Important Questions for Class 11

Biology
Chapter 4 - Animal Kingdom

1 Mark

1. What is mesoglea? Where is it found?

Ans. Mesoglea is an undifferentiated layer present in between ectoderm and
endoderm. It is found in Coelenterates.

2. When is the development of an organism called indirect?

Ans. The development of an organism is called indirect when a larval stage (birth
form) is morphologically distinct from an adult.

3. Why are corals important?

Ans. Corals have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate which gets deposited
and can lead to the formation of landforms. Example: - Lakshadweep (a coral island).

4. What is the difference between class Amphibia and class Reptilia in respect
of their skin?
Ans. The difference between amphibia and reptilia are:

Amphibia Reptilia

1. Skin of amphibians is moist 1. Skin of reptilians is dry and covered by scales

and slimy. of scute plates

2. They lay their eggs in the 2. They lay their eggs outside the water.
water.

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 3.Their larvae possess gills. 3. No larva is produced in class Reptilia.

5. Which phylum consists of organisms with a cellular level of organisation?

Ans. Phylum Porifera consists of organisms with a cellular level of organisation.
Example: - Sponges.

6. Name the arthropod which is an (i) Living fossil, (ii) Gregarious pest.
Ans.

i. Living fossil: - Limulus (King crab),

ii. Gregarious pest: - Locusta (Locust).

7. Which organ helps in excretion in (i) Arthropods, (ii) Hemichordates?

Ans.
i. Organs of excretion in Arthropods: - Malpighian tubules,

ii. Organs of excretion in Hemichordates: - Proboscis gland.

8. Name an example of egg-laying mammals.

Ans. The duck-billed platypus is an example of an egg-laying mammal.

9. What is polymorphism?
Ans. The phenomenon when an organism has different kinds of zooids for different
functions is called polymorphism.

10. Which animal is popularly called ploughman of nature & why?

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Ans. Earthworms are popularly referred to as ploughmen of nature (or friends of
farmers) because they bring subsoil to the surface and create fine burrows for
aeration.

11. What are the organs of excretion in annelids & insects?

Ans.

i. Organs of excretion in annelids: - Nephridia

ii. Organs of excretion in insects: - Malpighian tubules

12. Name a free-living & parasitic Platyhelminthes.

Ans.
i. Free-living Platyhelminthes: – Planaria (Freshwater flatworm)

ii. Parasitic Platyhelminthes: – Taenia (Tapeworms)

13. Name two adaptations for an aerial mode of life.

Ans. Two adaptations for an aerial mode of life are: -
i. Forelimbs are modified into wings.

ii. Uricotelic excretion & pneumatic bones.

14. Name the organs of defence in paramecium.

Ans. Trichocysts are organs of defence in paramecium.

15. Name the second largest animal phylum.

Ans. Mollusca is the second-largest animal phylum.

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16. What are acoelomate animals?
Ans. The animals which do not have a coelom or body cavity are called acoelomate
animals. Examples are Porifera, coelenterates and flatworms.

17. Name the larva found in Mollusca & Annelid.

Ans. The larva found in Mollusca and Annelida is the Trochophore larva.

18. Name two viviparous fishes.

Ans. Pristis (Sawfish) and scoliodon (Dogfish) are two viviparous fishes.

19. What are flame cells?

Ans. Flame cells are excretory organs found in Platyhelminthes and related animals.
They have flickering cilia or flagella that move the absorbed excretory products into
a system of ducts.

20. Name a vertebrate in which jaws are absent.

Ans. Petromyzon (Sea lamprey) is a vertebrate in which jaws are absent.

21. Assign the phylum to which the following animals belong – pheretima &
sponge.
Ans. Pheretima belongs to phylum Annelida & sponge belongs to phylum Sponge
(Porifera).

22. What is metamerism?

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Ans. In some Bilateria, the body consists of many segments & shows repetitions of
parts. This type of segmentation is called metamerism.

2 Mark

1. Distinguish between poikilotherms and homeotherms organisms.

Ans. The difference between poikilotherms and homeotherms organisms are:

Poikilotherms Organisms Homeotherms Organisms

I. Poikilotherms are cold-blooded I. Homeotherms are warm-blooded

organisms that lack the ability to organisms that can regulate their
regulate their body temperature. body temperature.

II. Example: - Fish and reptiles. II. Example: - Amphibians,

mammals and birds.

