Project WRITE XI: An Easy Guide for Course Pack making and Module Development 1

DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE COLLEGE 

OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 

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Course Title  ​Introduction to Industrial Arts 2  

This course deals with an introduction to the concept of

industrial arts. It includes discussion on technology, its
evolution utilization and significance with industry, its
organization, materials, occupation, processes, and products,
Course Description   and with problems and benefits, resulting from the
technological nature of society. As an introductory subject, it
is designed to develop certain habits, attitudes, and abilities
desirable for all citizen of an industrial and technological
civilization. It covers the basic knowledge and skills in the
areas of masonry, refrigeration and air-conditioning and
graphic arts.
Units / Credit 
Equivalent  4.25 Units
  Prepare students for technological knowledge and
Course Outcomes  proficiency.
Provide awareness to students about the world of work
with a work- based experience.
Identify the different services, tools and resources may
be applied for personal use
Develop problem solving and practical skills for
lifelong learning.
Learn to work as a team and apply the teamwork
concept in a manufacturing setting.
Re- evaluate how these services, tools, and resources
may be applied in life.
Apply technological knowledge and skills to school,
career and social setting.

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 Preparing Masonry Materials and Performing 
Basic Masonry Works 

Module Overview
Welcome to Module 1 of Introduction to Industrial Arts 2. This module contains
preparation of masonry materials and performing basic masonry works. This module consists
of 4 lessons with 9 learning objectives to be attained. Read the instructions carefully for the
different learning activities prepared in this module and study the concepts presented in the
abstraction to ascertain yourself that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform
the skill portion of the particular learning outcome.

Objectives/Outcomes
Identify materials used in masonry for mixing according to work requirement
Identify tools and equipment used in hauling according to work requirements
Determine quantity and quality of material to be hauled according to job requirement
Enumerate safety practices in a jobsite
Identify Personal Protective Equipment used in Masonry
Identify the different components of scaffolding
Erect and dismantle scaffolding
Perform concreting work
Lay-out / establish bricks structure location

Lessons in the Module

Lesson 1: Building Materials

Lesson 2:​ ​Types and Uses of Hauling Tools and Equipment and Safety Practices in a
Jobsite
Lesson 3: Scaffolding

Lesson 4:​ ​Performing Concrete Works

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Module No. and Title Module 1:​ ​Preparing Masonry Materials and
Performing Basic Masonry Works

Lesson No. and Title Lesson 1: Building Materials

In this lesson, students are expected to:

Learning Outcomes Identify materials used in masonry for
mixing according to work requirement

Time Frame 1 Week

This lesson contains information and suggested learning activities on how to prepare
masonry materials in performing masonry activities. It includes concrete building materials,
masonry anchors, ties and reinforcements. Upon completing this lesson, report to your
teacher for assessment to check your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of
this module. If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

A. Directions: ​Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word or group of
words. Write your answers on the blank.
1. The material formed through the combination of calcium silicate and aluminate is called
cement.
2. The bricks that are made from clay materials used on exposed exterior and interior
masonry walls and other architectural applications where the size, color and texture are
especially important are called​ Face Bricks.
3. The inert materials such as sand and gravel are called Aggregates.
4. The most commonly used materials for walls and partitions are ​Brick partition walls​.
5. These materials made from clay and other materials are called​ Structural clay products.

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Directions: Identify any materials you can find in the given picture. Then give a brief insight
about what you have observed in the picture.

1. Concrete Slab- they use it to construct the ground floor.

2. Reinforcement bar - observing the picture above, the reinforcement bar was
used to provide additional strength or reinforced to the concrete and masonry
structures.
3. Reinforcement ​concrete - ​They used it as a foundation in their
building construction.
4. Wood -they used the wood as ​ ​a​ ​scaffolding​ .
5. Steel building materials - also they used it in building construction,
as I observed in the picture above, also they used it as a strong
foundation in their construction. Like the reinforcement concrete.

Building materials

INFORMATION SHEET​ 1.1

Masonry Materials
Concrete Building Materials includes the following:
Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) are the most widely used
masonry materials for all types of construction such as
walls, partitions and fences. Concrete blocks are building
modules resembling large bricks molded from concrete (see
fig.1). Commercial sizes of CHB are as follows:

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4” x 8” x 16”,
5” x 8” x 16”, and
6” x 8” x 16”,
2. ​Bricks are manufactured from clay and other minerals
processed into a workable consistency, molded to sizes and
fined in kilns for stronger, more attractive products.

Kinds of Bricks
a. Common Bricks are bricks made from clay such as the ordinary
commercial bricks.

b. Face Bricks are bricks made from clay materials used on

exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and other
architectural application where the size, color and texture are
especially important.

c. Calcium Silicate Bricks are bricks made from clay or non-clay

materials used in furnace construction where resistance to
temperature as high as 178o C is required.
3. Cement
Cement ​is a combination of calcium silicate and aluminate. The
most extensively used for common masonry works is the
Portland cement. It is a very strong material used for small and
large construction, including roads and highways.

Different types of Cement Used in Construction

a) The ordinary portland cement
b) The rapid hardening portland cement which is preferred when high early strength is
desired

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c) The blast furnace or sulphate cement which is used on structures designed to resist
chemical attacks.
d) The portland pozzolan cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete
e) The low heat portland cement used for massive section designed to reduce the heat of
hydration
f) The high alumina cement also called aluminous cement or cement fund having
predominant alumina oxide of at least 32% by weight

Types of Cement
a. TYPE I​ – a normal cement which is commonly used for general construction
b. TYPE IA​ – this is a normal air entraining cement
c. TYPE II – a modified cement for use in concrete in contact with soil or water containing
sulfates
d. TYPE IIA -​ this is a moderate sulfate resistant and air entraining cement
e. TYPE III –​ a high early strength cement
f. TYPE IIIA –​ high early strength air entraining cement
g. TYPE IV – low heat of hydration cement, developed for use in massive structures such as
dams
h. TYPE V – a special high sulfate resistant cement for use in structures exposed to fluids
containing sulfates such as sea water.
4. Angular and Round Aggregates
These are inert materials such as sand and gravel. There
are fine and coarse aggregates. Aggregates smaller than
10 millimeters in diameter are classified as fine, while
aggregates bigger than 10 millimeters in diameter are
coarse.
5. Water
Water intended for mixing should be clean and free from oil, acid. alkali, salts or other
organic materials.

