Class-11th

Higher Secondary Education

Chapter 4: Kingdom Animalia

A. Reptiles are known for having three chambered heart. Which animal show a near four
chambered in reptiles?
Answer
Crocodiles
Reptile features of crocodile -
1. They have dry scaly skin.
2. Lay eggs.
3. They are cold blooded animals, etc.
4. Therefore, though they have four chambered heart unlike other reptiles, they are considered
as reptiles only.

B. The circulatory system has evolved from open to closed type in Animal kingdom. Which
Phylum can be called first to represents closed circulation?
Answer
1. Annelida is the phylum which is the first phylum to represent the closed circulatory system.
2. In closed system of circulation, the blood flows through vessels like veins, arteries, etc.
3. Leech, Earthworm, Nereis belongs to this phylum.
4. The members of this phylum excrete through special structures called Nephridia.
5. Parapodia are the appendages which helps them in locomotion.
6. They reproduce by sexual method.
7. Pinna is part of external ear and it is found in mammals

C. Do aves and reptiles show external ear in any form

Answer
Reptiles have Tympanum.
Birds or aves has no external ears of any kind.

Tympanum

D. Fish and frog can respire in water can respire through their skin. If yes why do they have gills?
Answer
1. Fish respire only with the help of gills as they are exclusively aquatic animals.
2. Frog have three ways in which they respire i.e. with the help of skin, lungs and gills.
3. Frog is an amphibian i.e. to continue its race it has to live in water as well as on land (land
and water both).
4. Tadpoles have gills to breathe, but when metamorphosized into frogs they breathe through
their skin in water and through their lungs in land.
5. Their skin needs to be wet in order to breathe through skin. if their skin gets dry, they will
die. But fishes breathe only through their gills.
 Different types of fins
and their function

E. Birds need to keep their body light to help in flying. Hence, they show presence of some
organs only at one side. How their skeleton helps in reducing their weight?
Answer
1. Their bone is hollow and light weighted.
2. The bird skeleton is not heavy, it’s lightweight, and it has enough withstanding power and
stress handling power.
 3. The kind of bone arrangement and hallow bones makes the skeleton lighter to fly and
allows the more oxygen to absorb from the surrounding atmosphere for a more energetic
and smooth flow.
4. The adaptations that birds possess to reduce their weight for flying are -
• They have feathers which are very light and smooth.
• They lack heavy bones and teeth. In place of all these, they possess a beak.
• The bones of birds are very light. These bones have air sacs and are hollow type.
• They have streamlined body which helps to decrease the drag force.
• The other important factor is an eye, the eye makes them be in balance in the atmosphere,
it can focus on all 360 degrees for any hindrance. Hence it flies safely.

F. Cnidarias and Ctenophora both are diploblastic. Which other character do they have in
common, which is not found in other phyla?
Answer
Ctenophora and cnidaria shows
1. Radial symmetry,
2. Tissue level of organization,
3. Indirect development
4. Exclusively marine habitat,
5. Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular are some common characters
Examples of Cnidarians - Adamsia, Pennatula, Gorgonia.
Examples of Ctenophora - Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia.

Cnidaria

Ctenophora

G. Crab and snail both have a protective covering. Is it made up of the same material?
Answer
1. Crab and Snail are both invertebrate animals, but they belong to different phylum.
2. Crab are chelicerates belonging to phylum arthropoda, while snails belong top phylum
mollusca.
3. It is observed that both crabs and snails, though they have a protective covering, the
covering or shell is not made up of the same materials.
4. In crabs, these shells are made up of iron sulphide, while in Snails they are made up of
calcium carbonate.
5. These are based on fossil record analysis.
6. So, that the crab and snail’s protective covering is made of different material.
H. Fish and snake both have scales. How do these scales differ from each other ?
Answer
1. Yes, fish and snake have scales on their bodies but the scales do differ from each other.
2. The scales of a fish and a snake differ paleontologically.
3. The scales of fish are made up of mesoderm, one of the three primary germ layers. Whereas,
the scale of a snake is epidermal.
4. Fishes don't have irregular sizes of their scales on their bodies but snakes do.
5. Snakes have different sizes of scales over their body according to the physical stress of a
specific body part.

I. Lower Phyla like arthropods and cnidarians show metamorphosis. Is it found in any class of
phylum Chordata?
Answer
1. Just like lower phyla arthropods and cnidarians show metamorphosis it is found in classes
of phylum chordate.
2. It is observed in Urochordates and Cephalochordates which belong to chordata.
3. It is seen in their post-embryonic stage of life. The kind of metamorphosis that is seen is
called Homologous metamorphosis.
4. Class amphibians also shows metamorphosis by growth and development of tadpole into a
frog.
J. Sponge and sea star show calcareous protective material. Do they have same phylum?
Answer
They both belongs to different phylum.
Sponge belongs to phylum porifera and sea star belongs to phylum mollusca.

Phylum porifera- Sponge

Phylum Mollusca- Sea star

*IMPORTANT NOTE- For Kingdom Animalia*

1. Make sure to go through all the diagrams and labels thoroughly.
2. Go through the table I made you all draw during class-the evolutionary tables along with
special features.
3. Study all the phylum in a flow sheet manner i.e. (Porifera-Cnidaria-Ctenophora-
Platyhelminthes-Aschleminthes-Annelida-Arthropoda-Mollusca-Echinodermata-
Hemicordata-Chordata)
4. Byheart all the spellings (Spellings are a key factor in biology).
5. Write many examples if you are getting short on answers and even if you are not.
6. Practice diagrams atleast 5 times with proper labels before exam, Draw neatly (It counts).
7. In case during exams you don’t remember an answer but know its special features, write it
down along with a diagram.
8. Read the whole chapter word to word and make sure you understand each and every
terminology.
*I STILL EMPHASIS (SPECIAL IMPORTANCE) YOU ALL PRACTISE DIAGRAMS AND
LABELS AND SPELLINGS AS THOROUGH AS POSSIBLE*
Take your exams seriously it is the first step for you all to make sure a proper and well-
established future-ALL THE VERY BEST