Coelomate phyla

Protostomes Vs Deuterostomes
 Protostome Vs Deuterostomes
• Spiral cleavage • Radial cleavage
• Determinate cleavage • Indeterminate cleavage
• Blastopore forms • Blastopore forms anus
mouth
• Coelom schizocoelic • Coelom enterocoelic and
often tripartite
• CNS dorsal or superficial
• CNS ventral
• Dipleurula larva
• Trochophore larva
• Echinodermata,
• Annelida, arthropoda and
hemichordata and chordata
Mollusca
 Leech

Phylum Annelida
Segmented Worms

Fireworm Christmas tree worm

Feather duster worm

 General Characteristics
• Metameric.(increased burrowing efficiency, made possible independent and
separate movements by separate segements wich contributes to evolution of
developed nervous system, gives a built in redundancy providing safety
factor)
• Most forms have setae, hard, bristle-like chitinous structures except in
leeches.
• Digestive system is complete
• Circulatory system is closed,
• Excretory system typically consists of a pair of nephridia per segment
• Respiratory gas exchange through skin, gills or parapodia
• Nervous system with a double ventral nerve cord and a pair of ganglia with
lateral nerves in each metamere.
• Sensory systems of tactile organs, taste buds, photoreceptor cells and eyes
with lens.
• Hermaphroditic or separate sexes.
Typical Arrangement of Segments
 Annelid Ecology

Annelids are found in the ocean, freshwater, and in terrestrial soil.

Often live in burrows in the ground and feeds on organic matter in
soil.

Others feed on suspended particles that are trapped on parapodia.

Some are predaceous, and hunt by hiding in rocks and corals
ambushing their prey.

Others are bloodsucking carnivores (leeches).

The importance of earthworms in terrestrial ecosystems can not be
overstated.

Without earthworms, plants would not be able to grow, and the
entire food chain would be impacted.

Earthworms help aerate, fertilize, mix, and provide proper drainage
to soils.

Leeches are sometimes used in the medical field when fingers or
toes are cut off. Leeches can help stop the bleeding at the wound
while veins and arteries are still healing.
 Locomotion

Annelids have both longitudinal and circular muscles
which create waves of expansion and contraction when
they move called peristalsis.

Contraction of the longitudinal body wall muscles
shorten the body and become larger in diameter.
Contraction of the circular muscles causes it to lengthen
and become thinner.

Crawling motions are effected by alternating waves of
contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles
(peristalisis)

Separartion into metameric series increase its efficiency
and forces powerful enough for burrowing as well as
locomotion can thus be generated.
 Body plan

The body of an annelid usually consists of a two-part head (prostomium
and peristomium), a series of body segments (called metameres), and a
terminal segment called the pygidium.
 Main Classes of Annelida

Class Polychaeta (fanworms,

clam worms)
Class Oligochaeta
(earthworms)
Class Hirudinea (Leeches)
Class – Polychaeta- Feather Duster worms, Clam worms, Christmas Tree worms

Mostly marine and free-living

Many setae, on fleshy lateral outgrowths of
the body wall known as parapodia
Well developed head bearing appendages
(eyes and tentacles)
Clitellum absent
Sexes separate, with a free-swimming
trochophore larva
Asexual budding in some
e.g. Nereis, Aphrodita
Nereis
Parapodia

Parapodium
Figure 17.co
Figure 17.02a
Figure 17.02b
Figure 17.09
 Class Oligochaeta- Earthworms and
Freshwater Worms
Are terrestrial with a few freshwater species
Have few setae
No parapodia
No distinct head appendages
Clitellum present
Hermaphrodites, with copulation required
Eggs are deposited in a cocoon and
development is direct (no larva)
e.g. Lumbricus, Stylaria
Figure 17.17g