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Test 1
Direction. Box the words/the different masonry materials which you can find in the word
puzzle.
1

C R F A C E B R I C K S A X

E E A G G R I G A T E S F O

W F M K A H K R L U W Q A Z

A T K E I S C A E C R O M F

T D U Q N P I V H T U G E O

A N U A H T R E O N A K Y U

H O L L O W B L O C K W A X

C S C O M M O N B R I C K S

Test II
Direction.​ Identify the given pictures below.

Facebricks​1. ​Commonbricks ​4.

Aggregates ​2. Cement​ ​5.

Calcium Silicate bricks ​3.

1

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.2
Masonry Anchors, Ties and Reinforcements

Steel Reinforcement is the most widely used reinforcing material in most constructions. It is
an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression stresses.
Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger than concrete in resisting compression load
hundred times stronger in tensile stresses.
Types of Reinforcement
a) Square or round bars​ – Plain

b) Deformed bars​ – Uneven surface

Identification of Steel Bar

Distinguishing the different shapes and sizes of bar is a problem. One might
accidentally use a lower strength or smaller size of steel bars from what is being required.
All deformed bars are provided with descriptive marking, identifying the manufacturer
usually by an initial and the bar size number from 3 to18 including the type of steel such as;
 N – for billet
 A – for axis
 Rail sign – for rail steel
Additional marking for identifying high strength steel bars:

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 Table of Standard Weights

Tie Wire for Steel Reinforcement

Tie wire refers to gauge no.16 galvanized iron wire popularly called G.I. tie wire. Tie
wire is used to secure the steel bars in its designed position before accepting fresh concrete.
Ordering tie wire is not by foot or meter or on its desired length but by kilogram or roll.
One roll is equivalent to 40 to 45 kilograms or approximately 2,285 meters at 53 meters per
kilogram.
The length of each tie wire depends upon the size of the bars to be tied on. The most
common size of steel reinforcement specified for concrete hollow blocks is either 10 mm, 12
mm depending on the plan and specification. However, tie wire is cut into length ranging
from 20 to 40 centimeters, long folded at the center is accepted.

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Direction: ​Identify what is asked in the following items. Write your answer on the space
provided.

Types of steel bars

1. N ​for billet

2. A ​for axis

3. RS​ rail steel

Marking system Kinds of Steel bar

4. Main Ribs
5. Initial of Manufacturer
6. Bar size
7. Steel type
8. One line grade 60
9. Deformed bars
10. Round bars
11. Tie wire Gauge No. ​16

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12. Weight ​40 to 45 kilograms
13. Length of one roll ​20 to 40 cm
14. Length of each tie wire ​11 to 12 mm
15. Length per kilo ​53 meters

you have finished this lesson. You may now proceed to Lesson
2:
​Types and Uses of Hauling Tools and Equipment
and
Safety Practices in Masonry

Module No. and Title Module 1: Preparing Masonry Materials and

Performing Basic Masonry Works

Lesson 2: Types and Uses of Hauling Tools

Lesson No. and Title and Equipment and Safety Practices in a Jobsite

In this lesson, students are expected to:

Identify tools and equipment used in
hauling according to work requirements
Learning Outcomes Determine quantity and quality of
material to be hauled according to job
requirement
Enumerate safety practices in a jobsite
Identify Personal Protective Equipment
used in Masonry

Time Frame 2 Weeks

This lesson contains information and suggested learning activities in preparing

masonry tools and equipment and following safety practices in a jobsite. It includes hauling
tools and equipment, cement, sand and gravel proportion, personal protective equipment and
safety rules in a jobsite. Upon completing this lesson, report to your teacher for assessment to

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check your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of this module. If you pass the
assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

A. Direction:​ Write ​true​ if the statement is correct and ​false​ if the statement is wrong.

1. Listen to the instruction and take note of the precautionary tips given by the teacher. ​True

2.While working, do not engage in house play.​ True

3. Use only tools and equipment that are in good condition. True

4. Do not report any accident to the teacher, you might be scolded. False

5. Do not bend your knees and do not keep your back upright when lifting heavy objects. Do
not bend from the waist. False

6. PPE is important, it's your last line of defense should you come into contact with a hazard
on site. True

7. Visually check equipment is in good condition and safe to use before you start. ​True

8. Safety Glasses are required to protect workers from cuts, scrapes, punctures, burns,
chemical absorption, or extreme temperatures. True

9. Earplugs/earmuffs are plugs of cotton or rubber that are fitted to the air canal for
protection against the entry of loud noise. ​True

10. Follow safety signs and procedures sometimes. ​False

Instructions: ​Read the poem and answer the questions that follow:

Health & Safety

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 By: Bhagwati Prasad

Oh Lord ! Tell me what is my mission?

Is it health, safety or higher production?
we care for safety of young and old,
All should follow safety rules as told.
When you work on machine or on site,
Always Remember safety rules to abide.
A Little caution makes no one late,
Bco’z every wrong action makes hate.
Smoke and dust from factories rises so high,
Choking our lungs and making flowers die.
Air & water pollution adds to our tension,
Will make us early dead not to avail pension.
Air plug and mask use it and make it taste,
Now is the time to stop, cautious and wait.
Think twice or thrice what is right, what is right,
Your health and safety is our light, our light.
Listen to my humble submission,
Your Love and care is our only vision.

Questions:
1. What was the message conveyed by the poem?
The message conveyed by the poem is the awareness of every individual in a
workplace. This means taking good care of our health and safety before
doing work , also being aware of our surroundings or environment will make
us safe.
2. What comes into your mind when you hear the words health and safety?
When I hear these words, only one word that I could describe these two, and
it is wealth. Because having a healthy body would make us safe. Following
the safe protocols will make us secured.
3. How do you think health and safety can be ensured in the workplace?
Health and safety can be ensured in the workplace if we follow the rules or
protocols of the safety program.One of the obstacles is we’re lack of self-discipline
that’s why we are close to danger or accident.

Types and Uses of Hauling Tools and Equipment and Safety Practices in
a Jobsite
​Information Sheet 1.1
Hauling Tools and Equipment
Tools and Equipment used in Hauling Materials for Masonry Work

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 1. Spade or shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving
bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore.
Shovels are common tools that are used extensively in
agriculture, construction, and gardening.

