Kingdom Animalia

By Dr Vipan Goyal
 Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic (has cell defined nucleus)

Multicellular organisms

True tissues

Heterotrophic nutrition
• Animalia divide into two parts :
• a)Protozoa : single cell / Ameoba
• b) Metazoa : Multicellular
• Metazoa divided into two parts
• Parazoa : lack this tissue organization,multicellular organisms having less-
specialized cells and less organised tissue.
• Eumetozoa : are animals whose tissue are organized into true tissues and
there is a development of organs and have more complexly organized tissue
 Protozoa
• Gr. Porots = first + zoon = animal)
• Considered animals because of heterotrophic nutrition and motility.
• One celled body performs all the biological activities like multicellular
animals. So they are termed as "Acellular" organism, proposed by
Dobell.
• Protozoans were first studied by Leeuwenhoek. And the name
Protozoa was coined by Goldfuss.
• The branch of study of protozons is known as Protozoology.
• Salient Features
• All the free living forms are aquatic,
• uninucleate or multinucleate protoplasm,
• protozoa CaCO3 & Silica shell's exoskeleton is found
• nuclei varies from one to many i.e. NUCLEAR
DIAMORPHISM.
• Example: Paramecium.
• They are asymmetrical or radially symmetrical or
bilaterally symmetrical.
• Locomotion is by means of-
• (a) Finger-like Pseudopodia e.g. Amoeba
• (b) Whip like Flagella e.g. Euglena
• (c) Hairy cillia e.g. Paramoecium
• Nutrition of Protozoans are mainly holozoic/
characterized by the internalized processing of gaseous,
liquid or solid food particles. (Amoeba), Mixotrophic.
(Euglena), Parasitic, Saprozoic (Plasmodium)
• Reproduction occurs by asexual and sexual methods. Reproduction takes place by
• Asexual:
• (a) Binary fission (Amoeba) division of a single entity into two or more parts and the
regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.
• (b) Transverse fission (Paramoecium)
• (c) Longitudinal fission (Trypansoma, Euglena)
• (d) Multiple fission (Plasmodium)
• (e) Budding : new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one
particular site
• Sexual:
• (a) Syngamy (Plasmodium)/ the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction.,
Conjugation (Paramoecium)/ the temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for
the exchange of genetic material. also form cyst which help in unfavourable condition for
reproduction of organism.
 PORIFERA/ SPONGES
• Characteristics
 No true tissues or organs, no symmetry
 Respiration takes place by diffusion
 No nerves or muscles
 Sessile
 Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or sio2
 Numerous pores called ostia found on the body surface
 The word “Porifera” means pore bearers (Gr., porus =
pore; ferre = to bear).
• Robert Grant (1825) finally proved that sponges are animals,
and coined the name ‘Porifera’ for these.
• Canal System : It helps in nutrition, respiration & excretion,
developed due to folding of inner wall
 PORIFERA/ SPONGES
• Skeletal system of sponges
• Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of:
 Spongin fibers
 Calcareous spicules
 Silica spicules
• Hermaphrodite. (Both male and female)
• Reproduction asexual by fragmentation and sexual by
gametes.
• Fertilisation is internal, development indirect.
• eg. Sycon, Spongilla (fresh water sponge), Euspongiaetc
(Bath Sponge).
 Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterate
• Aquatic (marine), Sessile or free living.
• Presence of Cnidoblasts or Cnidocytes or � Stinging cells.
• Cnidoblasts are for defence, anchorage or predation.
• Radial symmetry.
• Tissue level body organisation.
• Around the mouth some thread-like structure are found which
help in holding the food.
• Diploblastic
• Mouth and digestive cavity (blind sac gut)
• Ex: Portuguese Man-of-War, hydra, jelly fish, seawasp, sea
anemones, black coral and wire coral/ polyps (they make coral
reefs).
• Two body forms � Polyp (Asexual),
Medusa (Sexual) stage.
• Around the mouth there are tentacles
and in this nematocyst which helps in
feed, defence etc.

