INVERTEBRATE

Invertebrate
• Invertebrates are the animals that have no
backbone (vertebral column, spinal cord), This is
by far the largest group in the animal kingdom:
97 percent of all animals are invertebrates.
Three Domain of Life

Based on 16S
rRNA gene

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Klasifikasi hewan invertebrata

So Invertebrates include the following phyla:

• Phylum: Protozoa
• Phylum: Porifera
• Phylum: Coelentrata
• Phylum: Platyhelminthes
• Phylum: Nematoda
• Phylum: Acanthocephala
• Phylum: Annelida
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Phylum: Mollusca
• Phylum: Echinodermata
• Protostomia (“mouth first”) division of the
animal kingdom (see the illustration inside the
front cover of this book). The name Protostomia
refers to the formation of the mouth from the
first embryological opening, the blastopore.
• Radial cleavage is characteristic of the
Deuterostomia (“mouth second”) division of the
animal kingdom, a grouping that includes
echinoderms (sea stars and their kin), chordates,
and hemichordates. In Deuterostomia, the
blastopore usually becomes the anus, while the
mouth forms secondarily
Karakteristik hewan invertebrata
• Tidak bertulang belakang
• Sistem pernafasan
• Kelompok hewan invertebrata hanya memiliki dua
sistem pernapasan, yaitu difusi dan sistem trakea
• Porifera bernapas dengan cara mengalirkan air
melalui pori-pori tubuhnya yang disebut dengan
ostium
• Peredaran darah
• Peredaran zat-zat di seluruh tubuhnya melalui proses
difusi, osmosis, dan transpor aktif
• Reproduksi: membelah diri
Porifera
Cnidarians, and Ctenophores
Flatworms, Ribbon Worms
Molluscs
 Annelids
• Annelida from latin "annellus"
meaning little ring
• Approximately 15,000 species
• Earth worms, leches
• The most diverse class
"polychaeta", mostly marine
organism
• Annelids are sometimes called
“bristle worms” because, bear
tiny chitinous bristles called
“setae” (L. seta, hair or bristle)
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Phylum Arthropoda
• Ar-throp’o-da (Gr. arthron, joint, + pous, podos, foot).
• The most abundant and diverse of all animal
(example: Insects)
• Prominent characteristic:
• Eucoelomate/coelomete protostomes
• Well developed organ systems
• Cuticular exoskeleton containing chitin
Why so diverse and abundant?

1. A versatile exoskeleton (Molting or Ecdysis)

2. Segmentation and appendages for more
efficient locomotion.
3. Air piped directly to cells.
4. Highly developed sensory organs.
5. Complex behavior patterns.
6. Reduced competition through metamorphosis.
 Subphylum Trilobita

• Trilobed shape of the

body
• Bottom dwellers
• Extinct 200 million years.
• Abundant during the
Cambrian dan Ordovician
periods.
• Scavenger
Subphylum Chelicerata
• Class Merostomata
• Subclass Eurypterida
• Eurypterid, or giant water scorpion.
• Lived 200-500 million years ago
• Reaching length 3 m.

• Subclass Xiphosurida: Horseshoe Crabs

• Ancient marine group from Cambrian period.
• 3 genera (five species) living today.
• Have unsegmented, i.e., carapace (hard dorsal shield) and a broad
abdomen.
• Has a long spinelike telson
• Some abdominal appendage book gills (flat leaflike gills) are
exposed.
• Feed at night on worms and small molluscs.
• Harmless to human.
Eurypterids
Horseshoe Crabs
Horseshoe
crab
• Class Malacostraca: Decapoda
Class Insecta
Distribusi dan adaptibilitas
• Occupied all habitat type, except marine
• In marine, found only in brackish water and
sandy seashore
• Abundant in freshwater, soil, forest and plants
• Parasite on plants or animal, even on other
insects.
Why insects distribute
successfully in varied habitat?
Why insects distribute
successfully in varied habitat?
• 3 possible causes!
1. Flight ability
2. Small sized and well protected egg may easily be
brought by wind, water, and other animal
3. Very adaptive. Hence, they are very diverse
Characteristics of Echinoderms
• One of the strangest and most unusual phylums
in the animal kingdom.
• Echinoderms are deuterostomes, which they
have in common with the chordates.
• All of the other invertebrates we learned about
this semester have been protostomes.
• No cephalization or brain, very few specialized
sensory organs.
Characteristics of Echinoderms

• Echinoderms have an endoskeleton made up of

dermal calcareous ossicles.
• A water-vascular system that controls tentacle-
like projections called tube feet.
• Development begins with a free-swimming,
bilateral larva, and a metamorphosis into a
radially symmetrical adult.
• Body not metameric, adult with radial,
pentamerous symmetry characterized by five or
more radiating areas
 The Water-Vascular System

• Echinoderms have a unique

system of canals and tube
feet that make up the Water
Vascular System.
• The primary functions of
the water-vascular system
are locomotion and
gathering food.
• The water-vascular system
also plays a role in
respiration and excretion.
Crown-of-thorns starfish
(Acanthaster planci)
Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
Class Echinoidea: Sea Urchins,
Sand Dollars, and Heart Urchins
Class Holothuroidea: Sea
Cucumbers
Class Crinoidea: Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
 Class Concentricycloidea: Sea
Daisies
• 3 species
• Xyloplax janetae
• Xyloplax medusiformis
• Xyloplax turnerae
• < 1 cm
• No arms
• Flattened disc body
Phylum
Hemichordata:
Acorn Worms
• Class Enteropneusta
• Class Pterobranchia
Position in animal kingdom
• 1. Hemichordates belong to the deuterostome
branch of the animal kingdom and are
enterocoelous coelomates with radial cleavage.
• 2. Hemichordates show some of both
echinoderm and chordate characteristics.
• 3. A chordate plan of structure is suggested by
gill slits and a restricted dorsal tubular nerve
cord.
• 4. Similarity to echinoderms is seen in larval
characteristics.
Manfaat Hewan Invertebrate??