Welcome

To
The Presentation
On

Differential GPS (DGPS)

MOHAMMD SHARFUDDIN
Assistant Director (Survey)
BIWTA

1 December 2020
 TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
 ABOUT GPS
 DGPS
 ERROR POSSIBILITIES
 DOMAINS OF DGPS
 CALCULATION & POSITION ESTIMATION
 COMPONENTS OF DGPS
 SURVEY METHODS IN DGPS
IMPORTANT DATES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GPS
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM IS DEVELOPED AND FUNDED BY
US GOVERNMENT AND MANAGED BY DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE.

1973 - DECISION TO DEVELOP A SATELLITE NAVIGATION

SYSTEM FOR MILITARY
1974 - CONDUCTED SYSTEM TESTS BY US AIR FORCE
AND NAVY
1977- FIRST RECEIVER TEST WAS CONDUCTED WITHOUT
PLACING THE SATELLITE IN THE ORBIT.
1978 - A TOTAL OF 11 BLOCK I SATELLITES WERE
LAUNCHED.
1979 - DECISION TO EXPAND GPS WITH 18 SATELLITES
IN SPACE.
1980 - 1982 FINANCIAL CRISIS OCCURS WHEN THE SPONSERS
QUESTIONED THE USEFULNESS OF THE SYSTEM.

1988 - NUMBER OF SATELLITES WERE INCREASED TO 24.

.
1990 – 1991 TEMPORAL DEACTIVATION OF SA

1993 – INITIAL OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY (IOC) WAS ANNOUNCED

AND DECIDED WORLDWIDE CIVILIAN USE FREE OF COST.

1995 – FULL OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY WAS ANNOUNCED

2000 – FINAL DEACTIVATION OF SA TO GIVE POSITIONAL
ACCURACY OF 20m FROM 100m.

•The current system became fully operational June 26, 1993 when
the 24th satellite was lunched.
WHAT IS DGPS AND WHY USE IT?

• Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement

to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy,
from the 1.5-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the
best implementations.

• DGPS refers to using a combination of receivers and satellites to

reduce/eliminate common receiver based and satellite based errors
reduce orbit errors reduce ionospheric and tropospheric errors reduce
effects of SA eliminate satellite and receiver clock errors

• improve accuracy significantly 100’s of metres to metres to

centimetres to millimetres
1. DGPS uses one or several (network) fixed ground based
reference stations (in known locations).

2. The base station compares its own known location, to that

computed from a GPS receiver.

3. Any difference is then broadcast as a correction to the user.

Correction signals can be broadcast either from ground
stations, or via additional satellites. These services are
privately owned and usually require a user subscription.
Examples:
• Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS),
• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS),
• Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS),
• European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS),
• Omni STAR
• Coast guard beacon service.
•Differential GPS uses one unit at a
known location and a rover.
–The stationary unit compares its
calculated GPS location with the
actual location and computes the
error.
–The rover data is adjusted for the
error.
 Real-Time DGPS

Real-time DGPS occurs when the base

station calculates and broadcasts
corrections for each satellite as it receives
the data. The correction is received by the
roving receiver via a radio signal
As a result, the position displayed and
logged to the data file of the roving GPS
receiver is a differentially corrected
position.
 Satellite Differential Services

Another method for obtaining real-time

differential correction data in the field is by
using geostationary satellites. This system
obtains corrections from more than one
reference station, sends the information to
a geostationary satellite for verification.
The verified information is sent to the
roving GPS receiver to ensure it obtains
GPS positions in real time.
Errors in GPS
 Error possibilities in GPS
The receiver is not synchronized with the
atomic clock in the satellite
The estimate of the position of the satellite
Speed of light is only constant in vacuum
"Multi path errors" : Ghost signals from
reflected radio waves
"Selective availability (SA)" :Added noise from
department of defense
Not free sight to many enough satellites
Noise in the receiver
SOURCES OF ERROR IN GPS

Error Value

Ionosphere 4.0 meters

Clock 2.1 meters

Ephemeris 2.1 meters

Troposphere 0.7 meters

Receiver 0.5 meters

Multipath 1.0 meter

Total 10.4 meters

 Errors Addressed by DGPS
Eliminates or reduces clock errors, path errors,
ephemeris errors and ionospheric effects

Idea: The errors are almost the same for two

receivers close to each other
• Place a fixed receiver on a well defined location.
• Compute the error in the position
• Estimate from the satellites
• Calculate backwards to find the time error
• Broadcast it by radio to other receiver
Wide Area Augmentation System
Geostationary GPS Constellation
WAAS satellites

WAAS Control
Station (East
WAAS Control Local Area System (LAAS) Coast)
Station (West Coast)
 Calculating a Position

• Measure distance to satellites.

• Obtain satellite positions.
• Perform triangulation calculations.
• Adjust local clock bias.
 Measuring Distance

Distance
• Distance = Velocity * Time
• Velocity is that of a radio wave.
• Time is the travel time of the signal.
• Measure the travel time.
• Receiver generates the same codes as the
satellite (PRN codes).
• Measure delay between incoming codes and
self generated codes.
• D = Speed of light * measured delay.
 Obtain Satellite positions.

• Orbital data (Ephemeris) is embedded in

the satellite data message.
• Ephemeris data contains parameters that
describe the elliptical path of the satellite.
• Receiver uses this data to calculate the
position of the satellite. (X,Y,Z)
SURVEY METHODS IN DGPS
 DATA DISPLAY IN GPS
Once the GPS receiver has located its
position it is usually displayed in one of
two common formats:
– Latitude and longitude
– Universal transverse mercator (UTM).
Latitude cont.
Longiude cont.
The main components of GPS
receivers are:


Antenna with pre-amplifier


Sensor to sense the data


Memory and display panel


Keyboard


Precision oscillator (clock)-quartz


Power supply 12v battery


Computer with supporting software
for data download and processing.
Hemisphere GNSS R330

Antenna
Cable with Jack

Power Cable
with Jack
Powering the Receiver On/Off
LED Indication
Some Important Status of DGPS Receiver R330
 Connection Diagram of Data logging to Hypack

1. DGPS Operating Voltage 8-36

2. Echo Sounder Operating Voltage 12-24

USB to Serial Converter

Serial Port-1 Serial Port-2

For GPS For Echo Sounder

Antenna

Battery
Thank You