forgotten
 Decide what to use as the introduction
 Decide where exactly when the climax will come in
 Decide how the conclusion will be like

WHAT A STORY TELLER SHOULD DO

 Know your story

 Be part of the story
 Be able to study your audience if all they are paying attention
 Mode your voice you should have limitation
 Talk in simplicity yet to the point (use simple words for easy understanding to those listening)
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  Talk directly (follow sequence)
 Control the speed of your speech (do not talk too fast nor too slow)
 Talk expressional (use gestures)
 Do not avoid eye contact to the people you are telling the story
 Keep stories where they may be found

WHAT A STORY TELLER SHOULD NOT DO

 Do not memorise the story, it should be with in you

 Avoid repetitions for it gives an impression that you are not ready and not organised.

HOW TO BECOME A GOOD STORY TELLER

 Collect and study books on story telling

 Watch and study good tellers in action
 Collect and study back ground materials for stories you have
 Buy good reference books e.g. Bible commentaries, bible prophesy, world atlas etc
 If there is an opportunity for you to tell a story, do not loose it
 Criticise yourself by the comments and reaction of the audience
 Never give up trying for in so doing you will improve in your story telling.

TYPES OF STORIES

 FIGURATIVE - You make up your own story

 MYTH STORIES - Heathen people believing strange gods
 FAIRLY TALE -
 STORIES THAT GLORIFY EVIL

COOKERY AS AN HONOR
Cooking is a method by which one prepares food for eating by use of heat. There are two methods of
cooking namely dry and wet cooking.

DRY COOKING - This is the use of less fat and sometimes no fat at all

 BAKING - This type of cooking is done in an oven, choice meat, vegetables,

Temperature varies to what you are baking and the temperature
required what you are baking e.g. baking, e.g. you bake a cake at 180
degree Celsius, the temperature really depends on what the recipe
requires of you to use.
 FRYING - This requires oil or fat, even butter. The food can be fried until golden
brown in the pan on either deep oil or medium oil.
 ROASTING - This requires little oil at all and can be done on a brazier or in the oven
But grilling, pot roasting – little fat
 GRILLING

WET COOKING / MOIST

 STEAMING – In this method of cooking you use little water in that you do not want
The water to absorb the nutrients of the food by adding plenty of water
to food. Indirect steaming we use a lot of water.
 BOILING - Hard foods are cooked in boiling water, we usually boil foods which do

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 Not easily break giving you no restrictions as to what temperature you
should use. Example of hard foods are beans and meat.
 STEWING - When stewing you mind the amount of water you pour into the pot.
This is a slow method of cooking. Example when you are cooking fresh
fish you do not have to pour plenty of water but you pour little water
time after time.

FOOD
Definition : Food is a solid or liquid that is edible

REASONS FOR EATING:

We eat so that we can grow, for energy, for repairing won out tissues, food protects the body from
disease and this depends on the type of foods you eat because it is not every food which are good to
our health.

GROUPS OF FOODS

BODY BUILDING FOODS - In this category we have groundnuts, beans, etc.

ENERGY FOODS - In this category we find foods such as oats, groundnuts and other cereals
PROTECTIVE FOODS - In this class we find foods such as vegetables and fruits.

SEVEN NUTRIENTS SUBSTANCES OF WHICH FOODS ARE COMPOSED

 PROTEINS - These nutrients are for growth and the repair of won out tissues. This is
got from body building foods. Animal P. milk, eggs, meat, veg prof –
cereals, nuts, peas, beans
 VITAMINS - These are got from vegetables and fruits
 MINERAL SALTS- These are got from bones, beans etc
 ROUGHAGE’S - Got from vegetables, maize (cereals)
 WATER - This is a solvent for chemical reaction
 FAT - This is got from margarine, meat etc
 CARBOHYDRATES- Taken from energy foods. Rice, Potatoes, Sugars, Starch,

DISEASES CAUSED BY LACK OF THE ABOVE NUTRIENTS

1. SCURVEY - This is due to lack of Vitamin C.

2. ANEMIA - Lack of Vitamin B
3. RICKETS - This is caused due to Vitamin D.

CYCLING AS AN HONOR
Definition: Cycling is the ability to move on a bicycle. A bicycle is a two wheeled pedal driven
Vehicle.

PART OF A BICYCLE: Sporks, tyres, rims, pedals, crank, handle bars, head lamp, folk, mud guard,
Chain, saddle, brakes, reflector, free wheel, bell, etc.

