Animal Kingdom by Rakshita Singh (1)

ANIMAL
KINGDOM
By Bakshita
->
single
=
-
Animals
-
+ Chordates
Non-choudates
-
Vestebrata
protochordates
↓ 7.
Gnatho-
Agantha
stomata
/1,
pisces Tetrafods.
↑choudates
↓
①porifera
② coelentrate
③ (tenophora
④ Panhelminthes
⑦
Aschelminthes
⑥ Annelida
I
Arthropoda
⑦
⑧ mollusca
⑨ Echinodermata
⑩ Hemichordata
⑪Chordata
CHORBATES
# I
Animals
millions of
↓
Need for classification
↓
also for systematic positioning
of newly described species.
dift in structure a forms
B asis -> Animals
->
=
↓x
butfundamental features
common.
↓
Nature
cells arrangement, body symmetry,
of coelom, Digestive patterns,
circulatory or reproductive systems.

① 1of organiation
cell
sponges (as
loose
->
Cellular
aggregata)
↓
-> coelenrata
Tissue
Stenophosa
↓
organ ->
platyhelminther
Aschelminthes
↓ Annelida onwards
->
Organ system xXX
All members multicellular

-
TOM
DUSING
②
->
complete
incomplete ↓/
eg. platyhelminthes I
openings
1c
one
single opening ↓ 7x
outside body mouth Anus.
↓/
as both
serves
mouth & anm
STM
cULATORY
③
-
osed type
open Type ↓
↓
blood circulates
blood jumped
heart through a
out of
series of
↓ vessels of
cells & tissues diameters
various
bathed
directly ↓,
into it.
Asteries
veins
Capillaria
④smetry.
-> sponges
Asymmetrical
CAnyManepassing throughended anal navvel.
->
coelentrata
Radial tenophora
(Any plane through central axis Echinodermata
halves.
divides body into a equal
Bilateral > Plathelminthes

in a equal halves
↓
divided
Body
only in one plane.
⑤ Gam RS
=
porifera
107 specified
coelencata
Diploblastic ->
Ectodesm Ctenophosa
undifferentiated mesoglea
Endoderm
Triploblastic
platyhelminthes
->
↓!b
Ectoderm
mesoderm
Endodes
⑥YCADITY IOM -body cavity blw
wall a gut wall.
body
-> porifera
Accelomates coelentrato
o
Body cavity ctenophosa
patyhelminthes
pseudocoelomates -> Aschelminthes

mesodeam present
as scattered pouches.
Annelida
True collomats ->
Id!
lined
Body cavity
mesoderm.
by
⑦ MENTATION -Metamerism
1
is externally a internally
Body
divided segments
into of serial
repetition of
come
atleast
organs.
Earthworm
eg.
=
-
--
->
Anneida
Arthropoda
Chordata.
⑧ #OCHORD
derived rod-like
↳ mesodermally
doval side
structure formed on
embryonic development
during
L/ ->
④ ⑦
↓
4,
Non-Chordate.
choodates
main
posijerorgam.nmemenialsmotton ↓
one
Ascoelomaty
coelenpate Tissue
tenopnoua
mari na
Maxyhelminthes organ
&
on
Aschelminthes -
-
Annelida
organ
Asthorpuda gy stem
Mollusca
scinomas
COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT FROM PORIFERA TO ASCHELMINTHES
Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

Parameters
(Cnidaria) (Sea walnuts) (Flatworms) (Round worms)
(Sponges)
Mostly Mostly marine, Exclusively Free living or Aquatic,

Habitat
/Habit
marine, some are marine parasitic terrestrial,

some are fresh water parasitic in
fresh water (Hydra), plants and
(Spongilla) sessile or free animals
swimming
Exoskeleton
Coral forms
have skeleton x x
x x
of CaCO,
Endoskeleton
Spicules/spon
gin fibres x x x x

Parameters
(Sponges)
Digestive
Digestive system Extracellular Digestive Complete
Digestion
Digestive
system/
system incomplete → and system alimentary

absent Mouth on intracellular incomplete with canal with
Intracellula hypostome digestion single opening muscular
r digestion leading to body Extracellular pharynx
cavity digestion Extracellular
Gastro- Some forms digestion
vascular cavity absorb food
Intra and directly from
extracellular body surface
digestion
Free living-
Respiratory
structure
Free living- body Free