Example: Hydra, Physalia, Obelia,

Aurelia (jellyfish), metridium (sea
anemone), Physalia/ Portuguese man o'
war etc.
 Phylum Ctenophora (sea walnuts or comb jellies)
�
• Marine, radial symmetry, Diploblastic, tissue grade.
• Eight external rows of Comb Plates.
• Bioluminescence. (emission of light)
• eg. Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia etc.
• Reproduction sexual.
 Phylum Platyhelminthes
• No body cavity / Acoelomate
• Bilaterally symmetrical and Triploblastic
• No skeleton, respiratory and circulatory organs.
• Sensory organs at front
• Many are parasites
• Excretion & osmoregulation takes place by flame cells
• Anus absent
• Alimentary canal with single opening.
• Hermaphrodite
• Reproduction � Sexual - Fertilisation internal.
• Organ level organisation.
• eg. Taeniasolium(Tape worm), Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke).
• Planaria, cystosoma (Blood fluke)
• Flatworm: Sensory organs are at front. These are called ganglia and located at the
front.
 Phylum Nematode/ Ascheleminthes
• Called roundworm
• Free living or parasitic, aquatic and terrestrial. Bilateral
symmetry and Triploblastic.
• Pseudocoelomate /Artificial Cavity
• Mouth and anus both are present
• No circulatory system, no respiratory system
• Nervous system present
• Many are parasites
• Excretion takes place through PROTONEPHRIDA
• Male smaller and thinner than female. Fertilisation internal,
development direct or indirect.
• cuticle outer body.
 Phylum Nematode/ Ascheleminthes
• eg. Ascaris lumbricoides , Wucheraria bancroftii (Filiarais)
• The scientific name of roundworm is called Ascaris lumbricoides.
• Enterobius – Threadworm/ Pin worm – It is found in the anus of the child,
children fell itching at night, vomiting is frequent.
 Phylum Annelida
• Aquatic or terrestrial.
• Free living or parasitic.
• Segmented body
• Earthworm(Pheretima), Nereis etc.
• Earthworm is also called natural
farmer.
• Leeches (they have a anti-clotting
agent in their blood called HIRUDIN
(Hirudania granulosa)which helps
them in sucking blood)
• Locomotion takes place through Setae,
it is made up of chitin.
• Respiration takes place through Skin, in
some it takes place through Coelom.
• Excretion takes place through
NEPHRIDIA ,
Reproduction: � Sexual.
• Nervous system is normal and blood is
red.
• There are four pairs of heart in
earthworm.
 Phylum Arthropoda (Jointed legs)
• Largest phylum, Triploblastic (3 germlayers:
endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm)
• Cavity: Coelomate(hollow fluid filled cavity
completely surrounded by mesoderm).
• Jointed appendages(legs and antennae)
• Jointed exoskeleton (protection and support) –
made of 3 layers
 Outer: protein, lipid (waxy, repels water)
 Middle: protein, chitin (mainly
protection), some have CaCO3 too.
 Inner : protein, chitin(flexible at joints;
allows for movements; attach to muscles).
 Phylum Arthropoda
• Body - Head, Thorax and Abdomen(three
parts).
• Respiration by gills, book lungs and trachea.
• Excretion by malpighian tubules.
• The body cavity is known as haemocoel
because it is filled with blood.
• Unisexual and fertilisation takes place inside
the body.
• Circulatory system: all have an open system -
heart pumps circulatory fluid through vessels
that empty into spaces in the body
• Nervous system: brain, nerves, compound eyes
(help as light detectors that each have lenses)
 Phylum Arthropoda
• Molting : shedding of exoskeleton
• Some restaurants sell these freshly molted animals
“soft-shelled crabs”.
• Phylogeny of ARTHROPODS
 Spiders, lobsters, insects (butterflies)
 Most species; 80% are insects
 Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)
 Circulatory system with blood, heart.
 Ex: Horshoe crab, Pycnogonida, lobster, crab,
shrimp
• e.g. Flies, Cockroach, mosquitoes, bees all they have 3
pairs of feet. Spiders, scorpions all have 4 pairs of legs.
• Lepsima is also known as silver fish
 Phylum Mollusca
• Soft body animals. Second largest phylum.
• More than 5 lakhs known species under this
class
• Body is divided into head and muscular foot
• Respiration takes place through GILLS or
Ctenidia
• Well developed circulatory system
• Nervous system with brain
• Blood is colorless.
• Respiration takes place through GILLS or
Ctenidia
 Phylum Mollusca
• Three main parts:
 Muscular foot- for movement
 Visceral mass – contains most of the
internal organs
 Mantle cavity – houses gills
• Unisexual.
• Sensory tentacles on head and Radula in
mouth.
• Oviparous.
• -eg.Pila, Octopus etc
• Octopus (Devilfish), sepia (cuttlefish),
• Neopilina is the connective link between
anellida and mollusc
 Mollusc
• Popular Mollusc
 Aplysia: Sea rabbit
 Doris: Sea lemon
 Octopus: Devil fish
 Sepia: Cuttle fish
 Phylum Echinodermata
• No circulatory system
• No respiratory system
• Excretion by diffusion
• Simple nervous system, no brain
• Body cavity has water vascular system ( characterstic
feature)
• Tube feet is used for capture and transport of food and
respiration.
• Star fish: Present water vascular system
 Tube feet: used for walking, clinging to substrate and
holding food.
 Sea urchin, sea cucumber
 CHORDATA
• Have notochord which convert into vertebrae
• Have dorsal hollow nerve cord which converts
into neural tube and brain
• It is divided into 3 parts:
 Uro-chordota: Only the larvae has a
notochord and nerve cord, adults usually lose
tail; eg :Tunicates
 Cephalo-chordata: Notochord persists
throughout animal’s life; includes lancelots;
the closest relatives to the vertebrates.
 Vertebrates: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
 CHORDATA
• Internal body skeleton
• Backbone encasing spinal column
• Skull- encased brain
• Deutero-stome (first there is a formation
of anus and then formation of mouth
like human
• Vertebrata: Agnatha (jawless fish), Fish,
Sharks, Tetrapods
Class Agnatha