2. Trowel – ​A flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or

shaping substances such as cement or mortar.

3. Water container- ​is a container suitable for hauling the water

needed for the mixture of concrete.

4. Wheel barrow -a cart with two handles, a large bowl, and

usually one wheel that is used for carrying heavy loads of dirt,
rocks, and is used for transporting the aggregates and cement.

5. Buggy ​is a light carriage for transporting and carrying construction

materials especially for big jobs.

6. Measuring Box ​is the most commonly used and the easiest way in proportioning the
volume of concrete; sand and gravel

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 Test 1.

Direction: ​Identify what is asked for. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. A light carriage for transporting and carrying construction materials especially for big
jobs is called ​Buggy.
2. A container suitable for hauling the water needed for the mixture of concrete is called
water container​.
3. A tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, and
sand is called spade or shovel.

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4. A flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or shaping substances such as cement or
mortar is called ​trowel​.
5. The most commonly used and the easiest way in proportioning the volume of concrete
sand and gravel is called ​measuring box.

Test 2
Problem: ​Given a pavement with a thickness of 0.5m, a width of 5m and a length of 8.5m.
Determine how many bags of cement as well as the volume of sand and gravel needed using
Class AA, B, and C.
Answer:

Solution:
V= t × w × l

V=0.5m × 5m × 8.5

V=21.25m

Class AA:
Cement: 21.25 × 12= 225 bags

Sand: 21.25 × 0.5= 10.625​ ​m³

Gravel: 21.25 × 1.0= 21.25 ​ ​m³

Class B:
Cement: 21.25 × 7.5=159.375 bags

Sand: 21.25 × 1.0= 10.625 ​ ​m³

Gravel: 21.25 × 1.0 = 21.25 ​m³

Class C:
Cement: 21.25 × 6=127.5 bags

Gravel: 21.25 × 0.5=10.625​ ​m³

Sand: 21.25 × 0.5=10.625 ​m³

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 Identifying Types and Uses of Tools, Equipment and PPE

Tools and Equipment:

Helmet Safety shoes Proper uniform
Gloves Dust masks Safety goggles
Buggy Wheel barrow Pallet
Pallet track Pail Measuring box
Shovel

A. Identifying tools and equipment

1. Borrow the following tools and equipment and PPE from the tool room and state the uses​.

a. Helmet- Use to protect your head from fallen heavy objects

b. Safety shoes- this PPE protects your feet to be pinned by sharp things.

c. Proper uniform – makes the worker neat, clean and presentable.

d. Gloves – used to protect your hands from cuts and avoid being absorbed by
chemicals.

e. Dust masks- used to protect your nose and mouth by dusty or dust when you are
going to breathe.

f. Safety glasses- used to protect your eyes from tiny objects or dust.

g. Buggy- help the worker to transfer construction materials.

h. Wheelbarrow –help the worker to transport dirt, aggregate and cement easily.

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i. Pallet- ​a flat transport structure, which supports goods in a stable fashion while being
lifted by a forklift, a pallet jack, a front loader, a jacking device, or an erect crane.

j. Pallet track- used to remove the pallet easily and it requires tools or materials that
are handled in the warehouse.

k. Pail-used for drain water that can be used in mason.

l. Measuring box-help the worker to get proportion of sand and cement to be mixed
easily.

m. Shovel- this is used to lift up some bulk materials such as soil,gravel etc.

HAUL MATERIALS

Check availability of hauling equipment

Haul construction materials
INFORMATION SHEET 1.2
Safety Practices

Safety Practices in a Jobsite

1. Listen to the instruction and take note of the precautionary tips given by the teacher.

2. While working, do not engage in house play.

3. Use only tools and equipment that are in good condition.
4. Report any accident to the teacher, no matter how minor it is.
5. Bend your knees and keep your back upright when lifting heavy objects. Do not bend
from the waist.

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10 Simple Construction Site Safety Rules
Construction sites are dangerous places to work. Follow these 10 simple construction site
safety rules to keep yourself, and others, safe. From wearing your PPE, to following
procedures, you can help make your site a safer place to work, and prevent accidents.
1. Wear your PPE at all times
When you enter the site, make sure you have the PPE you need. PPE is important, it's
your last line of defense should you come into contact with a hazard on site.
2. Do not start work without an induction
Each site has its unique hazards and work operations. No two sites are exactly the
same. Make sure you know what is happening so that you can work safely.
Inductions are a legal requirement on every construction site you work 8on.

3. Keep a tidy site

Construction work is messy. Slips and trips might not seem like a major problem
compared to other high-risk work happening on the site, but don't be fooled.
Remember to keep your work area tidy throughout your shift to reduce the number of
slip and trip hazards. Pay particular attention to areas such as access and escape
routes.
4. Do not put yourself or others at risk
Actions speak louder than words. Especially on construction sites where one
wrong move could put you in harm's way. Set a good example, think safe and act
safely on site. You are responsible for your own behaviour. Construction sites are
dangerous places to work. Make sure you remain safety aware throughout your
shift.

5. Follow safety signs and procedures

Follow construction safety signs and procedures. These should be explained to
you in your induction (rule number 2). Your employer should ensure a risk
assessment is carried out for your activities. Make sure you read and understand it.
Control measures are put in place for your safety. Make sure they are in place and
working before you start
6. Never work in unsafe areas
Make sure your work area is safe. Know what is happening around you. Be aware.
Don’t work at height without suitable guard rails or other fall prevention. Don’t
enter unsupported trenches. Make sure you have safe access. Don’t work below
crane loads or other dangerous operation s.
7. Report defects and near misses
If you notice a problem, don’t ignore it, report it to your supervisor immediately.
Fill out a near-miss report, an incident report, or simply tell your supervisor.
Whatever the procedure in place on your site for reporting issues, use it.
8. Never tamper with equipment
If somethings not working, or doesn't look right, follow rule number 7 and report
it. Don't try and force something, or alter something, if you're trained to or
supposed to.
9. Use the right equipment

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 One tool does not fit all. Using the correct tool for the job will get it done quicker,
and most importantly, safer. Visually check equipment is in good condition and safe
to use before you start.
10. If in doubt, ask
Unsure what to do? Or how to do something safely? Or you think something is
wrong? Stop work, and ask. It takes 5 minutes to check, but it might not be so easy to
put things right if things go wrong. It's better to be safe than sorry. Mistakes on
construction sites can cost lives, don’t let it be yours. If you need help or further
information speak to your supervisor.

