GRADE –XI

SUBJECT- BIOLOGY

•LESSON- 4
ANIMAL KINGDOM
ANIMAL KINGDOM
• LEARNING OBJECTIVE –
• To restate the characteristics of various Phyla of the Animal
Kingdom.
• - To explain the various parameters on the basis of which
Classification of Animals is accomplished.

• LEARNING OUTCOME-
• -Able to frame well labelled diagrams to represent Body symmetry
, Germinal layers and Coelomic cavity in animals.
• -Able to formulate the tabular chart and construct flowline charts
to depict the basis of classification of Animals ( Invertebrates).
RECAP….
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION-

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION AND BODY SYMMETRY

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION-
COELOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION-
GERM LAYERS
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION-
SEGMENTATION AND NOTOCHORD
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS-
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF DIFFERENT PHYLA
 PHYLUM- PORIFERA

• All are aquatic, mostly marine but few are found in fresh water.
• These are sessile, solitary or colonial. Entire body with pores i.e. numerous mouthlets (Ostia)
and one opening for exit (Osculum).
• Sponges have various body form and shapes i.e. vase shape, cylindrical with radial symmetry,
irregular shape (asymmetrical).
• Sponges have cellular level of organisation with two germ layers i.e. Diploblastic and do not
possess head and appendages.
• Body wall encloses a large cavity, the spongocoel or paragastric cavity. Choanocytes with
flagella is lined in spongocoel and radial canal.
• Canal system helps in nutrition, respiration & excretion. Canals are developed due to
folding of inner wall.
• Skeleton is internal, consisting of tiny calcareous siliceous Spicules.
• Respiration and excretion takes place by diffusion of gases through body surface. Excretory
matter is ammonia. Sponges do not have nervous system..
• All sponges are Hermaphrodites.
• Gemmules (mostly found in freshwater sponge) resume growing, when the environment
becomes less hostile.
 COELONTERATA (CNIDARIA)

• Tissue level of organization of the body.

• • Special stinging cells, the Cnidoblasts, for defence and offence.
• • Incomplete digestive tract bounded by body wall.
• • A simple nervous system in the form of a network of nerve cells and fibres.
• Coelenterates have two types of zooids (individual) – Polyps and Medusae.
• POLYP-Cylindrical in shape, Mostly sessile, but sometimes motile ,May be solitary or
often lives in large colonies, ASEXUAL STAGE
• MEDUSA-Umbrella like, Free swimming , Always solitary, SEXUAL STAGE
• If both are found in a species, two forms alternate in life cycle. ( Alternation of
generation or Metagenesis ).
• Group of different types of zooids in polyp or medusa, show polymorphism.
• Coelenterates are usually having Radial symmetry and have a tissue level of
organisation.
POLYP (SEXUAL ) AND MEDUSA ( ASEXUAL) STAGES - METAGENESIS
 CTENOPHORA

• These animals are known for their beauty and delicate nature. In sunlight,
their comb-plate gives the effect of a rainbow.
• The animals of this phylum are known as, "Sea-gooseberries" or
"Comb-Jellies" or "Sea-walnuts".
• All animals are marine and pelagic (float on sea surface) and show
Bioluminescence.
• Animals are triploblastic.
• Locomotion takes place by the presence of 8 ciliary comb plates on the
body surface.
• All animals are bisexual. Complex type of sexual reproduction is found.
Metagenesis is absent. Regeneration is normally found.
• Development is of indirect type.
 PLATYHELMINTHES