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FUNCTIONS

WHEELS - Produce function on the ground

TYRES - Are there to enhance the grip on the ground
SPORKS - Give ability to the rim and attack the hub to the rim
PEDALS - This is the main operating part of a bicycle, the rider pushes the two pedals
around in a cycle with his/her feet’s to enable the whole vehicle to move and
the person to balance up.
CHAIN - This runs on the two sprockets, i.e the crank and the free wheel forming a gear
mechanism that rolls the bicycle.
HANDLE BARS - They turn the front wheel side to side maintaining the desired direction.
BRAKES - Brakes are there to help you stop the bike as well as to control the speed of
The bike, the rider can reduce the speed by slowing down the rate of pedalling
HOW TO PREPARE A PUNCTURED TUBE / TYRE

 De-flat the tube

 Open the tyre remove the tube using a spoon or fork
 Pump the tube and soak it in water to spot the puncture
 Clean the tube using sand paper or stone applicable on the puncture
 Where there is no patch, make your own by cleaning a piece of rubber to mend the puncture or
the suspected spot using tuff stuff or genkem. If you do not have mentioned solutions you can
squeeze the puncture and then tie with a rubber
 Replace the tube inside the tyre and in-flat to capacity.

OILING THE PARTS

Parts should be oiled for lubrication more especially the hubs, free wheel, the heart of the bicycle.

PRECAUTIONS WHEN RIDING ON A HIGHWAY

 Give a signal for every turn

 Give the pedestrians the right of way
 Obey traffic signs
 Never carry anything in the cross bar
 Never remove hands from your handlebars.

ROAD SIGNS

ROBOTS ZEBRA CROSSING

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Examination requirements:

- You should be able to ride a bicyle at 10km / hour

- Must be able to read the road map
- Observe traffic signs as you ride your bike.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

ENVIRONMENT - This refers to the physical and social conditions in which people live. This is
the natural world where people and animals live.
CONSERVATION - This is the protection from damage or destruction of the physical and social
conditions in which people live.
It is the sustainable utilisation of the environment.

Changes in the environment has been caused by the intervention of man.

Activities in human:

- Agriculture, forestry, energy production, and increase in human production.

- Global warning has increased temperatures (general rise in temperature),
temperatures might rise up to 50 – 100 degrees Celsius. The rise in temperature might
lead to deserts, growing larger than they are. Due to the rise in temperature
agriculture might be affected.

CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

 Land clearing for agriculture and cutting down trees for timber, fuel, charcoal, etc
 Inventions of green houses carbons (chloro fluoro – carbon. CFC)

SOIL EROSION: This is the washing away of the top soil either by running water, the cutting down of
Trees and also over grazing, over cultivating on the same piece of land due to lack of
crop rotation, deforestation also leads to lack of cover on the soil.

POLLUTION

It is related to increase in human population

This leads to solid liquids and gases

EFFECTS OF GASES

Acids rains leading to the land been unproductive.

HOUSE KEEPING AS AN HONOUR

House keeping is the taking care of a house, guest-house, hotel or lodge.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A HOUSE

 WATER - Or water should be free from germs and diseases. Our drinking water should
Be boiled or chlorinated.
 POST OFFICE - Our home should be near a postal service in order for us to be able to

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 Communicate with our loved ones. We are not only taking of a post office but
any mode of communication for example a business centre, internet café and
many other modes of communication you can think of.
 SHOPPING CENTRE - There must be a shopping centre near by, a market or a mall, this is
Necessary because we need to get our commodities within our reach
and not walk miles and miles to buy our day to day necessities such as
vegetables, tomatoes, etc.
 ROAD NET WORK - Our homes should be within reach meaning to say that we should not
find any difficulties with the road net-work. There must be easy
accessibility to our homes.
 SECURITY - This is vital as we choose places to stay for we would not be secure if
Where we stay is a place full of thief. If there is no security then we
endanger our properties been stolen.

REASONS FOR CLEANING THE HOUSE

These can be inform of a wooden craft, artificial or natural flowers, portraits and other decorative
things, we decorate or homes to make them even more attractive.

Note that it is dangerous to keep natural flowers because in the night we compete for the same air
which is oxygen, plants in the night breath in oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide.

FLOORS - There are three types of floors: concrete, pine, and mud.
MUD FLOORS - Sprinkle water on the floor then sweep the room.
PINE - Since this is wood, do not mop every day, but ensure that you apply cobra and
then leave to dry then shine.
CONCRETE - Mop, apply cobra, leave to dry up then shine.

CLEANING THE SITTING ROOM

This is the first room that one should start to clean, that is after you have applied your Harpic in the
toilet to dissolve whilst you are still cleaning the sitting room. Ensure that the windows of the toilet,
kitchen, sitting room, bathroom, etc are opened this is to let fresh air to enter in the house.

Remove the dirt from under the sofa, then move the movable furniture to the sides to give you room to
clean the centre of your living room. Sweep the room thoroughly, mop or shine, arrange everything in
order then dust up every dustable item in the room.

After the sitting room is done then you can clean you’re your toilet you had left the Harpic to dissolve.