Types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The PPE regulation covers all private and public sector workers in
general industry who are exposed to hazardous processes,
conditions and toxic substances.

Here are what Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)requires for
specific types of PPE.

A. Eye and Face Protection

​Safety glasses or face shields are worn any time work
operations can cause foreign objects to get in the eye. For
example, during welding, cutting, grinding, nailing or when
working with concrete and/or harmful chemicals or when
exposed to flying particles, or any electrical hazards,
including working on energized electrical systems. Eye and
face protectors are selected based on anticipated hazards.
B. Head Protection
​Hard Hat is a lightweight protective helmet made of
plastic or metal worn by construction workers. Wear hard

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hats where there is a potential for objects falling from above, bumps to the head from fixed
objects, or of accidental head contact with electrical hazards. Routinely inspect them for
dents, cracks or deterioration; replace after a heavy blow or electrical shock; maintain in
good condition.
C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect workers from cuts,
scrapes, punctures, burns, chemical absorption, or extreme
temperatures. Gloves should fit snugly. Workers should wear
the right gloves for the job (examples: heavy-duty rubber
gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for welding;
insulated gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical
hazards).
D. Hearing Protection
Earplugs/earmuffs are plugs of cotton or rubber that is fitted
to the air canal for protection against the entry of loud noise.
Use earplugs/earmuffs in high noise work areas where
chainsaws or heavy equipment are used; clean or replace
earplugs regularly.

Procedure in Hauling of Construction Materials

Tools and Equipment:

a. Helmet b. Safety shoes c. Proper uniform d. Gloves e. Dust masks

f. Safety glasses g. Buggy h. Wheel barrow i. Pallet j. Pallet track
k. Pail l. Measuring box m. Shovel

Procedure:
1. Prepare tools and equipment for hauling masonry materials
a. Shovel
b. Buggy
c. Wheel barrow
2. Check work schedule on the jobsite and see to it that the quantity and types of the
materials are appropriate to the job required.
3. Use the proper tools and equipment in hauling of materials.
4. Haul the materials to the work location according to the instruction of your teacher.

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Note: Observance of safety measure at work prevents accidents.
Criteria for Assessment
1. Observance of correct procedure 30
2. Speed of work 10
3. Correct Materials are hauled 25
4. Proper handling of tools. 20
5. Safety Work habits 15
100

Module No. and Title Module 1:​ ​Preparing Masonry Materials and
Performing Basic Masonry Works

Lesson No. and Title Lesson 3: Scaffolding

In this lesson, students are expected to:

Identify the different components of
Learning Outcomes
scaffolding
Erect and dismantle scaffolding

Time Frame 1 Week

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 This module contains information and suggested learning activities in performing
basic masonry works. It includes components and types of scaffolding, and procedures in
erecting and dismantling scaffolding. Upon completing this lesson, report to your teacher for
assessment to check your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of this module.
If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

Directions:​ Identify the following pictures. Write your answer on the space provided.

Scaffold Tube​s1. ​adjustable Base Plate​2.

Toe boards​3. ​Deck​4.

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Ledgers​5.

Directions: ​Guess the word that is best described by the four pictures below. Complete the
word using the scrambled letters given.
“4 Pics 1 Word”

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 C S F O F D I G N A L

​ S ​ ​C​ ​A​ ​F​ ​F​ ​O​ ​L​ ​D​ ​I​ ​N​ ​G

QUESTIONS:
1. What does the word mean?
It is a temporary platform used to elevate and support workers and materials during
the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine​.
2. How is it related to Masonry?
Scaffolding is related to the masonry cause when we build a structures or building we
really need scaffolding. We cannot build structures without the presence of these
two(scaffolding and masonry).

Scaffolding

INFORMATION SHEET​ 1.1

Scaffolding
Scaffolding ​is also referred as scaffold or staging, which is a provisional structure
used for supporting a work team and materials to assist in the construction, repairs and
maintenance of buildings, tall residential as well as commercial structures, bridges including
all types of manmade structures. Let’s take a look at the basic components that are used in
scaffolding.

Scaffolding Components:
Standards
The standards ​are also known as uprights; they are perpendicular tubes that
shift the entire weight of the structure to the ground where they lean on a
square base plate to scatter the weight.

Ledgers

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Ledgers are flat tubes that join between the standards.

Transoms
Transoms lean on the ledgers at the right angles. Major transoms are
positioned ne xt to the standards; they support the standards that are in
place and give support for the boards. To render additional support for
the boards, intermediate transoms are placed between the main transoms.

Scaffold Tubes
Scaffold tubes are generally made of aluminum or steel though there is
composite scaffolding that utilizes fibril-wound tubes of glass fiber in a
polyester or nylon matrix due to the high cost of composite tube, which
is normally used only when there is a danger from overhead electric
cables that can’t be cut off.
Scaffold Couplers
Couplers are fittings that hold the tubes together. The most familiar are
known as scaffold couplers and there are three basic types, which are Putlog
Couplers, Right-angle Couplers and Swivel Couplers.
Adjustable Base Plate
You can select from different height-adjustable base plates that
come with strong and self-cleaning round threads to adjust to the
ground. It comes with color and notch markings to render
safeguard against over-winding.

Diagonal Braces
The diagonal braces with wedge locks further support the basic
structure comprising of vertical standards and ledgers.
Additionally, their high connection standards assist special
structures.

Toe Boards
Between vertical standards, toe boards are placed. Toe boards
are obtainable in aluminum, steel or wood. The toe board of
steel lowers the fire hazard and also lasts long. Because of its
design, there are no openings or gaps between the deck and
the toe board.

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Decks
Decks are also referred as planks and they are available in
aluminum, aluminum frame with plywood board and hot-dip
galvanized steel. Decks are a structural component and so
ledgers aren’t needed at the deck level, which not only saves
cost but also weight.

Types of Scaffolding
1. Trestle Scaffolding
The working platform is supported on movable ladders
or tripods in trestle scaffolding. It is used up to a height
of 5m and is normally used for work inside the room
like repairs, paintings and likewise.