2. Define metagenesis with a suitable example.

Ans. Metagenesis is the phenomenon of alternation of generations between sexual
and asexual modes of reproduction. Cnidarians have two forms in their life cycle: -
the polyp form and the medusa form. Polyps (sporophyte) produces medusa
asexually whereas the medusa (gametophyte) produces the polyp sexually. Example:
- Obelia.

3. List any four identifying features of Arthropoda & give examples.

Ans. Four identifying features of Arthropoda are: -

i. Animals with jointed appendages;

ii. Triploblastic, coelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical animals;

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 5

iii. The body of animals is covered by a chitinous cuticle (hard exoskeleton), and
segments are not separated by septa.

iv. Arthropods are unisexual animals.

v. Examples include Crab, Apis, Spider and Anopheles.

4. Distinguish between diploblastic & triploblastic animals.

Ans. The difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals are:

Diploblastic animals Triploblastic animals

i. Diploblastic animals have i. Triploblastic animals have three germ

two germ layers: - outer layers: - outer ectoderm, middle
ectoderm & inner endoderm mesoderm & inner endoderm in their
in their embryo gastrula embryo gastrula stage.
stage.

ii. Example: - Hydra, Obelia, ii. Example: - All animals

Porpita (Platyhelminthes to Chordata) except
Porifera & coelenterate

5. What are protochordates? How is it classified?

Ans. Protochordate is an organism that belongs to the lower chordates and is
generally found in marine water. Their body is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
and coelomate. At a certain stage of their lives, their bodies develop a long, rod-like
structure called the notochord. There are three subphyla: -
I. Hemichordata (Half chordate)

Example: - Balanoglossus

II. Urochordata (Tail cord)

Example: - Salpa & Herdmania
III. Cephalochordata (Head cord)

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 Example: - Amphioxus

6. Mention the unique features of nematodes.

Ans. The unique features of nematodes are: -

i. Syncytial (no mesodermal lining).

ii. Body wall musculature is made of special types of muscles.

iii. Sexual dimorphism is quite clear.

iv. Their body is triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical.

v. They are generally cylindrical in shape.

vi. Their body has a false cavity (pseudocoelomate).

vii. The alimentary canal is distinct, having the mouth and the anus.

7. Point out differences between dogfish & catfish.

Ans. The differences between a dogfish and catfish are:

Dogfish Catfish

1. It belongs to 1. It belongs to
Phylum – Chordata Phylum – Chordata

Class – Pisces Class – Pisces

Subclass - Chondrichthyes Subclass – Osteichthyes

2. It is a cartilaginous fish. 2. It is a bony fish.

3. Body streamlined & divisible into head, 3. Its endoskeleton is made up of

trunk & tail. bones.

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8. Outline the role of the coelom in animals.
Ans. The coelom is the space between the body wall & the alimentary canal of
organisms. It is lined by mesoderm. Visceral organs lie in the coelom. Flatworms do
not have a coelom. Hence, they are called acoelomates. Pseudocoelom is found in
the roundworm. Annelids are coelomate animals.

9. Mention the unique features of the phylum Mollusca.

Ans. Unique features of phylum Mollusca are: -

i. Body soft as well as unsegmented.

ii. The body is covered by a calcareous shell and mantle.

iii. The body is divided into - head, visceral mass and foot.
iv. Buccal mass possesses radula.

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10. Distinguish between insects & Arachnida.

Ans. The difference between insects and arachnids are:

Insect Arachnida

i. The body is divided into three i. The body is divided into two parts –
parts - head, thorax and cephalothorax and abdomen.
abdomen.

ii. Wings are found. ii. wings are lacking.

iii. Appendages on the head are iii. Appendages on the head are a pair
antennae, mandibles and of chelicerae and a pair of
maxillae. pedipalps.

iv. Walking legs are three pairs. iv. walking legs are four pairs.

11. Why are echinoderms considered closer to chordates than any other
phylum?
Ans. Echinoderms are considered closer to chordates because, like chordates, they
are deuterostomes i.e., the anal region develops earlier than the mouth region. Their
larvae are also closer to protochordate.