Hagfish

Jawless fish

Lamprey
 Class Chondrichthyes
• Fish made up of cartilage
• Characteristics
 Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
 Posses jaws with teeth
 Cartilaginous skeleton
 Possesses 5-7 gills
 No swim bladder
 Hetero-cercal tail
 Ampulla of lorenzeni (detects weak
magnetic fields produced by other
fish)
 Class Osteichthyes
• Characteristics
 Posses jaws with teeth, bony
skeleton
 Gills covered by operculum
 Swim bladder
 Homo-cercal tail
 AMPHIBIANS
Characteristics
• Body structure: Legs (tetra-pods), Moist skin (for
exchange of gases)
• Body function
 Lungs(positive pressure) and diffusion through skin
for gas exchange
 Three chambered heart
 Ecto-therms- cold blooded(body temperature
changes with the change in temperature of the
environment)
• Aquatic and terrestrial both
• Heart three chambered. Two auricle and one ventricle
 AMPHIBIANS
• Two phase of life : Tadpole (water), and Adult ( land)
• Respiration by gills, skin and lungs.
• Sexes separate.
• Reproduction
 External fertilization
 External development in aquatic egg
 Metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
• Eg: frog( Rana tigrina)
• Bufo(salamanderTo,)
 REPTILES
Characteristics
• Body structure: Dry skin, scales, armor
• Body function
 Lungs for exchange of gases
 3 chambered heart except crocodile
 Ecto-therms- Cold blooded
• Reproduction
 Internal fertilization
 External development in amniotic egg
• Eg: Mariana iguana, Salt water crocodile, Marine Turtle, Sea snake
 Important points
• Mesozoic era is called age of reptiles
• Cobra is the only snake which makes nests
• Heloderma is the only poisonous lizard
• Sea snake which is called hydrophis is world’s most poisonous snake
 BIRDS (Aves)
Characteristics
• Body structure: feathers and wings.
Thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton.
• Body function
 Very efficient lungs and air sacs
 Four chambered heart
 Endotherms - warm blooded
 BIRDS (Aves)
• Reproduction
 Internal fertilization
 External fertilization
 Amniotic egg (Inside the egg are a
series of fluid-filled membranes
which permit the embryo to survive)
 Archaeopteryx is considered as a
connecting link between reptiles and
birds, thereby suggesting that birds have
evolved from reptiles.
 Class Mammalia
Warm blooded

Have fur or hair

Suckle young

3 Middle ear bones

(Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
Monotremes / Prototheria

Egg- laying mammals

Lack placenta and true nipples

Ex: Duckbilled platypus, echidna

Marsupials/ Metatheria
Pouched mammals

Offspring feed from nipples in pouch

Short-lived placenta

Koala, kangaroo, Opossum

 EUTHERIA

It bears the well developed child

Well developed placenta

e.g. Humans
Thank You