After this then you can clean your kitchen so that your breakfast is prepared in a clean environment.
Then the rest of the rooms can be cleaned as you wish.

CLEANING THE BEDROOM

Turn the mattress the other way round, this to avoid the mattress to be pressed down always on the
position you like sleeping at.

Fold your beddings and put them aside, that is when you sweep the room, mop or shine if necessary.

It is after you have swept your room that you can make your bed.

This is the order in which to do it.

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  Mattress, blankets, under sheet with hem facing down, then the covering sheet with hem
facing up, all these should be tacked in, followed by a bed spread which should not be tacked.
 Pillows should not be covered inside the blankets but to be left on top, this makes it more
attractive. Pillows outlets should face each other, this is for neatness sake.

After the inside work has been done then you can close the windows an clean the outside, to avoid dust
you should sprinkle a little water.

 To avoid diseases
 To avoid insects and pests for example cockroaches and rats

CLEANING MATERIALS

 These are the equipments we use when we are cleaning our homes, these include brooms,
brushes, dust pan, cob – web brush, lavatory brush, scrubbing brush, shining brush, floor mops,
dusters – these can be in form of a mouton clothe, these and many other equipments you would
think of.

1. NOTE: that there are rooms to be cleaned daily and rooms to be cleaned at least after a day or
so, under rooms to be cleaned daily we have the sitting room, the kitchen, toilet and bath
room / shower. The bedroom can be cleaned after a day or so.

HOW TO CLEAN WALLS IN A HOME

There are two types of paints that are painted in a home these are the water and oil paint. Oil paint
walls are normally found in the kitchen, bathroom as well as the sitting room. Most commonly the
walls in the rooms mentioned are painted halfway, that is from the bottom to the middle of the length
of the home, this is so because oil paint walls are easy to clean as compared to water paint walls.

Oil Paint – Put cold or luke warm water in a bucket with paste or powder, then use a sack or a mouton
clothe to clean your walls, if the stains do not come out then you can use a brush.

Water Paint – Put cold or luke warm water in a bucket with paste or powder, then use a brush to clean
the stained part of the wall, note that the paint is not well coated may come off so do mind your
scrubbing.

HOW TO CARE FOR WOODEN FURNITURE

Wood easily go bad if time and again it is socked in water and so it is not that everytime we should
dump dust on our wooden furniture. Dump dusting is necessary when there are stains on our wooden
furniture.

We can clean our wooden furniture by using soap, then later apply vanisher for example Mr Min, then
polish up our furniture to give a sparkling furniture.

DECORATIONS IN A HOME

Please note that is you are told to draw a plan of an 8 roomed house make sure that the toilet is not
near the kitchen but ensure that it is near the bedrooms and also near by the sitting room.

Also ensure that after you have had your meals plates are washed and dried then packed to the
respective places. Do not let dirty plates in the sink over night for this brings about pests and roaches.

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 ECOLOGY

ECO - Eco means Habitat

LOGY - Means study

Ecology means the study of habitat, habitat is a place with particular kind of environment where
organism live.

Ecology is a branch of science that deals with the relationships living things have to each other and to
their environment.

Ecologists are people who study ecology.

They study this at three levels namely:

 Population
 Community
 Eco – system

Population – A group of the same species that live in an area at the same time.

FACTORS THAT CHANGE POPULATION

 Space - This affect the number of habitat if at all the space is small and cannot accommodate
the entire population.
 Food Supply – If food is not adequate for the habitat only a few will be able to feed on the
supply hence causing only but a few to stay at a particular place or environment.
 Predators – Predators affect the population in that the animals will be insecure and hence
migrate to a safer place.
 Competition – When there is not too much food for every animal you will find that the animals
will start to compete for the little which is there hence casing those which can not compete
find a different habitat where there is no competition.
 Climate - This is an effect in that if the climate is not conducive the habitat will migrate to a
place where there is a favourable climate.
 Disease – If a place has an epidemic habitats do tend to migrate to a healthier environment for
their own safety.

INTER SPECIFIC - Competition among the same species

INTRA SPECIFIC - Competition with different species

CARING CAPACITY - The largest size of a particular population that can be supported by a
particular environment.

COMMUNITY

A group of animals and plants living together in the same environment

Ecological niche – the role an organism plays in the community

 There is a slow and gradual change which is referred to as ecology succession. This is a slow,
orderly and gradual change of organisms that live in an area.

 Biome – a community that covers a large geographical area.

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ECO SYSTEMS

The interaction of biotic and abiotic factors

Biotic Factors – This includes all living things
Abiotic Factors – This includes all non living things for example air, energy, water, soil, etc

ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP ECO SYSTEM

 SUN – The source of energy in the eco system

 Abiotic factors
 Primary producers – green plants
 Primary consumers – e.g. herbivores
 Secondary consumers – e.g. carnivores
 Decomposers – bacteria, fungi

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