2. Steel Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is made from steel tubes that are set
jointly by steel fittings or couplers. It is simple to
erect and to dismantle. It has better robustness,
greater durability and superior fire resistance. Though
it is not affordable cost wise, it provides greater
safety for workers. That’s the precise reason it is used
so widely these days.

3. Patented Scaffolding
Patented scaffoldings are also made from steel; however, they
are fitted with special couplings and frames etc. These are
readymade scaffoldings that are obtainable on the market.
Working platform is set on the brackets that are adjustable to
the required level in this type of scaffolding.

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4. Suspended Scaffolding
Suspended scaffolding is mainly used for paintings, repair
works, etc. Here, with the assistance of chains or wire
ropes etc., the working platform is suspended from roofs.
It can be lifted or lowered to the desired level.

5. Cantilever Scaffolding
In cantilever scaffolding, the standards are supported
by a chain of needles and these needles are pulled out
via holes in the wall. This is known as “single frame”
scaffolding-type. In another type, needles are
supported inside the floors via the openings and this is
called independent or double frame scaffolding type.

6. Single Scaffolding
Single scaffolding is usually used for brick masonry and
so it is also known as brick layer’s scaffolding. Single
scaffolding comprises standards, putlogs, ledgers etc.,
which corresponds to the wall at a distance of around 1.2
m. Distance amongst the standards is around 2 to 2.5 m.
Ledgers join the standards at an upright gap of 1.2 to 1.5
m. Putlogs are extracted from the gap remaining in the
wall to one end of the ledgers. Putlogs are positioned at a
gap of 1.2 to 1.5 m.

7. Double Scaffolding
Double Scaffolding is normally used for stone masonry job,
therefore, it is also known as mason’s scaffolding. It is also
known as the independent scaffolding.

8. Kwikstage Scaffolding
The Kwikstage system is manufactured from hard wearing
galvanised steel. Kwikstage scaffolding system is effortless
to assemble and erect and simple to take down. For builders
working on big or small projects, this scaffolding system is
very helpful. Wherever regular scaffold is used, Kwikstage
scaffolding can also be used as an alternative. Using a strong

30
 and safe interlocking system, the patented Kwikstage modular system can be built to
any height.

Direction: Match the descriptions in Column A to its corresponding types of scaffolding in

Column B. Write your answer on the space before the number.
Column A
B​ 1.These are flat tubes that join between the standards.
​C ​2.It is normally used for stone masonry jobs, therefore,
it is also known as mason’s scaffolding. It is also known as the
independent scaffolding.
A 3.It is usually used for brick masonry and so it is also
known as bricklayers scaffolding
D ​4.This is a type of scaffolding where the standards are
supported by a chain of needles and these needles are
pulled out via holes in the wall.
G ​5. This is a type of scaffolding which is mainly used for
paintings, repair works, etc.
H ​6. This is a scaffolding which is made from steel tubes
that are set jointly by steel fittings or couplers.
E 7. It is referred to as scaffold or staging, which is a
provisional structure used for supporting a work team and

31
 materials to assist in the construction, repairs and maintenance of buildings, tall
residential as well as commercial structures, bridges including all types of manmade
structures.
F ​8. These are fittings that hold the tubes together.
J ​9. These are structural components and so ledgers aren’t needed at the deck level,
which not only saves cost but also weight.
I ​10. It is used up to a height of 5m and is normally used for work inside the room
like repairs, paintings and likewise.

Information Sheet 1.2

Erect Scaffolding

Scaffolding is often a necessary part of building and home maintenance. Set up

scaffolding properly to make sure you and anyone else using the equipment stay safe. An
oversight in erecting scaffolding could lead to a serious accident. Setting up scaffolding is an
alternative to using ladders. A benefit of using scaffolding is the larger work area and
mobility it offers over that of a ladder. It provides a platform for walking and for setting all
your tools. This cuts work time drastically.

Procedures in erecting scaffolding

1. Select a secure foundation on which to build and set your scaffold. Obtain mud
sills or base plates to attach the scaffolding to make the footing more stable. One

32
 of the main concerns here is to have the scaffolding level and on secure ground. If
you are on unlevel ground, you may need to dig down to make the dirt level in
any high corner. Also, use the adjusting screws on the scaffolding to level the
structure. If the surface is on a drastic slope, obtain leg extensions.

2. Opt for casters. If you plan on moving your scaffolding to work on various spots,
include casters in your scaffolding setup. Remember to lock the casters when you
get it into place.

3. Assemble the scaffolding frame. Lay out the ends of the scaffolding. Lift one end
piece, and attach the upper cross brace. The far end of this brace should support
the end piece while you lift the second end piece and attach its upper cross brace.
Secure the ends of the cross braces to the bottom of the opposite end frame.

4. Make sure the scaffold is stable. Move the scaffold into your desired position, and
make sure it is level and secure.

5. Place the planks. Lift the planks through the scaffold bars and into place.
Hardware should be included to fasten the planks into place

33
6. Secure access to the scaffold. If ladders are used to access the scaffold, use ones
that are designed for that specific scaffold. Stair-like ladders can be used to access
the scaffold but must have handrails and treading. A concern with the access point
is to make it safe to maneuver and to prevent the scaffold from tipping over.

7. Attach the guardrails. Guardrails are highly recommended for all scaffolding due
to the height of the equipment and the risk of falls. Also consider using tie offs
and other fall protection

8. Inspect the scaffolding to ensure safety. Thoroughly examine the scaffolding

setup to make sure all pieces are secure. Re inspect the scaffold system every time
you leave the site and return to it to make sure it is still safe.

9. Finished!

34
How to Dismantle Scaffolding
Scaffolding creates a safe and secure platform for people
working at elevated levels. They're often used at
construction sites or on remodeling projects to provide easy
access to ceilings and building facades. Once the job is
complete and it is time to remove the scaffolding, special
care must be taken in order to ensure that the job's done
safely.