Cell surface Body wall Body wall body living-body
surface surface

Parameters
(Sponges)
Circulatory
system
Circulating Circulating Circulating Circulating Circulating

fluid water fluid water fluid water fluid water fluid water
Circulating
Circulating Circulating Circulating

fluid water
fluid water fluid water fluid water
Flame cells Excretory

Body Body Body
Excretory
(Protonephridia tube opens

system/
Surface
surface surface surface ) for excretion out through

and excretory
osmoregulation pore

Parameters
(Sponges)
Nervous
system
x Neurons
appear
reproduction
Fragmentati Budding High

Asexual
on, x regeneration- x
gemmule Planaria
formation capacity
reproduction
Present Present Present Present Distinctly

Sexual
Hermaphro Hermaphro Hermaphro dioecious

dites dites dites

Parameters
(Sponges)
Development Fertilization
Internal External External Internal Internal
Indirect, Indirect Indirect/dire

larva Indirect through
Indirect/direct ct (young
morphologi many larval one
cally stages resembles
distinct
adult)
from adult

Parameters
(Sponges)
Name derived from Circular in
Water canal 8 external rowsof Dorsoventrally
cnidoblasts/ cross-section
system comb plates for flattened body o
cnidocytes
Hooks and suckers 01" ones with
features and
locomotion, hence,
examples
containg complete
Unique
called comb jellies present in parasitic

Functions nematocysts forms 1" ones with alimentary
- Food present on body Exhibit
bilateral canal
gathering and tentacles. Bioluminescence
-Respiratory Le.. property to Females
Functions symmetry
exchange emit light longer than
Anchorage, Examples:
-Removal of Examples: male
Defense Capture of
wastes prey Ctenoplana, Posterior end
curved in
Choanocytes/c Obelia exhibits males
ollar cells line 2 basic forms: Examples:
the spongocoel Wuchereria
(central cavity). Examples: (Filaria
Physalia (Portuguese man-of- worm),
war). Pennatula (Sea-pen),
Ancylostoma
Gorgonia
(Sea-fan), Meandrina (Brain coral) (Hookworm)
Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Soft bodied Echinodermata Hemichorda
Parameters (Segmented (Joint appendages Second Largest (Spiny skinned) (Half chordate
worms) Largest Phylum Phylum
Habitat
Aquatic and Aquatic and Aquatic and Exclusively Exclusively

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial marine marine
Body divisions/
Distinct Head, Head, Star like

appearance
Proboscis,
segments thorax, muscular foot
collar, trunk
metameres abdomen visceral hump
(worm like)
/annuli
Longitudinal
and circular Water
Locomotory
Muscular
Joined x
structure
muscles vascular
appendages foot
Parapodia/lat system
eral
appendages
in some

Exoskeleton
x Chitinous/Cu Calcareous Spines x

ticle shells
Digestive system
Mouth with Mouth-lower

file like side/ventral
rasping Anus-upper
organ, radula side/dorsal
for feeding
system/ surface
Body surface Gills, book Feather like Water

Respiratory
gills. tracheal gills in vascular Gills

system, book mantle cavity system
lungs

Closed open
Circulatory
open open open

system
Excretory
Proboscis
x
system
Nephridia Malpighian Gills

gland
tubules
Nervous system
Paired Paired
ganglia with ganglia with
double double
ventral nerve ventral nerve
cord cord

Sense organs
Eyes (simple,
Tentacles
Eyes, compound).
Tentacles Antennae,
Statocyst
(balancing)
Monoecious-
Dioecious
Earthworm,
Mono/
Leech Mostly Usually Dioecious Dioecious

