CLASSIFICATION

Grouping & Identifying Living

Things
 CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS
• We put livings things into three Domains
Eukarya Bacteria Archaea
• Which are divided into 6 Kingdoms
Plant Animal Fungi
Protist Eubacteria Archaebacteria

• We are in the Domain Eukarya and the Kingdom Animalia

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
• So…what makes an animal an animal?
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotes
• Usually reproduce sexually
• Have many specialized parts
• Are able to move
• Heterotrophs
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
• All animals have specialized parts that do specific jobs.
• Cephalization- the presence of distinct anterior end (head) and
distinct posterior end (tail)
• Animals have different types of cells (ex. Heart cell vs. brain cell)
• Animals have different kinds of tissues for their various organs.
• The different organs in an animal perform different jobs for the
whole body.
 SYMMETRY
• Bilateral—Can be divided into two mirror-images halves

• Radial—many lines of symmetry through a central location

 ANIMALS
• Animals are spilt into two major groups:

• Vertebrates
• Phylum Chordata

• Invertebrates
• Most animals are invertebrates
• 29 different Phyla
 PHYLUM CHORDATES

CHARACTERISTICS
Notochord
It is a longitudinal, cartilaginous rod running between the nerve cord and the
digestive tract. It acts as a support for the nerve cord and is replaced by the vertebral
column after the embryonic stage in all vertebrates.
Dorsal Nerve Cord
It is a bundle of nerves running along the “back” and splits into the brain and the
spinal cord. It is hollow and lies dorsal to the notochord.
Pharyngeal Slits
They are the openings which allow the entry of water through the mouth without
entering the digestive system viz. they connect mouth and throat. All Chordates have
these openings on the lateral sides of the pharynx at some stage of their life.
Post anal Tail
It is an extension of the body to the anus. In chordates, the tail is composed of
skeletal muscles which help in locomotion in fish-like species. It is absent in most
of the adult Chordates.
Phylum Chordata is classified into three subphyla, namely

1.Urochordata (tunicates),
2.Cephalochordata (lancelets)

• Invertebrate chordates do not have a backbone.

• Invertebrate chordates include tunicates and lancelets.

3. Vertebrata (vertebrates).
 VERTEBRATES
• These are animals with a backbone.
• There are five groups of vertebrates:

• Amphibians
• Birds
• Fish
• Mammals
• Reptiles
 ENDO OR ECTO?
• Endothermic means their body temperature does not change much, even
when the temperature of the environment changes. (Warm Blooded)
• Mammals and Birds
• Ectothermic means their body temperature changes with the
environment. (cold blooded)
• Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
 MAMMALS
• Have hair or fur and produce
milk
• Specialized teeth
• Give birth to live offspring
(no eggs)
• Have a four chambered heart
• Endothermic
 BIRDS
• Have feathers, scales on feet
and legs and hollow bones
• Have a gizzard that holds small
stones to help grind food
• Have a four chambered heart
• Lay hard shelled eggs
• Endothermic
• Have wet scales
FISH
• Lays eggs in water
• Lives in water
• Uses gills for breathing
• Ectothermic
 AMPHIBIANS
• Have moist skin
• Obtains oxygen through lungs and
skin
• Lay jelly coated eggs in water
• Lives on land and water
• Ectothermic
 REPTILES
• Have dry scales
• Lay waterproof eggs on land
• Skin is adapted to keep water
in the body
• Breaths through lungs
• Ectothermic
SUMMARY OF VERTEBRATES
 INVERTEBRATES
• These are animals without a backbone
• There are eight groups of invertebrates

• Mollusks
• Flatworms
• Segmented Worms
• Roundworms
• Sponges
• Echinoderms
• Cnidarians
• Arthropods
 SPONGES (PORIFERA)
• Filter feed
• Simplest Animals
• asymmetrical
• Reproduce sexually and
asexually
 WORMS
• Bilateral symmetry
• Have head and tail ends
• Simplest organism with a brain
 FLATWORMS

• Have flat worm like bodies

• Tapeworms and planarians
 ANNELIDS—SEGMENTED
WORMS
• Have bodies made up of many
linked sections
• Earthworms
 ROUNDWORMS
• Digestive system is like a tube
open at both ends
• Have bodies with no segments
• Ex. ascaris
 ARTHROPODS
• Have
• Segmented bodies
• Jointed appendages
• External skeleton
• There are four group of arthropods:
• Arachnids
• Crustaceans
• Insects
• Centipedes & Millipedes
 ARTHROPODS - ARACHNID
• Have four pairs of legs.
• Have bodies divided into two
sections
• Ex. spiders
 ARTHROPODS – CENTIPEDES
& MILLIPEDES
• Have long thin bodies and pairs of
legs on each of their many body
sections
 ARTHROPODS - CRUSTACEAN
• Have five-seven pairs of legs
• First pair often used as pinchers
• Bodies covered in shell
• Ex.. Crabs, shrimp
 ARTHROPODS - INSECTS
• Have three pairs of legs
• Bodies divided into three sections
• Often have wings
 MOLLUSKS
• Soft bodies, some have a hard outer
shell, foot for moving
• Three Groups
• Gastropod-most diverse
(ex: Snails, slugs)
• Bivalve (Ex: Clams,
Mussles)
• Cephalopod (Ex: Octopus, Squid)
 CNIDARIANS
• Have stinging tentacles
• Radial Symmetry
• Two body forms
• Medusa-the form during the
movement stage of life
• Polyp- sessile (doesn’t move)
 MEDUSA POLYP
• Shaped like a bowl • Shaped like a vase
 ECHINODERMS
• Have radial symmetry
• Have spiny outer covering
• Have a water vascular system