12. Distinguish between bony fish & cartilaginous fish.

Ans. The difference between bony fish and cartilaginous fish are:

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 Bony fishes Cartilaginous fishes

i. They are called Osteichthyes. i. They are called Chondrichthyes.

ii. Their endoskeleton is bony. ii. Their endoskeleton is

cartilaginous.

iii. They are found in both sea and iii. All are marine forms.
freshwater.

iv. They have a swim bladder. iv. They have five pairs of gills.

v. Gills are covered by the v. Operculum absent.

operculum.

vi. Example: - Salmon, Catla and vi. Example: - Rays, Scoliodon and
Rohu Electric ray.

13. Give the reason why a snail & an octopus are classified under the same
phylum?
Ans. Snails and octopus are classified under the phylum Mollusca due to the
following three common characteristics: -
i. Presence of a mantle cavity for respiration and excretion etc.

ii. Presence of radula for feeding.

iii. Presence of foot and shell.

14. List three basic chordate characters.

Ans. The three basic characters of chordates are: -

i. Notochord: - A dorsal solid notochord is present throughout life or within the

larval stage.

ii. Nerve cord: - A hollow nerve cord is present dorsally.

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 iii. Pharyngeal gill slits: - A perforated pharynx is present in young conditions or
throughout life.

15. Give any four characteristics of hemichordate.

Ans. The four characteristics of hemichordate are: -
i. These are worm-like marine animals that have an organ-system level of
organization.

ii. Their body is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate (having true
coelom).
iii. The body is cylindrical and is divided into anterior proboscis, collar and a long
trunk.
iv. Respiration occurs through gills.

16. Distinguish between centipede & millipede.

Ans. The difference between centipede and millipede are:

Centipede Millipede

i. They have a dorsoventrally i. They have a cylindrical body.

flattened body.

ii. There are two parts of the body ii. There are three parts of the body –
– head and trunk. head, thorax and abdomen.

iii. Maxillae are two pairs. iii. Maxillae are only one pair.

17. Give the reason why Arthropoda constitute the largest group of the animal
kingdom.
Ans. Arthropoda constitutes the largest group of the animal kingdom: -
i. Have an organ level of organization.

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 ii. Bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, triploblastic, coelomate animals.
iii. Body enclosed by the chitinous cuticle.

iv. They have jointed appendages.

v. Trachea or book gills for respiration.

18. Differentiate between male & female Ascaris.

Ans. The difference between male and female Ascaris are:

Male Ascaris Female Ascaris

i. They are 15 to 30 cm long. i. They are 20 to 40 cm long.

ii. Vulva absent. ii. Vulva present.

iii. The posterior end is curved. iii. The posterior end is straight.

iv. Pre-anal or post-anal papillae are iv. There are not any such
present. structures.

v. There are two pineal spicules from v. No such pineal spicules are
cloacal pore. present.

19. List three adaptations that help the birds (Aves) in flying.
Ans. The three adaptations that help the birds (Aves) in flying are: -
i. Lightweight smooth feathers.

ii. Flight muscles contain white fibres which are poorer in mitochondria and lack
myoglobin.
iii. The long bones are hollow (Pneumatic bones) and filled with air.

20. List the characteristic features of class Mammalian.

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 12

Ans. The characteristic features of class Mammalian are: -
i. These animals are warm-blooded (homeotherms), hairy, and have mammary
glands, which produce milk.

ii. Oil glands and sweat glands are present in their skin.

iii. The skull is dicondylic, i.e., it has two occipital condyles.

iv. The lungs are responsible for respiration.

v. The heart has four chambers.

3 Mark

1. What are the features of Class Aves that help them for flying?
Ans. The features of class Aves that help them in flying are - lightweight smooth
feathers, long bones (pneumatic bones) with internal spaces filled with air, air sacs
connected to lungs to supplement respiration and streamlined shape of the body.

2. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates” justify
the statement.
Ans. All vertebrates are chordates because they possess three basic chordate
features:
i. All chordates possess a dorsal solid notochord throughout life or in the larval
stage.

ii. All chordates possess a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

iii. All chordates have pharyngeal gill slits in some stages of the life cycle.
All chordates are not vertebrates. Vertebrates have vertebral columns but
protochordate and agnatha have notochord that is not replaced by the vertebral
column.