All safety precautions should be taken when removing

scaffolding.
Things You'll Need

✔ Safety harness
✔ Appropriate safety gear
✔ Scaffolding tools
✔ Extra scaffolding components

Instructions
Step 1
Clear a nearby space to set the dismantled pieces of scaffolding down. As a scaffold is
dismantled, the components should immediately be removed from the structure and set aside
for later inspection. There should also be room enough to provide truck access to transport
the scaffolding parts to a loading area.
Step 2
Examine the entire scaffold structure. Starting with the base, make sure that the structure
is sound and that there are no visible hazards. Any ties that have been removed at an earlier
time must now be put back in place. Check each individual platform to ensure that the wood
hasn't been damaged during construction. Wood that has been damaged should be removed
and replaced.
Step 3
Put on all necessary safety gear. Safety shoes, hard hats and gloves should be worn along
with any other gear required by the site conditions. Safety harnesses should also be worn
when on the scaffold structure.
Step 4
Begin the dismantling project at the top of the scaffold. Remove the guardrail and posts
first using the necessary tools. Pass the components down from person to person in a daisy
chain formation. Make sure not to stand in a location where pieces can be dropped on you.

35
Step 5
Remove the remainder of the platform from the section below. The ties holding the
structure secure to the building should only be removed once the entire platform they support
has been removed. The dismantling process works exactly the same as the construction
process only in reverse.
Step 6
Examine all of the scaffolding components once they've been removed. Parts that cannot
be repaired should be set aside for later disposal as faulty equipment can lead to injury. All of
the undamaged and repairable pieces should be safely stored away for transport off site.

Tip
Avoid handing loose coupling/stacking pins by attaching them to the top of the frame below.
Keeping them fastened to the structure lessens the risk of them falling on workers below.
Warning
A safety harness should be worn at all times. The force necessary to remove components such
as ties can cause a person to lose their balance.

Task: ​You will be installing scaffold by following the procedures that have been discussed
previously. Since, it will be impossible for you to access the real materials of scaffold, you
will be creating a model instead. Make sure to have the mini/model materials for your
scaffold model. Sizes of your model scaffold will be 50 cm in length, 40 cm in width. You
are free to choose what type of scaffold you want to install. Your output will be graded
according the given criteria.

Criteria for Rating

1. Accuracy 30%

2. Observance of the 20%

sequence of the
procedures.
3. Neatness of work 20%

36
 4. Durability 30%

100%

you have finished this lesson. You may now proceed to Lesson
4:
​Performing Concrete Work

Module No. and Title Module 1:​ ​Preparing Masonry Materials and
Performing Basic Masonry Works

Lesson No. and Title Lesson 4: Performing Concrete Works

37
 In this lesson, students are expected to:
Perform concreting work
Learning Outcomes
Lay-out / establish bricks for structure
location

Time Frame 1 Week

This module contains information and suggested learning activities in performing

basic masonry works. It includes processes in performing concrete and procedures in laying
bricks for structure. Upon completing this lesson, report to your teacher for assessment to
check your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of this module. If you pass the
assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

Directions: ​Number the picture from 1 to 6, 1 being the first and 6 as the last step in
accordance to performing concrete.

38
 6
3

5. 2

4. 1

Directions: ​Locate the given words in the grid. They are hidden horizontally, vertically or
diagonally. Box every word you can find and give its meaning​.

39
Bricks- manufactured from clay and other minerals processed into a workable
consistency, molded to izes and fined in kilns for stronger, more attractive.
Concrete- we could find it in construction, a structural material consisting of a hard,
chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel).
Blocks- it is constructed with the use of concrete or cement. they may include a hollow
core to make them lighter and to improve their insulation properties.
Water- intended for mixing should be clean and free from oil,acid. Alkali, salts or other
organic materials.
Batching- should be done properly to get a properly concrete mix.
Mixing- concrete is simply defined as the “ complete blending of the materials which
are required for the production.
Cement- is a combination of calcium silicate illuminate.
Curing- It can apply to cement, concrete, adhesives, plasters, thermosetting plastics and
other materials.

Performing Concrete

Information Sheet 1.1:

Performing Concrete Work

40
Process in Performing Concrete

1. The Ready-Mix (Batching) Plant

Most concrete is batched and mixed in a central location which is called ready-mix plant and
then trucked to the desired location. This is often the best solution even for fairly small jobs.
Ready-mix plants have a variety of aggregate and
cement that is stored under controlled conditions, as
well as good equipment for weighing and mixing.
As a result, the quality of the concrete should be high
and consistent. Concrete mixing trucks can be used to
transport already mixed concrete, or the mixing can
actually be performed by the truck as it is traveling to
the site.
One potential disadvantage of ready-mixed concrete is that the time required to transport the
concrete to the site may use up too much of the early period of good workability. This can
generally be handled through the use of retarding admixtures.

2. Mixing
Concrete mixing is a very important step for achieving good final
properties, and one that can be quite difficult without the right
equipment. This is one of the best reasons for using ready-mix
concrete. Mixing distributes the aggregate evenly throughout the
cement paste, ensures that all of the cement has been fully
saturated in water, and removes large air voids.

3.Placing
Once the concrete has been adequately mixed, it must be
placed into the formwork that defines its final position and
shape. If concrete is to be reinforced, the rebar must
already be in place so the concrete can flow around it. If
the concrete mixing truck can be located close to (and
higher than) the site, then the concrete can be poured
directly into the forms. In cases where this is not possible,

41
the concrete can be transferred in buckets by a crane or by wheelbarrow.

4. Consolidation
This process is also called compacting. Over consolidation can lead to segregation and
bleeding, but under consolidation is more common, resulting in less-than optimal properties.
Once the concrete is in place, it shoauld be consolidated to remove large air voids developed
during placement and to make sure that the concrete has flowed into all of the corners and
nooks of the formwork.
Two most common method in Consolidation
Vibration is a mechanical process that transfers pulses of shear
energy to the concrete, usually by a probe that is inserted several
inches into the concrete. Each pulse of shear energy momentarily
liquefies the concrete, allowing it to flow very freely.
This is the standard consolidating method for general construction
projects with the exception of roads.

Roller compaction is a simpler and more cost-effective technique

that is suitable for roads and very large mass concrete structures such
as dams. It is a special vehicle with a heavy roller on the front is
driven over the fresh concrete to drive into place and remove excess
air.
5. Finishing
For concrete floors and pavements, the appearance, smoothness,
and durability of the surface is particularly important. Finishing
refers to any final treatment of the concrete surface after it has been
consolidated to achieve the desired properties

This can be as simple as pushing a wide blade over the fresh concrete surface to make it flat.
Floating and troweling is a process of compacting and smoothing the surface which is
performed as the concrete is starting to harden.
6. Curing
Once concrete has been placed and consolidated it must be
allowed to cure properly to develop good final properties. As the
concrete hardens and gains strength it becomes less vulnerable,
so the critical time period is the first hours and days after it is
placed.

