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UNIAXIAL STRAIN IN GRAPHENE BY RAMAN… PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79, 205433 共2009兲
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
- +
G G A 2D B 1595
+
1590
∂ωG /∂ε ~ - 10.8 cm-1/%
∂ωG-/∂ε ~ - 31.7 cm-1/%
1585
0.8
1580
Pos(G ,G )(cm )
0.77 0.77
-1
1575
Intensity (arb. units)
0.74 0.74
-
1570
+
0.66 1565
0.66
0.61
0.61 1560
0.5 A
0.5 1555
0.37
0.37 1550
0.29
0.29 2700
0.11
0.11 2690
G
0
0 2680
∂ω2D/∂ε ~ - 64cm-1/%
2670
1560 1575 1590 2600 2625 2650 2675 2700
Pos(2D) (cm )
-1 -1 2660
-1
Raman shift (cm ) Raman shift (cm )
2650
FIG. 2. 共Color online兲 共a兲 G and 共b兲 2D peaks as a function of
2640
uniaxial strain. The spectra are measured with incident light polar-
ized along the strain direction, collecting the scattered light with no 2630
analyzer. Note that the doubly degenerate G peak splits in two 2620
subbands G+ and G−, while this does not happen for the 2D peak.
2610
The strains, ranging from 0 to ⬃0.8%, are indicated on the right B
side of the spectra. 2600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
smooth. Linear fits using all the data yield G+ / ⬃ where s = ll − tt is the shear component of the strain.
−10.8 cm−1 / %, G− / ⬃ −31.7 cm−1 / %, 2D / ⬃ Under uniaxial strain, the solution of the secular equation
−64 cm−1 / %, and 2D⬘ / ⬃ −35 cm−1 / %, where we call for the E2g mode is35–38
G+ and G− the higher and lower G subbands, by analogy
with nanotubes.33,34 1
⌬E⫾ = ⌬Eh ⫾ ⌬Es
2g 2g 2 2g
B. Secular equation and Grüneisen parameters
1
The observed behavior can be explained by considering = − E0 ␥E2g共ll + tt兲 ⫾ E2gE0 共ll − tt兲, 共3兲
the effect of uniaxial strain on the optical modes responsible 2g 2 2g
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MOHIUDDIN et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79, 205433 共2009兲
curvature.33 Pure curvature splits the graphene E2g mode in a shear deformation term cancels. This means, as expected,
component parallel to the tube axis and one perpendicular. that the G peak does not split. Also, no difference is expected
When the sp2 bonds of graphene are deformed by rolling it between free-hanging graphene and graphene on a substrate.
in a tube, they lengthen and soften in the direction perpen- Thus, for biaxial strain, G / ⬃ −63 cm−1 / %.
dicular to the axis, in order for the z electrons to be perpen- To the best of our knowledge, no data exist in literature
dicular to it. This is proportional to curvature, so it is mini- for uniaxial strain on graphite. However, several authors ap-
mum parallel to the axis and maximum along the plied hydrostatic pressure on graphite41–43 finding G / h
circumference, increasing with decreasing diameter.33,39 ⬃ 4.4– 4.8 cm−1 / GPa, where h is the hydrostatic pressure
Thus, by curvature only, nanotubes will have a TO G− peak 共stress兲. The in-plane biaxial strain under hydrostatic pres-
and a LO G+, with the former softer than the latter, and more sure is ⑀ = 共Sll + Slt兲h. Since for graphite in-plane 1 / 共Sll
sensitive to diameter changes. This simple picture is reason- + Slt兲 ⬃ 1 / 1250 GPa,40 the data in Refs. 41–43 correspond to
able for semiconducting nanotubes,33 while in metallic a fur- an in-plane Grüneisen parameter ␥E2g ⬃ 1.72– 1.90, in very
ther significant softening of the LO mode takes place due to good agreement with our results. Many groups have consid-
the enhanced Kohn anomaly resulting from electron ered hydrostatic pressure on nanotubes 共see, e.g., Refs. 35,
confinement.33 However, this further effect must be absent in 36, and 43兲. Generally it is found G / h
“unrolled” tubes, i.e., graphene. Indeed, the full width at half ⬃ 4 – 5 cm−1 / GPa, in good agreement with graphene and
maximum 共FWHM兲 of the G+ and G− peaks in graphene is graphite. However, electron confinement and other effects in
roughly constant as a function of strain at ⬃12 cm−1, nanotubes warrant a more detailed comparison of our results
whereas FWHM共G−兲 in metallic nanotubes becomes much on graphene with the trends for the individual LO and TO G
larger due to the increased electron-phonon coupling bands in nanotubes, which will be the subject of further in-
contribution.33 vestigation.