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3. “Mammals are the most successful & dominant animals today” Give
evidence.
Ans. Mammals are the most successful and dominant animals on the planet today.
They thrive in the majority of the world's environments. The unique characteristics
of mammals are: -
i. Body covered with hair.

ii. Presence of sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin.

iii. Presence of mammary glands in females that produce milk.

iv. Presence of a pair of external ears and three ear ossicles i.e., malleus, incus
and stapes.

v. The heart has four chambers.

vi. RBCs are biconcave and lack a nucleus (enucleated).

vii. The testis is located outside the abdomen in a special pouch called the
scrotum.
viii. Mostly viviparous (produces young ones).

ix. The embryo is attached to the uterine wall with the help of the placenta.
x. The skull is dicondylic, i.e., it has two occipital condyles.

4. Enlist the main characteristics & examples of phylum Porifera.

Ans. The main characteristics of phylum Porifera are: -

i. They are commonly known as sponges.

ii. They are generally marine.

iii. Their body is diploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical.

iv. They possess a water transport mechanism.

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 v. They are extremely primitive multicellular animals with a cellular level of
organisation.

vi. Water can enter by pores called Ostia in the body wall directly or through the
canal into the spongocoel. It goes out through the osculum. It is known as the
canal system.
vii. The body is supported by a skeleton that consists of spicules

viii. Sexes are not separate.

ix. They reproduce asexually by fragmentation.

x. They also reproduce sexually by the formation of gametes.

xi. Fertilization is internal.

xii. Example- Euplectella, Spongilla, Sycon, Euspongia etc.

5. What is the basis of the classification of Animalia?

Ans. The basis of classification of Animalia are: -

i. Notochord: - It is a rod-like structure found in the chordates. It is not found in

non-chordates.
ii. Symmetry: - It is the plan of arrangement of body parts. They are of three
types: - Asymmetrical, radially symmetrical, and bilaterally symmetrical.
iii. Organisation: - Animals have a cellular grade of organisation. Their bodies
are made up of cells, while others have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

iv. Embryonic layers: - Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are three embryonic
layers that give rise to different organs in the body. These are also called
germinal layers. Some animals are diploblastic, for example-sponges, but
others are triploblastic having three germinal layers.

6. Give important characters of phylum Nemathelmintnes.

Ans. The important characters of phylum Nemathelmintnes are: -

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 i. They are commonly known as nematodes or roundworms.
ii. Their body is covered by a cuticle.

iii. Their body is bilaterally symmetrical.

iv. Animals have elongated cylindrical and spindle-shaped bodies with pointed
ends.
v. The body cavity is pseudocoelomate (false coelom).

vi. There is no muscle layer in the alimentary canal.

vii. There is no respiratory organ or blood vascular system.

viii. Example – Ascaris, Rhabditis and Ancylostoma.

7. Members of which phylum are known as “segmented worm” Write about

their body symmetry, mode of excretion & respiration.
Ans. Members of the phylum Annelida are also referred to as segmented worms.
Their body is metamerically segmented. Example: - Nereis, Pheretima and
Hirudinaria.
i. Body Symmetry: - Segmented worms have typical metameric segmentation.
Their body consists of segments called metamere or somites and ring-like
grooves called annuli.

ii. Excretion: - The excretory unit is coiled tubules called nephridia.

iii. Respiration: - Respiration occurs by means of gills or skin. The skin is

supplied with a large number of blood vessels. It is permeable and plays an
important role in the exchange of gases.

8. Differentiate between Annelida & Arthropoda.

Ans. The difference between Annelida and Arthropoda are:

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 Annelida Arthropoda

i. The body of annelids is i. Body of arthropods are segmented and

elongated and differentiated into cephalic, thoracic
metamerically segmented. and abdominal regions.

ii. Body segments bearing ii. Appendages can be segmented or

appendages. jointed.

iii. The body wall is dermo iii. The body wall is not dermo muscular.
muscular.

iv. Setae are present. iv. Setae are not present.

v. The body cavity is coelom. v. The body cavity is haemocoel.

vi. Haemoglobin is the vi. There is no respiratory pigment.

respiratory pigment.

vii. Blood is red in colour. vii. Blood is either colourless or bluish in

appearance.

viii. Cilia and nephridia are viii. Cilia and nephridia are absent.
present.

ix. The blood vascular system ix. The blood vascular system is of the
is of the close type. open type.

x. There is no exoskeleton. x. The exoskeleton is chitinous.

