t.

me/seepmam
Cell: The Unit of Life
8.1 What is a Ce!?
8.2 Ce! Theory
8.3 An Overview of Ce!
8.4 Prokaryotic Ce!s
8.5 Eukaryotic Ce!s
Ce! No ce!

1. t.

Living organisms Inanimate thing

A.
Unicellular Multicellular
t.me/seepmam 8.1 What is a Cell?
f. ti
fundamental structural & functional unit of a! living organisms
electron microscope
Unicellular independent existence ti
organisms performing essential life functions cell structures details

Robert Hooke cell

>

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek > live cell

Robert Brown > nucleus

8.2 Cell Theory

plants ce!s
1838, Matthias Schleiden { German botanist}
>

1839, Theodore Schwann {British Zoologist} animals → ce!s

1855, Rudolf Virchow " !rst explained ce!s divided & new ce!s
↓
modified pre-existing ce!s (Omnis ce!ula-e ce!ula)
1) a! living organisms A. 2) a! ce!s
A
ce!s products of ce!s pre-existing ce!s.
↑ Final cell theory
 Cell overview Plants Cell wall
t.me/seepmam

Both pro/ eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes ¥ Animals: No cell wall

↓
Cell membrane No membrane membrane

i Cytoplasm bound oraganells bound oraganells

- non-membrane
DNA ↓ ↓
.

Ribosome centrosome
↓ ↓
.
Ribosome Protein cell division

¥
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Rough ER largest cell
smallest cell ostrich egg
Mycoplasmas
0.3 m
. +
Cells size bacteria

I
"
3 to 5 m

longest cell ✗ human RBC

Nerve cell 7.0 mM
 * Shapes of cells *
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Disc like
Columnar
-
↑ Thread like
Polygonal
-
Cells shapes '

Irregular
↓ ↳
Cuboid
 8.4 Prokaryotic Cells
t.me/seepmam
bacteria blue-green algae PPLO mycoplasma
'
-

I
No cell wall

multiply faster smaller cell wall

mesosome infoldings

ribosomes

genomic DNA +
plasmids
:
cytoplasm

antibiotics
resistance

four basic shapes of bacteria

bacillus (rod like)

coccus (spherical)

vibrio (comma)
i spirillum (spiral)
t.me/seepmam 8.4.1 Cell Envelope and its Modifications
bacterial cells envelope

}
loose sheath { slime layer }

¥
glycocalyx thick ,tough {capsule}
Also protection

cell wall shape /support

plasma membrane selectively permeable

mesosome stain no stain

↓
i
Structure
vesicles
↓
Gram Gram
Plasma positive negative
membranous tubules
extensions lamellae
Function
1- respiration
cell wall DNAI>
formation replication secretion
processes
↓
distribution to
daughter
t.me/seepmam Bacterial cells

f.
~

flagellum filament → longest → cell surface outside

motile →

non-motile
§ hook
basal body

Glycocalyx
Mesosome

Chromatophores
{cyanobacteria}
 Pili Fimbriae Inclusion Bodies
t.me/seepmam ↓
↓ ↓ In
elongated tubular
'
sma" bristle like !bres Reserve material → cytoplasm
: e.g. phosphate, cyanophycean, glycogen
,

structures
Function granules.

No role in motility
Gas vacuoles
purple
.

.
attach bacteria ¥
rocks in streams
blue green ↓↓
host green
photosynthetic
bacteria
8.4.2 Ribosomes site of protein synthesis
. 15 nm by 20 nm size

50S
i
70S € , 30S units

Several ribosomes single mRNA = polyribosomes polysome

1-
↓
translate
To
↳ mRNA → proteins
t.me/seepmam
8.5 Eukaryotic Cells All are not identical.
I ↓ ↓
.

protists plants animals fungi

Features membrane bound organelles

1¥ organised nucleus with nuclear envelope.

complex locomotory & cytoskeletal structures
genetic material into chromosomes
Unique
Plant cell animal cells
↓ A ↓
cell walls centrioles
plastids
large central vacuole
t.me/seepmam

Plant ce! Animal ce!