Dioecious- dioecious dioecious
Nereis (aquatic
form)
Fertilization
External/ Usually internal External Usually external External

internal

Development
Direct/Indirect Direct/Indirect Indirect Indirect with free Indirect

swimming larva
Unique features
and Examples
1" ones with Water

Examples: Soft and spongy layer Presence of
helps in
metameric Economically of rudimentary
vascular sytem that
important insects- skin forms a mantle stomochord
segmentation over the visceral hump.
Locomotion Capture
Apis (Honey bee), and Earlier
and true Bombyx
Space between hump
transport of food L considered as
and mantle is mantle
coelom (Silkworm), Laccifer
cavity.
Respiration subphylum under
(Lac insect Presence of Calcareous phylum Chordata
Examples: Examples: Sepia
ossicles
Vectors- (Cuttlefish). but now placed
Pheretima Anopheles,Culex Loligo (Squid). Pinctada
Examples:
as separate
Cucumaria (Sea
(Earthworm) Aedes (Mosquitoes) (Pearl oyster),
cucumber),
phylum under
Living foss-Limulus Dentalium (Tusk shell, non-chordata
Echinus (Sea urchin),
Chaetopleura (Chiton). Examples:
(King crab) Antedon (Sea lily)
Aplysia (Seahare) Saccoglossus
Examples
- ① Prifera sycon
↓/ ② spongilla
sponges Euspongia
⑨ Coelentrata
- >
Godin
on
#admi P 1iy a aus

2
Brain vala
-K -
↓/ Adamsia penntula Aurelia
Brain coral
* king.
Dre solve
40
mysics
Unidaria.
onusalia
③ Ctenophora
-L
↓-
↳
pleurobrachia
Itenoplana
④ platyhelminthes
&
↓
plane plate
-
↓
planaria
food
Fasciola
I
3 times
↳ Taenia
⑦ minthes
A
↳ -> Round worm
Round Gumaungi
dalke -> Hook worm
Hook
Fill Kodungi -> Filarial worm.


Habitat
Aquatic and Aquatic and Aquatic and Exclusively Exclusively

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial marine marine
Body divisions/
Distinct Head, Head, Star like

appearance
Proboscis,
segments thorax, muscular foot
collar, trunk
metameres abdomen visceral hump
(worm like)
/annuli
Longitudinal
and circular Water
Locomotory
Muscular
Joined x
structure
muscles vascular
appendages foot
Parapodia/lat system
eral
appendages
in some

Exoskeleton
x Chitinous/Cu Calcareous Spines x

ticle shells
Digestive system
Mouth with Mouth-lower

file like side/ventral
rasping Anus-upper
organ, radula side/dorsal
for feeding
system/ surface
Body surface Gills, book Feather like Water

Respiratory
gills. tracheal gills in vascular Gills

system, book mantle cavity system
lungs

Closed open
Circulatory
open open open

system
Excretory
Proboscis
x
system
Nephridia Malpighian Gills

gland
tubules
Nervous system
Paired Paired
ganglia with ganglia with
double double
ventral nerve ventral nerve
cord cord

Sense organs
Eyes (simple,
Tentacles
Eyes, compound).
Tentacles Antennae,
Statocyst
(balancing)
Monoecious-
Dioecious
Earthworm,
Mono/
Leech Mostly Usually Dioecious Dioecious

Dioecious- dioecious dioecious
Nereis (aquatic
form)
Fertilization
External/ Usually internal External Usually external External

internal

Development
Direct/Indirect Direct/Indirect Indirect Indirect with free Indirect

swimming larva
Unique features
and Examples
1" ones with Water

Examples: Soft and spongy layer Presence of
helps in
metameric Economically of rudimentary
vascular sytem that
important insects- skin forms a mantle stomochord
segmentation over the visceral hump.
Locomotion Capture
Apis (Honey bee), and Earlier
and true Bombyx
Space between hump
transport of food L considered as
and mantle is mantle
coelom (Silkworm), Laccifer
cavity.
Respiration subphylum under
(Lac insect Presence of Calcareous phylum Chordata
Examples: Examples: Sepia
ossicles
Vectors- (Cuttlefish). but now placed
Pheretima Anopheles,Culex Loligo (Squid). Pinctada
Examples:
as separate
Cucumaria (Sea
(Earthworm) Aedes (Mosquitoes) (Pearl oyster),
cucumber),
phylum under
Living foss-Limulus Dentalium (Tusk shell, non-chordata
Echinus (Sea urchin),
Chaetopleura (Chiton). Examples:
(King crab) Antedon (Sea lily)
Aplysia (Seahare) Saccoglossus
① Annelida
-
Navi
Ne K Saath
2
K Naz
xieries Hisdinaria
phere line
->prevetima
② Asopoda.
③ mollusca. +
Phir
-
se octopus
-
-
pinctada sepia octopus