9. What are the basic plans of body design in animals?

Ans. Animals can be classified into three basic plans:

i. Cell Aggregate Plan: - It is found in simple animals such as sponges, which

have clusters of cells with the rudimentary division of labour.
ii. Blind Sacs Plan: - It is found in coelenterates and flatworms. They have a
digestive cavity with only one opening to the outside world. Food is ingested
and undigested waste is expelled through this opening in the mouth. The cells
are more specialised and have a division of labour.

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 17

 iii. Tube- within a tube plan: - It is found in more complex forms. In this plan,
the body cavity forms one tube within which another tube, the alimentary
canal, is located, opening on one side by the mouth and the other by the anus.

10. Mention the important characters of the phylum Echinodermata and give
examples.
Ans. The important characters of phylum Echinodermata are: -

i. The term Echinodermate means "spiny skin," and it refers to a group of

animals represented by common forms such as starfish and sea urchins.
ii. The skin forms a hard, spiny protective skeletal covering.

iii. They are sluggish marine forms.

iv. They usually show pentamerous radial symmetry.

v. The radial symmetry is superficial and the body in fact can be divided only
into two halves.
vi. They have a coelom as well as a water vascular system.

vii. Locomotion takes place through the use of numerous hollow tube feet.
viii. Excretion occurs by means of diffusion through the body.

ix. Fertilization occurs in the open sea.

x. The development includes free swimming diploneural larva.

xi. Example: - Asterias, Sea Urchin and Sea cucumber.

11. Give three important distinguishing characters of arthropods, reptiles and

mammals.
Ans. Three important distinguishing characters of arthropods, reptiles and mammals
are:

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 18

 i. Arthropods: - Arthropods have jointed appendages, segmented bodies divided
into the head, thorax, and abdomen, a hard non-living chitinous exoskeleton,
and compound eyes. Example: - Insects, centipedes, etc.

ii. Reptiles: - They are cold-blooded, the body is covered by scales, possess two
pairs of limbs and lay eggs. Example: - Lizard, snake etc.
iii. Mammals: They are warm-blooded, have a hairy body, an external ear, give
birth to young, have small pointed teeth, and a long snout. Example: - Dog,
monkey, lion etc.

12. Mention the important characteristics of coelenterate and give examples.

Ans. The important characteristics of coelenterates are: -
i. They are marine animals that may be solitary or colonial.

ii. The body consists of two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm
(diploblastic).
iii. Their body is radially symmetrical.

iv. They are acoelomate animals i.e., lack true coelom. They exhibit a blind sac
body plan.

v. They have a holozoic form of nutrition.

vi. The body encloses a large central cavity known as coelenteron, which has a
single opening to the outside. Coelenterons is also known as a gastrovascular
cavity.

vii. They have either intracellular or extracellular modes of digestion.

viii. They commonly show polymorphism. There are two types of individuals: a
polyp (asexual form) and a medusa (sexual form).
ix. They have tentacles, which are usually thread-like outgrowths.

x. Stinging cells or nematocysts are present.

xi. Their larvae are ciliated and free-swimming.

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 19

xii. Example: - Obelia, Aurelia, Hydra, Metridium etc.

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13. Differentiate between flightless and flying birds.

Ans. The difference between flightless and flying birds are:

Flightless Birds Flying Birds

i. Classificatio They belong to the They belong to carinatae.

n suborder Retitae.

ii. Wings Wings are vestigial The wings are fully developed.
(Wings are no longer
used).

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 20

 iii. Feathers There is no interlocking They have an interlocking
mechanism. mechanism.

iv. Sternum The sternum is raft-like. The sternum is boat-shaped.

v. Ribs There is no uncinate Ribs are uncinate.

process.

vi. Tail Pygostyle can be small They possess pygostyle.

vertebrate or absent.

vii. Flying They cannot fly. They can fly.

viii. Distribution They are restricted in They are distributed throughout

distribution. the world.

ix. Example Rheo, Cassowary, Emu House sparrow, Cuckoo,

and Ostrich. Hornbill, Quail, Peacock, Fowl,
Parrot and Crow.

5 Mark
1. How are non-chordates different from chordates? Write the major phyla of
non-chordate and give examples.
Ans. The non-chordates are different from chordates in the following ways:

Chordates Non-Chordates

Notochord All chordates possess a dorsal Non-chordates do not possess a

solid notochord throughout notochord.
life or in the larval stage.

Nerve cord They possess a dorsal, hollow They possess a ventral, solid and
and single nerve cord. double nerve cord.