42
Proper curing of concrete comes down to two factors, keeping it moist and keeping it
supported. Hydration of cement as the word itself implies, involves reaction with water. The
cure properly, the cement paste must be fully saturated with water
To keep fresh and young concrete moist, it can be covered with plastic or damp to prevent
evaporation, or sprayed periodically with water.
The weather plays an important role in the curing process. Hot windy weather leads to rapid
evaporation and thus particular care must be taken to keep the concrete moist. Cold weather
causes it to harden much more slowly than hot weather. This delays the construction process,
but leads to better concrete in the long run, because the hydration products develop
differently at different temperatures. If fresh concrete freezes, however, it will likely be
destroyed beyond repair.

Instructions: ​Make a graphic organizer showing the process in performing concrete. Explain
each process in at least 1 or 2 sentences. Your output will be graded based on the given
grading chart.

3 2 1
Exceeds expectations. Met and Met the criteria Did not meet criteria and /
expanded on criteria. or was missing crucial
elements.

Description Score

Output is neat and organized.

Organization Correct graphic organizers
have been used.
All parts of both graphic
Completeness organizers have been
completed. Everything from
the lecture has been included.
Topic has been thoroughly
Understanding examined. It is apparent that
of Topic the student has
comprehended the topic.
Grammar is correct. There
Grammar/ are no spelling errors.
Spelling

43
 Total /12

Graphic Organizer
Process in Performing Concrete

Information Sheet 1.2

Performing Laying Bricks for Structure

44
What is Bricks?
- is building material used to make walls, pavements and other
elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick
referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote
rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime,
or concrete materials.

Procedures in Laying Bricks for Structure

Preparing your structure
1. Plan out your wall- using your string, a level and a tape measure. Plot out the exact
dimensions of the wall.

2. Pour a concrete foundation- this must be level below

the grade of the finished ground so that the brick is
all you see when your wall is finished. Dig out a
trench. Measure the length and width of 1 foot.
Make the footer have good water drainage away
from the wall. Drive level wooden stakes into your
trench, then use the level bar to measure the tops of
your stake. Find the nominal height of your bricks
(ex. 2- 2/3” ) before you add the concrete.
3. Make your guide posts. Take two long wooden
boards or posts to measure the outreach row of the
brick wall.

4. Gather all the materials you need to start your project

5. Lay out the first row of bricks in the foundation for a

dry run. If the new bricks are 8 inches in length make
marks on the foundation every 22 centimeters.

6. Mix your masonry cement, or mortar.

45
 7. Place bricks and "mortar boards" along your
foundation so that you can easily reach them in your
work area.

LAYING THE FIRST COURSE (Method 2)

1. Start at a corner using the trowel. Lay the first ½ inch
of mortar.
Press the first brick into the mortar, and check it with your
string string line.

2. Add 3/8" of mortar to the end of the brick and attach

another. Press it into place again to the first and use
your tape measure to make sure the ½ a part of the
mortar.

3. Use a spirit level to ensure that the first row is evenly placed. You can make some
adjustments while the mortar is still wet.

4. Set your guidelines along the first course. Once you've

finished the first course, you may now adjust the next
guidepost fort the height of the next row of bricks.

Laying Bricks
1. Cut a brick in half with a firm tap from the pointed end of a hammer. Use a bolster
which may make a cleaner cut. You need to stagger bricks.

46
 2. Keep the height of the brick the same using a spirit or
carpenter’s level. Use again a spirit level to check and
to keep the height equal joint.

3. Strike head and bed joints with a jointer. Hold the tool
on one end, and rub it along the mortar joint between
your brick with the curved portion of the tool to
smooth out the mortar joint.

4. Brush the face of the brick with a foxtail brush. To

wipe away excess mortar and finish smoothing the
joint. If the mortar is hard enough to touch w/ finger.

5. Continue laying brick until you are level with the

leads you laid up.

Task: Perform bricklaying through following the given steps that have been
discussed previously. Since, it will be hard and expensive for you to access the real
materials of brick laying, you will be creating a model instead. Make sure to have the
materials for your bricklaying model. You can use the following materials such as;
Playdough or clay, wooden blocks, knife, shovel, and other bricklaying materials available

47
 in your area. Sizes of your model bricklaying will be 60 cm in length, 50 cm in width.
Your output will be graded according to the given criteria.

Criteria for Rating

1. Accuracy 30%

2. Observance of 20%
the sequence of
the procedures.

3. Neatness of work 20%

4. Durability 30%

100%

48
I. Directions: Each item below is a question which is followed by four options lettered a to
d. Encircle only the letter of your choice.

a​1. Which is considered to be the oldest and most commonly used building material?
a. Cement c. Steel
b. Sand d. Wood
a​2. What do you call on the process of hardening of concrete?
a. Curing c. Hardening
b. Setting d. Molding
d ​3. The following are factors that regulate the strength of concrete, EXCEPT:
a. Correct proportion of ingredients. c. Adequate protection of concrete during curing.
b. Proper method of mixing. d. Dropping concrete mixture from high elevation.
D​4. The foundations are placed below ground level, to increase ________.
a. Strength c. workability
b. Stability of structure d. all of the above
A​5. Bricks shrink considerably during firing.
a. True c. False
b. Maybe d. Sometimes

II. Direction: ​Fill in the blank with the word or group of words to complete the statement.

6. The bricks made of clay used in exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and other
architectural applications where the size, color, and texture are important are called
facebricks​.
7. A type of cement commonly used in small and large construction such as roads and
buildings and other concrete works is ​Ordinary Portland Cement​.
8. A type of cement used in structures designed to resist chemical attacks is called Ordinary
Portland cement ​.
9. Aggregates smaller than 10 mm in diameter are classified as fine, while aggregates bigger
than 10 mm in diameter are _​fine aggregates​.