Aap Chai Pe LO
henge - - - -
Pila Loligo
Dentaium Aplysia Chaetopleura
④ Enodermata asked 70r
office mein ny
& Antedon Asterias
ophinuria
&k cucumber.
--
Echinus Cucumania.
⑤ Hemichordata
⑨
↓ ->
Balanoglossus saccoglossus.
PHYLUM-CHORDATA
General Features:
1. Triploblastic organisms
2. Bilaterally symmetrical
3. Coelomates
4. Organ-system level of
organisation
5. Closed circulatory system
CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATES
Urochordatal Cephalochordata Vertebrata

Parameters
Tunicata
Protochordates
Vanety of habitats
Polar ice caps,
Habitat Exclusively marine deserts,
mountains forests,
grasslands and
dark caves
Present in
Extends from embryonic stage
Notochod Only in larval
head to tail and replaced by
tail cartilaginous or
and persists bony vertebral
throughout column in the adult
their life
CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATES
Urochordatal Cephalochordata Vertebrata

Parameters
Tunicata
Sconodon
Branchiostom (Dog fish),
Examples Salpa,
a (Amphioxus Rana (Frog)
Doliolum
or Lancelet) Crocodilus
(Crocodile),
Pavo
(Peacock).
Canis (Dog)
CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES
Division
Parameters Agnatha Gnathostomata

. Jaws Absert Present
Fins/limbs Unpaired fins Paired fins or limbs
Sexes are separate
Super class
Pisces Bear fins Tetrapoda •

Bear two pairs of
limbs
Class Class
Chondrichthyes
Class
Cyclostomata
Osteichthyes
Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Amphibia
CYCLOSTOMATA
Parameters
Habitat Marine
Habit Ectoparasite on fishes

Temperature regulation No (Poikilothermous)
Exoskeleton Scales are absent
Endoskeleton Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column
Appendages Unpaired fins
Digestive system Circular and sucking mouth without jaws
Respiratory system 6-15 pairs of gill slits
Circulatory system
Closed type
Excretory system Kidneys
CYCLOSTOMATA
Parameters
Reproductive system Migrate to fresh water for spawning

After spawning, the adult dies within few
days
Indirect
Development
Larvae return to ocean after metamorphosis
Examples Myxine (Hag fish).

Petromyzon (Lamprey)
COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF GNATHOSTOMATES
character chondric. Osteich.. Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalis
Both marine Both marine

Mostly Mostly Terrestrial,
Habitat
and fresh and fresh

Marine terrestrial terrestrial aquatic
water water
Creeping Most of Limbs

Predaceous Dual life
Habit
and them can fly adapted

except to fly and
crawling
flightless live in
birds water
Temperature:
regulation
Homeothermous(W
Poikilothermous (Cold blooded) arm blooded)
Scales on
Exoskeleton
Placoid Cycloid and Scales are Skin may

Epidermal hindlimbs
scales for ctenoid absent Skin is possess
scales or Body
tough skin scales moist hair
scutes with covered by
dry comified feathers
skin and skin is
dry
Endoskeleton
Cartilaginous Bony (Fully

Bony Bony
ossified)
Pneumatic
bones
Additional
Digestive system
Ventral Terminal Cloaca Different

gizzard and
mouth Teeth mouth present types of
crop Beak
are modified teeth in
present
scales & the jaws
backwardly
directed
Powerful
jaws
Lungs Lungs
Respiratory
Gill slits pairs of gill Gills, skin and Lungs

system
Air sacs
without slits with lungs
supplement
operculum operculum
respiration
3 chambered
Circulatory system
4 4
2 chambered 2 chambered 3 chambered
heart with 2 chambered chambered
heart with 1 heart with 1 heart with 2
auricles and heart with 2 heart with 2
auricle and 1 auricle and 1 aurides and 1
ventricle 1 ventricle auricles auricles
ventricle ventricle and
Except and
crocodile(4 ventricles ventricles
chamber
heart)
Excretory system
Kidneys (Excretion and Osmoregulation)