Class Hirudinea
 Class Hirudinea- leeches
Ectoparasites, not all - many feed on
organic debris
Usually dorso-ventrally flattened with
fixed number of body segments (34)
No setae or parapodia
Clitellum present
Direct development, hermaphroditic
Two suckers – anterior and posterior
e.g. Hirudo, Macarobdella
Figure 17.20
Phylum Mollusca
 General Characteristics
• Molluscs inhabit marine, freshwater, and
terrestrial habitats.
• Body bilaterally symmetrical; unsegmented;
often with a definitive head.
• Possess a muscular foot
• Possess a specialized tissue – Mantle
• Secretes the shell aids in Respiration,
reproduction etc.
• Visceral mass contains all major organ systems
• Complex digestive system; rasping organ (radula)
• Open circulatory system
Blood sinuses (no capillaries)
Heart = one or two auricles
– collecting chambers
one ventricle
– pumping chamber
• Respiratory pigment is hemocyanin
• Nervous system consists of paired ganglia
• Well developed sense organs (eyes in cepahlopods)
• Sexes are separate – larval stages in some (Veliger,
Glochidium)
• > 100,000 extant species
• At least 45,000 extinct species
• Nice fossil history based on shells
– Fossils from Pre-Cambrian
• Importance?
– Shells - collectors, jewelry
– Food
• Body Divisions
– Visceral Mass
– Head-Foot
– Mantle- membrane present in all; in most, secretes and maintains one or two
calcerous valves (shells)
• Mantle
– covering of the visceral mass that secretes the shell
– Positives!
• Protection
– Negatives!
• Reduce surface area for gas exchange
• Solved by having gills for gas exchange
A Closer look at Mollusca
The foot - a broad, flat muscular organ that is adapted for
locomotion and attachment
The visceral mass - contains the internal organs
The mantle - a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass;
space between the mantle and the visceral mass is called the mantle
cavity
Archetype Molluscan Body
Radula Chitin-toothed
Rasping organ (tongue)
for scraping algae
The Shell
• The mantle is responsible for secreting the shell.
• The shell is comprised of three layers:
• The outside of the shell is covered by an organic layer -
periostracum
• The middle prismatic layer is characterized by densely packed
prisms of calcium carbonate laid down in a protein matrix
•
•The inner nacreous layer
is composed of calcium
carbonate sheets laid down
over a thin layer of protein
 Reproduction of the Mollusk
• All Mollusks reproduce sexually
– Depending on the species of mollusk, some
reproduce externally or internally
– Dioecious- Have male and female
– Some are hermaphroditic
Molluscan Larval Stages
• Most molluscs produce a free-
swimming ciliated larvae called the
trochophore larvae

• In some molluscs the trochophore

develops into the adult, but in other
molluscs (e.g., gastropods) there is a
second larval stage called the veliger
 Mollusk Larvae
• Trocophore Larvae
– Free-swimming larval stage (first form)
• Veliger larvae
– Free-swimming larval stage with foot, eyes,
tentacles, and shell
 Classes of Mollusca
• Class Bivalvia (Clams, oysters)
• Class Gastropoda (snails, slugs)
• Class Cephalopoda (Squid, octopus)
• Class Polyplacophora (Chitons)
• Class Scaphopoda (Tusk shells)
Class - Bivalvia (Pelecypoda)

Clams, Mussels, Oysters, etc

 General Characteristics
• Body enclosed in mantle
• shell has two lateral valves with dorsal hinge
• Umbo – oldest part of shell
• Head greatly reduced
• No radula
• No eyes, a few species with eyes on mantle margin
• foot usually wedge-shaped
Figure 16.31b
Clam Dissection
Glochidium larva
and mantle lure
of female fresh
water mussel
Class Gastropoda

Snails
 General Characteristics
• Body usually asymmetrical with a coiled shell
(torsion)
• Some species lack shell and are not coiled
• Head well-developed
• Radula present
• Mantle modified into a lung or gill
• Foot large and flat
Figure 16.12
Figure 16.18
Radula
Helix – garden snail
0057.jpg
0058.jpg
0060.jpg
0063.jpg
0064.jpg
0066.jpg
0067.jpg
 Class Cephalopoda

Squids, Cuttlefish, Chambered

Nautilus, and Octopuses
 General Characteristics
• Shell often reduced or absent
• Head well developed with a modified radula
to form a beak
• Foot modified into arms and/or tentacles
• Nervous system with centralized brain
• Complex, well-developed eyes
Squid Dissection
Chambered Nautilus
0089.jpg
Cuttlefish
Squid
0094.jpg
0093.jpg
0095.jpg
0090.jpg
0091.jpg
Class Polyplacophora

The Chitons
 General Characteristics
• Elongated, dorsoventrally flattened
• Reduced head
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Radula present
• Shell of eight dorsal plates
• Foot broad and flat
• Multiple gills, along sides of body between
foot and mantle edge
Chitons
Class Scaphopoda

Tusk Shells
 General Characteristics
• Body enclosed in a one-piece tubular shell
open at both ends
• Conical foot
• Mouth with radula and tentacles
• Head absent
• Mantle used for respiration
Figure 16.11a
Tooth or Tusk Shells