49
10. The bricks made of clay such as the ordinary and commercial bricks are called ​clay
bricks​.
11. An important material intended for mixing aggregates and must be free from oil, acid,
alkali, salts and other organic materials is ​ water​.

12. The most common and widely used material for concrete reinforcement is called ​steel​.
13. A galvanized iron, usually gauge 16, used to hold reinforcement materials in place is
called ​reinforced concrete​.
14. ​The most common sizes of rebars used in concrete hollow blocks laying are either ​3 or
4​.

15. Tie wire is cut into length ranging from ​20​ cm to ​40cm​ long folded at the center.
16. The most appropriate tool used in digging, lifting and moving bulk materials such as soil,
coal, gravel and sand is ​shovel​.
17. A tool for leveling, spreading, or shaping substances such as cement or mortar. Is called
a​ trowel​.
18. The most commonly seen on the job site used for transporting the aggregates and cement
is called ​wheelbarrow​ .
19. A job site is not complete without this tool. A tool used to measure the proportion of
sand and gravel to that of the cement is called .
20. A suitable for hauling water needed for the mixture of concrete is called a ​water
container​.

III. Directions: Complete the table with the needed information.

COMMON AREAS FOR TYPE OF PPE USES

PROTECTION
21. Eye and Face Protection
22. Head Protection
23.Hand protection
25. safety glasses /face
shield 29.. Protection from flying
particles, or any electrical
hazards, including
working on energized
electrical systems.
26. Hard hat 30. Protection from falling
objects or accidental head
contact with electrical
hazards.
31. Protection from cuts,
27.. gloves burns, chemical
absorption, or extreme
temperature.

50
 24.Hearing Protection
28.earmuffs/earplugs 32. Protection from high
noise work like chainsaw
or heavy equipment.

IV. Enumerate/list the procedure in Hauling.

33. Prepare tools and equipment for hauling masonry materials like shovel, Buggy, and
wheelbarrow
34. Check the work schedule on the jobsite and see to it that the quantity and types of
the materials are appropriate to the job required.
35. Use the proper tools and equipment in hauling of materials.
36. Haul the materials to the said location.
Enumerate/ list at least 5 Construction Site Safety Rules
37. Wear PPE at all times
38. Do not start work without an induction
39. Do not put yourself or others at risk
40. Follow safety signs and procedures
41. Never work in unsafe areas

​List down the processes in performing concrete

42. Use Ready- mix ( Batching) Plant
43. Mix the aggregates and cement properly
44. Once the concrete has been adequately mixed, it must be placed into the
formwork that defines its final position and shapes
45. After placing the concrete, it should be consolidated to remove large air voids
developed during placement and it makes sure that the concrete will flowed into
all of the corners
46. Then finishing, it is the final treatment of the concrete surface after it has
consolidated to achieve the desired properties.

​List down the steps in dismantling the scaffold.

47. Clear a nearby space to set the dismantled pieces of scaffolding down. As a
scaffold is dismantled , the component should immediately be removed from the
structure and set aside for later inspection.
48. Examine the entire scaffold structure. Starting with the base, make sure that
the structure is sound and that there are no visible hazards. Any ties that have
been removed at an earlier time must now be put back in place.
49. Put on all necessary safety gear.
50. Begin the dismantling project at the top of the scaffold.
51. Remove the remainder of the platform from the section below.

51
 52. Examine all of the scaffolding components once they’ve been removed. Parts
that cannot be repaired should be set aside for layer disposal as faulty equipment
can lead to injury.

V. Modified True or False

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If it is false, replace the italicized word
with the correct answer. Write your answer on a space provided. (2 points per item)

53. The job of a ​carpenter is to construct the first shell of a building, whether it is a
house, a school, a bridge or any other construction. ​TRUE

54. Balusters must provide an adequate handhold for employees to grasp to prevent
falls.​TRUE

Once the concrete has been placed and consolidated it must be ​allowed to cure
properly to develop good final properties.​TRUE

55. Compression is used to indicate the art of building a structure in either stones or
bricks. ​TRUE

56. Scaffold is a temporary structure that is used so that work can be done on a
building or other structure above the floor level, instead of using floor ladders.
TRUE_
57. Accurate proportioning and cleanliness on mixing are vitally important for all
good plastering. ​TRUE
58. Curing shall be started 36 hours after finishing the plaster.​ TRUE
59. The internal plaster is usually done in single layers of 12.5 mm. ​TRUE
60. Adequate protection during the period of wetting can affect the strength of
concrete.​TRUE
61. A concrete block retaining wall is the perfect solution to control erosion, to
eliminate a hard-to-mow slope, to add a planting bed, or to level an ideal patio
area.​TRUE

52
 References:
Daquil S. & Magalang F. (2014). ​Technology and Livelihood Education-Industrial
Arts-Masonry​. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City

WikiHow Staff (2020). ​How to Erect Scaffolding​, Content Management Team, retrieved on
august 10, 2020 from; ​https://www-wikihow-com.cdn

Robitaille J. (2020). ​How to Dismantle Scaffolding​, Leaf Group Ltd. Retrieved on August 1,
2020; from ​https://www.ehow

Bale, R. (2016, August 23). ​8 Top Scaffolding Types and Their Uses​. Retrieved on
September 1, 2019, ​from
https://www.turboscaffolding.com.au/blog/scaffolding-types-with- their-uses/

Bale, R. (2016, October 7). ​The Basic Accessories Used in Scaffolding.​ Retrieved
September 1, 2019, ​from ://www.turboscaffolding.com.au/blog/the-basic-accessories-used-
in-scaffolding/

Hammad, J. et. al (2017). ​Steps in Performing Concrete​. Retrieved August 12, 2019 from
http://iti.northwestern.edu/cement/monograph/Monograph2_3.html
Word Skill. (2019). Concrete Construction Process. Retrieved August 14 from
https://worldskills.org/skills/id/430/

Designing Buildings. (2019). ​Construction Industry Knowledge.​ Retrieved August 19, 2019
from ​https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Concrete

Williams, A. (2019). ​How to build a brick wall. Retrieved August, 15 2019 from
https://www.wikihow.com/lay-brick#reference

HASpod. (2019, December 10). 10 Simple Construction Site Safety Rules. Retrieved August
23, 2020, from
https://www.haspod.com/blog/construction/10-simple-construction-site-safety-rules

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