By fitting the trends in Fig. 3 to Eqs. 共1兲–共3兲, we can Several experiments exist for uniaxial strain on graphite
experimentally determine the Grüneisen parameters for fibers.44 These could be the best approximation of uniaxial
graphene. Under uniaxial strain6 ll = and tt = −, where strain along the graphite plane, since their very large diam-
is the Poisson’s ratio. If one could strain free-hanging eter compared to single-wall nanotubes ensures other pos-
graphene samples, the Poisson’s ratio for graphene itself sible effects due to electron confinement will be negligible.33
should be used. This can be taken as the in-plane Poisson’s Extensive work on carbon fibers of different moduli has
ratio of graphite ⬃0.13.40 However, the lack of loading- shown that the peaks’ shift is directly related to axial stress,
unloading hysteresis for our results implies good adhesion rather than strain.45 Thus, one can assume that in uniaxial
between graphene and our substrates for the whole range of experiments, the applied stress is the known parameter, and
applied strains. SU8 is a transversely isotropic material with the strain applied to the atomic bonds can be derived from
a 0.33 in-plane Poisson’s ratio.27 PET and perspex have also ll = Sllll, where Sll = 1 / E is the fiber elastic compliance, E is
Poisson’s ratios between 0.3–0.35. We thus use = 0.33. This the Young’s modulus and ll is the applied longitudinal
corresponds to the case of ideal contact between graphene stress. Therefore, in order to correctly estimate the strain, it
and substrate. Equation 共3兲 is now rewritten as is necessary to know the fiber E, which, in general, is sig-
nificantly lower than the in-plane Young’s modulus of
1 graphite.44 Then, if we extend the universal relation between
⌬E⫾ = − E0 ␥E2g共1 − 兲 ⫾ E2gE0 共1 + 兲, 共4兲
2g 2g 2 2g Raman peak shift and uniaxial stress to graphene, the follow-
Efiber graphene
yielding ing should hold: fiber = Egraphene . Most fibers show a
uniaxial stress sensitivity of G / ll ⬃ 2 – 3 cm−1 / GPa.44 In
⌬ G+ + ⌬ G− particular, polyacrylonitrile 共PAN兲-based carbon fibers with
␥E2g = − , 共5兲 “onion skin” morphology 共i.e., those most similar to large
2G0共1 − 兲
multiwall nanotubes兲 have G / ll = −2.3 cm−1 / GPa.44
Note that, due to disorder, the G peak of carbon fibers is very
⌬ G+ − ⌬ G− broad and not resolved in two subbands. Thus, the fitted G
E2g = . 共6兲
G0共1 + 兲 represents the average shift of the two subbands. Our average
shift, using the in-plane graphite Poisson’s ratio, as needed in
From the data in Fig. 3共a兲, we get ␥E2g = 1.99 and E2g order to compare with fibers, is G / ⑀ ⬃ −27 cm−1 / %. If
= 0.99. These experimental parameters can now be used to we scale the uniaxial strain sensitivity of PAN fibers by the
estimate the trends for free-hanging graphene under uniaxial in-plane Young’s modulus of graphite ⬃1090 GPa,40 this
strain. Inserting ␥E2g = 1.99, E2g = 0.99, and = 0.13 in Eq. would imply a value of ⬃−25 cm−1 / %, in excellent agree-
共4兲, we get G+ / ⬃ −18.6 cm−1 / % and G− / ⬃ ment with our average value. This also validates the assump-
−36.4 cm−1 / %. Note that the effect of the substrate higher tion that the graphene Young’s modulus is similar to the in-
Poisson’s ratio is to significantly decrease the slope of the G+ plane Young’s modulus of graphite, in agreement with recent
peak. These results are also in excellent agreement with our measurements.46 A notable discrepancy exists only with Ref.
first-principles calculations 共see later兲. 38 for uniaxial measurements on fibers. However, their data
We can now use our fitted ␥E2g to deduce the expected imply ␥E2g ⬃ 2.87, in disagreement with both our measure-
peak variations for graphene under biaxial strain. In this case ments and with all graphite literature.41–44 We also note that
ll = tt = and, from Eq. 共3兲, ⌬E2g = −2E0 ␥E2g, since the our results disagree with recent Raman experiments on
2g
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UNIAXIAL STRAIN IN GRAPHENE BY RAMAN… PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79, 205433 共2009兲
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MOHIUDDIN et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79, 205433 共2009兲
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UNIAXIAL STRAIN IN GRAPHENE BY RAMAN… PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79, 205433 共2009兲
360
100 90 80 + -
110 70 G G
120 60
130 50
300
140 40
150 30
FIG. 6. 共Color online兲 共Left兲
240 160 20 Raman spectra and 共right兲 polar
plot of the fitted G+ and G− peaks
170 10
as a function of the angle between
Intensity
for unstrained graphene, if one assumes the electron spec- G− is analogous to that induced by curvature in nanotubes.
trum to be isotropic 共Dirac兲, the G peak intensity vanishes. These subbands redshift with increasing strain, while their
Thus, the G peak is entirely due to the anisotropic terms in splitting increases, in excellent agreement with first-
the electronic spectrum. In other words, in order to contrib- principles calculations. Their relative intensities vary with
ute to the G peak, electrons must “feel” the crystallographic polarization, allowing to probe the sample crystallographic
directions. In unstrained graphene, this has no consequence orientation with respect to the strain. The 2D and 2D⬘ bands
since the two vibrations are degenerate and not resolved. downshift but do not split for small strains. Our results can
Under strain, the two subbands correspond to definite orien- be used to quantify the amount of uniaxial or biaxial strain,
tations of the vibrations with respect to the strain axis. It is providing a fundamental tool for graphene-based nanoelec-
thus the interaction of electrons, which feel the crystallo- tronics and nano/microelectro mechanical systems.
graphic directions, with phonons entirely determined by the
strain direction that gives the polarization dependence. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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MOHIUDDIN et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79, 205433 共2009兲
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