• Platyhelminthes includes Flatworms. It is the most primitive bilateral

animals. These are free living, terrestrial, fresh water, marine or parasitic.
• Body organisation is of organ grade.
• Flatworms are triploblastic ,bilaterally symmetrical and Acoelomate
animals.
• Animal respire through body surface. Digestive system is incomplete due to
the presence of only one opening.
• Excretory organs are Protonephridia or flame-cells. These also help in
osmoregulation.
• All animals are bisexual. Reproductive system is complex and Fertilization is
external with direct development. Development may be direct or indirect
 ASCHELMINTHES
• Also known as Roundworms.
• Nematodes are found everywhere in freshwater, sea water, humus-rich soil.
Many act as parasites and cause health problems.
• Animal of this phylum are cylindrical, tapering at both ends without
segmentation.
• These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, having organ-system level
and Pseudocoelomate.
• Anterior end does not show distinct head, with no appendage.
• Digestive tract is complete and differentiated into the mouth, pharynx,
intestine & anus.
• Respiration is through body surface by diffusion.
• Excretory system consists of Protonephridia. Excretory matter is ammonia.
• Reproduction system is developed and sexes are generally separate. (
DIOECIOUS)
• Fertilization is internal and development is mostly direct or indirect.
 ANNELIDA
• These are free living found in moist soil, fresh water, sea or few exist as
parasites.
• Body is soft, elongated, cylindrical or flattened divided into segments or
Metameres by ring like, grooves called Annuli.
• Symmetry - Bilateral, Germ layer - Triploblastic, Level of organisation -
Organ-system level
• Appendages are simple, unjointed, and locomotory having chitinous Setae and
Parapodia.
• Body cavity is true coelom. Digestive tract is complete, Respiration is through
skin and Circulatory system is closed.
• Excretory organ is Nephridia-Coiled tubules also helps in osmoregulation.
Excretory matter is ammonia in aquatic form and urea in land form.
• Nervous system consists of Double ventral nerve cord with ganglia.
• Dioecious, Sexes may be separate or united. Earthworms and Leeches are
Monoecious.
• Reproduction is sexual.
RECALLING….
 ARTHROPODA
• Arthropoda is the biggest phylum.
• Phylum includes crabs, prawns, insects, spiders and scorpions. Fossil arthropods are
called trilobites.
• Body is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic , segmented and coelomate, with organ
system level of organisation.
• Head is distinct (high degree of cephalization) .Some or all segments bear Jointed
appendages. Hence, name arthros - joints, poda - foot.
• No internal segmentation.
• Body cavity around viscera contains blood and is called the Haemocoel.
• Respiration through body surface or special structures such as gills, trachea, Book-lungs ,
etc
• Circulatory system is open .Blood is called Haemolymph.
• Excretory organs are Antennary or green glands , Coxal gland and Malpighian
tubules.
• Dioecious, Oviparous, Internal fertilisation and Direct or Indirect development.
 MOLLUSCA
• It is the second largest phylum.
• Mollusca (soft bodied) are marine, some are also found in freshwater or on land.
• Are usually bilaterallly symmetrical, triploblastic with organ system level and
coelomate.
• A glandular fold, the mantle, over the body.
• Space between hump and mantle is called Mantle cavity with gills, anal,
excretory and genital apertures in it.
• Gills have Respiratory and Excretory functions
• Calcareous shell around the body , Unsegmented with Head, Muscular foot and
Visceral hump.
• Anterior head region has sensory tentacles.
• A rasping organ, the Radula, is present in the buccal cavity.
• Dioecious , oviparous and indirect development.
 ECHINODERMATA

• Body is Unsegmented with Bilateral symmetry in larva and Radial symmetry in

adults.
• Echinoderms are Triploblastic with organ - system level of organisation and
Coelomate.
• Mesodermal endoskeleton of calcareous plates, usually with spines, hence the name
Echinoderms ( Spiny bodied), Complete digestive system .
• Modification of a part of the coelom into a Water vascular system for aid in
locomotion, capture and transport of food , and Respiration.
• Characteristic Tube feet for locomotion.
• Excretory system absent, Sexes separate and Reproduction is sexual .
• External fertilisation and Indirect development with free- swimming larva.
 HEMICHORDATA

• Hemichordata was earlier considered as sub-phylum under phylum

Chordata. But now, it is placed as a separate phylum under Non-
Chordata.
• Modern taxonomists do not include Hemichordata in Chordata phylum.
• Hemichordata is the connecting link between Non-Chordata & Chordata.
• Body is worm like, brittle and soft and divided into three parts –
Proboscis, Collar and Trunk, with organ- system level of organisation.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and Coelomate.
• Open Circulatory system, Respiration takes place through gills and
Excretion through Proboscis gland.
• Sexes are separate, External fertilisation and Indirect development.
CHORDATES AND NON- CHORDATES
SUMMING UP….
 ASSESSMENT…

• SOLUTION
• Scorpion, Spider and
Cockroach

All these three animals are

Invertebrates and Non-
chordates. Therefore,
possess ventral solid
central nervous system.
 EXTENDED LEARNING

• BIOLUMINESCENCE
• Bioluminescence is the production and
emission of light by a living organism. It is a
form of chemiluminescence. Bioluminescence
occurs widely in marine vertebrates and
invertebrates, as well as in some fungi,
microorganisms including some
bioluminescent bacteria, and terrestrial
arthropods such as fireflies.

• https://images.app.goo.gl/KevwdVszNjTqggwU6
HOME ASSIGNMENT

• FRAME A TABULAR CHART TO SHOW THE

VARIOUS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
VARIOUS PHYLA OF ANIMALIA BELONGING
TO INVERTEBRATA.
DORSAL VIEW AND VENTRAL VIEW – EXTERNAL
FEATURES OF EARTHWORM
ALIMENTARY CANAL OF EARTHWORM
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN EARTHWORM
NEPHRIDIAL SYSTEM IN EARTHWORM-
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM