ARTHROPODA

JOHAN ISMAIL
FMB1111 3(2+1)
BIOLOGY OF AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

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 Body Plan
•Eucoelomate
•Triploblastic

• Epidermis produces a segmented, jointed, and

hardened (sclerotized) chitinous exoskeleton
• Intrinsic musculature between individual joints of
appendages
• Complex loss of motile cilia in adult and larval stages

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• 75% of all animals described to date belong to the phylum
Arthropoda.
• Arthropods are metameric, specialized groups of segments,
known as tagmatization.
• Tagmata: head, thorax and abdomen.

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 • Exoskeleton: external, hard, protective covering.
• Arthropod exoskeleton is secreted by epidermal cells.
• Exoskeleton layers:
• Cuticle: water impermeable/waterproof
• Epicuticle: thin (3%), waxy, firm lipoprotein layer.
• Procuticle (Exo/Endocuticle):(97%) polysaccharide chitin.
• Chitin functions in protection, supports and movement,
providing a rigid skeletal system.
• Arthropod procuticle is strengthened by hardening
/tanning elements.
• Tanning process is called sclerotization.

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 The process of
removing the existing
exoskeleton is called
ecdysis.

• The coelom play no major role in the locomotion of

animals encased in a suit of rigid plates.
• Coelom is greatly reduced.
• The main body cavity is a homocoel, part of the blood
circulatory system, same in Mollusc.
• Nervous and muscle system: uniquely different from
vertebrates (muscle fibers stimulated by multiple
neurons) and other invertebrates (entirely striated
muscle)
• Circulatory system: open circulatory system with ostia
• Visual systems: ocelli or compound eyes

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• Class Crustacea
• Subclass Malacostraca
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Order Isopoda
• Class Trilobita
• Order Amphipoda
• Class Merostomata
• Order Euphausiacea
• Class Arachnida
• Order Stomatopoda
• Class Pycnogonida
• Order Decapoda
• Class Myriapoda
• Subclass Branchiopoda
• Class Insecta
• Subclass Ostracoda
• Class Crustacea
• Subclass Copepoda
• Subclass Cirripedia

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 Phylum Arthropoda (92 817)
Subphylum Chelicerata (3 076)
Class Arachnida (1 717)
Class Merostomata (4)
Class Pycnogonida (1 355)
Subphylum Crustacea (71 091)
Class Hexanauplia (16 053)
Class Malacostraca (43 075)
Class Branchiopoda (1 398)
Class Cephalocarida (12)
Class Remipedia (30)
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Phylum Arthropoda (92 817)
Subphylum Hexapoda (2 897)
Class Collembola (63)
Class Insecta (2 834)
Subphylum Myriapoda (15 742)
Class Chilopoda (62)
Class Diplopoda (15 089)
Class Pauropoda (491)
Class Symphyla (100)
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (0)
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 • Trilobite, all are extinct
• 2 anterior-posterior furrows divided the body into 3
regions (2 lateral, one central)
• Body flattened dorso-ventral, have compound eyes
• Biramous appendages

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 • Horseshoe crab
• Appendages on the ophistosoma are flattened and
modified for gas exchange as book gills
• Terminal portion of body (telson) drawn out into an
elongated spike.

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• Sea spiders
• Body not divided into distinct regions (tagmata)
• Unique proboscis at the anterior end
• Variable numbers of walking legs

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• 45,000 species, 6 major subclasses
• Head bears 5 pairs of appendages, including 2 pairs of
antennae
• Development include a triangular larvae form (nauplius)
bearing 3 pairs of appendages and a single medial eye.

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• Order Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Stomatopoda,

Euphausiacea
• Thorax with 8 segments, abdomen with 6-7 segments plus
a telson.
• Appendages on the sixth abdominal segment are flattened
to form uropods. Appendages generally biramous.

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• Artemia, Daphnia
• Primarily freshwater, coxa is modified to form a large,
flattened paddle, for locomotion and gas exchange
• Mostly filter feeders, some carnivorous
• Body partially enclosed in a bivalve carapace, some lack
• Undergoes cyclomorphosis

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• Head and body are enclosed in a bivalve carapace, which

lacks concentric growth rings
• Trunk of body possess no more than 2 pairs of limbs.

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• Paracalanus, Oithona, most abundant of zooplankton

• Thorax with 6 segments, abdomen with 5 segments
• First segment of thorax fused to head
• Loss of abdominal appendages
• Most species bear a single, naupliar eye

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• The ability of animals to generate light.

• In mesopelagic zone (200-1000m), 70-80% jellyfish,
cnetophor, prawn, squid and fish are luminescent.
• Bioluminescence involves the oxidation of luciferine, where
one molecule of oxygen reacts with luciferase enzyme.
• Sources of luminescence are from symbiotic bacteria,
extracellular excretion and specialized cells (photocyst).
• Some species of squids and fish exhibits counter
illummination that is the ability to become invisible.

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• Barnacles, Balanus
• All species highly modified for attachment to hard
substrates, including outer surfaces of other animals or for
parasitic life
• Thoracic limbs modified as filtering cirri, no abdomen

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Thank You

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