Eyes
Eye
Eyes Eye with Eye with Eye with Eye with

Sense organs
present present eyelids, eyelids, eyelids, eyelids,
Tympanum Tympanum
Tympanum
Ear
Tympanum Tympanum represents represents External

absent absent represents ear/pinna
ear & many ear, many
ear present
reotiles do beds fiave
not have external
extrenal car ear
opening opening
Internal as Usually
Fertilisation
External
pelvic fins of external Internal
males bear
claspers
Many are Mostly Oviparous Viviparous

Oviparous Oviparous
Oviparous/
Viviparous
oviparous except egg

viviparous
laying
Platypus
Development
Direct Indirect
Direct
Snakes and
Streamlined Forelimbs
Streamlined lizards shed Presence of
Unique features
body Body divided into modified mammary glands

Notochord body head and trunk tracts their scales as into wings to nourish young
open into a common skin cast Hindlimbs of birds ones
persists They have are Examples:
chamber called Examples:
throughout air bladder/ modified for
Oviparous
cloaca Chelone Omithorhynchus
life walking.
swim tail in some e g. (Platypus)
Absence of (Turtle), swimming or
bladder that Salamander Viviparous
air bladder, Testudo clasping
Alimentary canal. Macropus
hence, swim regulated (Tortoise), the tree branches
urinary and Skin is dry (Kangaroo,
continuousl buoyancy reproductive Calotes without glands Pteropus (Flying
y to avoid Examples: Examples: Bufo (Garden lizard), except oil gland at fox), Camelus
(Camel), Macaca
sinking Marine- (Toad), Hyla (Tree Alligator the base of tail
(Monkey), Rattus
Examples: Examples: (Rat), Canis
Exocoetus frog) Ichthyophis (Alligator). Flying birds
Carcharodo (Dog), Felis (Cat).
(Limbless amphibia) Hemidactylus
n (Great (Flying fish), Corvus (Crow), Elephas
(Wall lizard), Columba (Elephant), Equus
white shark), Fresh water (Pigeon) (Horse) Delphinus
Poisonous (Common
Trygon -Labeo (Rohu). Clarias Flightless birds
(Poisonous
snakes- Aptenodytes
dolphin),
(Magur); Aquarium-Betta Bangarus (Penguin)
Panthera tigris
sting ray). (Tiger), Panthera
Torpedo
(Fighting fish). (Krait), Vipera leo
(Electric ray) Pterophyllum (Angel fish). (Viper)

Animal Kingdom by Rakshita Singh (1)

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Animal Kingdom by Rakshita Singh (1)

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ANIMAL

circulatory or reproductive systems.

All members multicellular

Bilateral > Plathelminthes

pseudocoelomates -> Aschelminthes

Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

Mostly Mostly marine, Exclusively Free living or Aquatic,

marine, some are marine parasitic terrestrial,

Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

system incomplete → and system alimentary

Free living- body Free

Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

Circulating Circulating Circulating Circulating Circulating

Circulating Circulating Circulating

fluid water fluid water fluid water

Flame cells Excretory

(Protonephridia tube opens

surface surface surface ) for excretion out through

Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

Fragmentati Budding High

Present Present Present Present Distinctly

Hermaphro Hermaphro Hermaphro dioecious

Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

Internal External External Internal Internal

Indirect, Indirect Indirect/dire

Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

called comb jellies present in parasitic

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Aquatic and Aquatic and Aquatic and Exclusively Exclusively

Distinct Head, Head, Star like

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

x Chitinous/Cu Calcareous Spines x

Mouth with Mouth-lower

Body surface Gills, book Feather like Water

gills. tracheal gills in vascular Gills

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

open open open

Nephridia Malpighian Gills

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Leech Mostly Usually Dioecious Dioecious

External/ Usually internal External Usually external External

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Direct/Indirect Direct/Indirect Indirect Indirect with free Indirect

1" ones with Water

#admi P 1iy a aus

Fill Kodungi -> Filarial worm.

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Aquatic and Aquatic and Aquatic and Exclusively Exclusively

Distinct Head, Head, Star like

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

x Chitinous/Cu Calcareous Spines x

Mouth with Mouth-lower

Body surface Gills, book Feather like Water

gills. tracheal gills in vascular Gills

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

open open open

Nephridia Malpighian Gills

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Leech Mostly Usually Dioecious Dioecious

External/ Usually internal External Usually external External

Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca/

Direct/Indirect Direct/Indirect Indirect Indirect with free Indirect

1" ones with Water

pinctada sepia octopus