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 Pharyngeal All chordates have pharyngeal They do not possess pharyngeal
Gill Slits gill slits in some stages of the gill slits.
life cycle.

Symmetry These animals have bilateral These animals can have radial,
symmetry. symmetry, bilateral symmetry or
asymmetrical.

Coelomates chordates are true coelomates. Non-chordates can either be

acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or
true coelomates.

The following are the major phyla of non-chordates: -

i. Phylum Porifera: - They are commonly known as sponges. They are generally
marine; the body is diploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical. They possess a
water transport mechanism. Example- Euplectella, Spongilla, Sycon and
Euspongia etc.

ii. Phylum Coelenterata: - They are marine animals. Their body is radially
symmetrical, diploblastic and acoelomate. They exhibit a blind sac body plan.
They commonly show polymorphism. There are two types of individuals: a
polyp (asexual form) and a medusa (sexual form). Example: - Obelia, Aurelia,
Hydra and Metridium etc.
iii. Phylum Platyhelminthes: -Their body is dorsoventrally flattened and exhibits
bilateral symmetry. They are triploblastic and acoelomate. Their body is soft
and unsegmented. They are mostly parasitic in nature. Example: - Taenia
(Tapeworms), Fasciola (Liver fluke) and Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm).

iv. Phylum Nematoda: - They are generally cylindrical in shape. Body wall
musculature is made of special types of muscles. Sexual dimorphism is quite
clear. Their body is triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and has a false cavity
(pseudocoelomate). The alimentary canal is distinct, having the mouth and the
anus. Example: - Ascaris and Enterobius.

v. Phylum Annelida: - They are coelomate, triploblastic and exhibit organ

system level organization. Their body is elongated and metamerically

Class XI Biology www.vedantu.com 22

 segmented. They have a well-developed circulatory and digestive system.
They respire through their body surface and the excretory organs are
Nephridia. Example: - Earthworm, Leeches, Lugworms and Polychaetes.

vi. Phylum Arthropoda: - They have an organ level of organization. Their body
is bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, triploblastic and coelomate. They have
jointed appendages and the body is enclosed by the chitinous cuticle. They
possess trachea or book gills for respiration. Example: - Lobsters, Crabs and
Spiders.

vii. Phylum Mollusca: - They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. They
have an organ-system level of organization. Their body is soft, unsegmented
and covered by a mantle and shell. Their body is divided into three main
regions – head, a visceral mass, and ventral foot. Example: - Clams, Octopus,
Mussels, Pila and Oyster.

viii. Phylum Echinodermata: - They are sluggish marine forms. Their skin forms
a hard, spiny protective skeletal covering. They usually show pentamerous
radial symmetry. They have a coelom as well as a water vascular system.
Locomotion takes place through the use of numerous hollow tube feet.
Example: - Sea Urchins and Seastar.

2. Enlist the main features of Aschelminthes and give examples.

Ans. The main features of Aschelminthes are: -

i. They are called roundworms as they appear circular in C.S.

ii. Free-living, aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic.
iii. The organization of the body is organ level.

iv. Bilaterally symmetrical animals.

v. They are triploblastic and pseudocoelomate.

vi. Alimentation is complete with the muscular or pharynx.

vii. Sexes are Separate.

viii. The body is covered by a cuticle.

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 ix. Fertilization is internal.
x. Example: - Filarial worm (Wuchereria), Ascaris, Pinworm (Enterobius) and
Hookworm (Ancylostoma).

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3. Enlist the main salient features of phylum Ctenophora.

Ans. The main salient features of phylum Ctenophora are:

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 i. Ctenophores are marine animals having transparent and flat or oval body
shapes.

ii. The polyp phase is absent in the life cycle of ctenophores.

iii. These are bilaterally symmetrical and lack cnidoblast cells.

iv. When the tentacles are present, they are two in number and contain colloblast
cells.

v. They move by cilia which join together to form comb plates. There are eight
median comb plates.

vi. The gastrovascular cavity is branched and open to the outside by the
stomodeum.

vii. They are diploblastic, but the mesoglea differs from that of cnidaria.
viii. The presence of special sense organs at the opposite end of the mouth is the
main characteristic of this phylum.

ix. They reproduce only by means of sexual reproduction.

x. They do not have a larval phase in their life cycle.

xi. Example: -Ctenophora (Pleurobrachia), ctenophore, ctenoplana, Beroe and

Hormiphora.

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