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1) Similar nervous system- dorsal brain, paired ventral nerve cord &
segmental ganglia.
2) Similar embryonic development.
3) Similar phylogeny
(protostomes, bilateral, eucoelomate, etc.)
Mollusks
Annelids
Mollusks
Complete
Gut
2 layers,
acoelomate
2 layers
Phylogenetic tree
GENERAL ARTHROPOD
CHARACTERISTICS- LIST
Major features
1. Chitinous exoskeleton- cuticle.
2. Jointed appendages
3. Segmented body- Tagmata- head, thorax abdomen.
4. Increased cephalization
5. Complex muscular system
6. Locomotion
7. Cilia absent- on external surface
Tagmatization- functional groups of segments: head, thorax,
abdomen.
Features cont’d
8. Reduced coelom
9. Complete digestive system
10. Open circulatory system
11. More efficient respiration- gills, trachea, book lungs
12. Paired excretory glands- coxal or antennal
13. Nervous system similar to annelids
with advanced sensory perception.
14. Separate sexes: Oviparous/Viviparous/Parthenogenetic
Cross-sectional view of an
arthropod segment.
2. Jointed Appendages-
Problem of efficient movement
Rigid structure-
Apodemes present
Diagram of arthropod
articular membrane.
Apodeme
- Attachment of
muscles
Epidermis = Hypodermis
Problem of Growth
Hard non living cuticle restricts growth
Chitin and tanned protein
No cells
Modest growth possible at joints where cuticle is folded.
Real growth- achieved by MOULTING.
Fine structure of arthropod cuticle:
1) Thin outer epicuticle
2) Thicker procuticle. Divisible
into:
- Exocuticle (tanned &
sclerotised (hardened) with
phenols)
- Endocuticle (untanned).
MOULTING-What is it?
•In many arthropods- procuticle also impregnated with mineral salts.
CaCO3 & CaPO4 deposition occur in procuticle in the Crustacea.
INSECTA:
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS & SUCCESS
PLAN-
Crustacean features
Crustacea (Sub- phylum or phylum in some books).
External features and appendages
Digestive system
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Excretory system
Nervous system and Sense Organs
Reproductive system
COXA
EPIPODITE = GILL
BASIS
EXOPODITE
ENDOPODITE
Diagram of a crustacean
biramous appendage.
Appendages hinged ventrally under the body
2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Nutrition: herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, parasites.
Ventral mouth.
(Filter)
Midgut- Digestive glands
•1 or more pairs of ceca or caeca (blind ending sac or branch).
•Digestive enzymes.
•Has cells for storage of digestion products: glycogen, fat & calcium.
Hindgut
Water re-absorption.
3. BLOOD & CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
- Tubular- primitive
Circulatory system
Open B. V. system.
Blood leaves heart via arteries & circulates through haemocoel (therefore
open).
In some large crustacea- capillary beds present esp. associated with gills.
OSTIA
4. Respiratory system-
external gills
Larger & more active animals with
impervious skin.- Many have gills.
Gill
chamber
5. EXCRETION
Maxillary or antennal or coxal glands found in head.
Called Green gland in crayfish / Antennal gland.
Excretory pore on base of a limb.
Green gland
“Nephridium-like”
Components of gland
•End sac & tubule
•Tubule may form a labyrinth (green
gland)
Excrete ammonia (mainly)
Diagram of Astacus sp.
•Urea & uric acid (some)
showing green gland (dorsal &
lateral views respectively)
6. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
Brood eggs
73,000 spp.(1996)
Prosoma
Opisthosoma
Common appendages to all arachnids
•Pair of chelicerae
•Pair of pedipalps
•4 prs of walking legs on prosome
•Apodous (no appendages) opisthosome.
NUTRITION
•Mostly carnivorous
•No real jaws (mandibles)
•Predigest prey tissue- enzymes
•Liquid food sucked into mouth- pharynx
•Midgut
- numerous diverticula (branches)- the walls of which contain absorptive
cells.
- open externally;
end in haemocoel &
body cavity.
EXCRETION
•Coxal glands & malpighian tubules.
•Never more than 4 prs in each individual.
•Malpighian tubules (midgut & hindgut)
- collect waste & pass into hindgut.
•Nephrocytes
NERVOUS SYSTEM
•Similar to crustaceans
•More concentrated in spiders
Sense Organs
1) Eyes
• never compound but have cornea &
lens.
• direct or indirect.
• 1 or more pairs.
• responds to vibrations.
Tricobothria
Sense organs
Sensory
Hairs
Hollow hairs
Slit
sense
organ
Pores
REPRODUCTION
• Separate sexes
• Most have indirect sperm transfer, few copulate.
• Spermatophores deposited on ground.
• Postnatal care common.
Arachnid Orders- distinctive
features
3 orders of arachnids- important features of each
1. Scorpiones
• Most primitive
• Stinging apparatus & venom
• Most not harmful to man
• Androctonus sp. Neurotoxin kills in 6 – 7 hours
Scorpiones contd.
•Indirect sperm transfer- still ‘copulate’
2. List the general chelicerate features and give the distinguishing features of each of the three
classes.
Demonstration Material: Crustaceans
Crustacean Diversity 6 of 10 classes.
Peculiarities:
Triramous appendages.
No abdominal appendages.
2. Class Copepoda- 7,500 spp.
Most numerous metazoan in the sea and
by extension on earth.
Rapid multiplication.
4) Class Brachiura (3-75 spp.)
All Parasitic
• Blood sucking ectoparasites on fish (fish louse).
3) Class Cirripeda
(Barnacles)- 900 spp.
Only sessile crustacean group.
Sessile barnacle.
Stalked forms called ‘goose barnacles’.
Found only in the sea.
Stalked barnacle.
5) Class Malacostraca.
Largest crustacean class (20,027 spp.)
¾ of all known crustacean spp.
Order Decapoda
• Largest (8,400 spp.)