 8.5.1 Cell / plasma Membrane transport of molecules across

j
lipids proteins cholesterol carbohydrate

phospholipids human
bilayer erythrocyte

E
polar head
hydrophobic tails
52 % protein &
40 % lipids =

ratio of protein &

. Singer and lipid varies
Nicolson (1972)
↓
-

fluid
different cell types.
mosaic model
↓
A!ows
fluidity movement of proteins

[ ↓↓
cell growth
secretion endocytosis
cell division
formation of intercellular
junctions
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 osmosis Active Transport
passive transport ↓
↓ higher Use energy/ ATP
No energy/ ATP semipermeable ↓
↓ r

lower
membrane against concentration
gradient
along concentration ↓
gradient concentration e.g., Na+/K+ Pump

8.5.2 Cell Wall

non-living rigid structure
outer covering plasma membrane

Function
cell shape
HE cell-to-cell interaction
barrier
protection

cellulose
cellulose

ti
f.
Made up hemicellulose
Algae cell wall Made up galactans Plant cell wall pectins
mannas
proteins
minerals like
t.me/seepmam calcium
carbonate
 young plant cell wall

§
For
primary wall growth
i
diminishes as cell matures
secondary wall
↳ inner cell side
:

cell wall + middle lamellae {calcium pectate }

↓ ↓
connect holds/glues
,
neighbouring cells cytoplasm

8.5.3 Endomembrane System

↓↓↓
lysosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
Rough a
golgi complex vacuoles
reticulum (ER)

t.me/seepmam functions are coordinated

 8.5.3.1 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
f
network or reticulum of tiny tubular structures
luminal (inside ER)
extra luminal (cytoplasm)

endoplasmic reticulum + ribosomes = rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

endoplasmic reticulum + no ribosomes = smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

protein synthesis and secretion

lipid

t.me/seepmam
synthesis
}steroidal
hormones ( animal cells)
t.me/seepmam 8.5.3.2 Golgi apparatus

reticular structures near nucleus

Camillo Golgi (1898) A Golgi bodies
#at, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae of 0.5Hm to 1.0Hm diameter

functions Comes

i
↓ convex cis or forming face
packaging materials

I
Ribosome RER
glycoproteins & proteins modi!ed
glycolipids formations

proteins modification

delivering
↓ di$erent, but
In / out of cell interconnected

f.
Cis /trans
concave trans or maturing face
Leaves
Protein / package materials
 8.5.3.3 Lysosomes
membrane bound vesicular Formed by process of packaging in
structures Golgi apparatus

lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes

vesicles (hydrolases - lipases, proteases, carbohydrases)

I
digest

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

8.5.3.4 Vacuoles

1 membrane-bound space (singlemembrane)

(single membrane)
ions & other materials
against concentration
water, sap, excretory products gradients

plant vacuole 90 % cell volume

concentration is higher in vacuole than cytoplasm.

Amoeba contractile vacuole In many ce!s, as in protists,

food vacuoles .

osmoregulation & excretion. By

t.me/seepmam .
engul"ng food particles
 8.5.4 Mitochondria (sing.: mitochondrion),
diameter of 0.2-1.0 m M

Increases as ce" (average 0.5Hm) sausage-shaped or

activity ↑ cylindrical not easily visible
↑
Each mitochondrion
u

power stained
" length 1.0-4.1 n m ↓
houses of
↓
It
microscope
ce" divide by ↓ sites of aerobic
double !ssion ce"ular energy respiration
membrane-bound (ATP)

forms continuous
single circular DNA limiting boundary Both Have own specific enzymes as per function
few RNA molecules, Have
↑
ribosomes (70S)
components for proteins Forms increase
synthesis surface area
sing
dense
homogeneous
-

infoldings

t.me/seepmam
 8.5.5 Plastids a" plant ce"s & euglenoides.

t.me/seepmam speci!c pigments, speci!c colours to plants

-
chloroplasts, chromoplasts ,leucoplasts
large
chloroplasts
easily
^ traps light energy
photosynthesis microscope
chlorophy" & carotenoid pigments

chromoplasts
Gives Color
carotene & xanthophy"s etc yellow, orange or red

fat soluble carotenoid pigments

leucoplasts colourless plastids

Amyloplasts elaioplasts aleuroplasts

.
store oils and store proteins
store carbohydrates fats
(starch), e.g., potato
t.me/seepmam even ribbon-like
oval,
↑
double membrane
bound lens-shaped spherical, discoid

ribosomes (70S) + ↑
length (5-10um) and
⇐ chloroplasts width (2-4um)
1 per Chlamydomonas ↓
cell ↓
20-40 per green mesophyll leaves
alga cell

← less permeable

← stacks/ piles coins

-
Chlorophyll flattened membranous
pigments sacs

← connecting

I
Have
enzymes ribosomes
synthesis of
carbohydrates and
proteins small, double-stranded circular
DNA molecules
 8.5.6 Ribosomes (No membrane)
I
t.me/seepmam
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
proteins
granular structures
George Palade electron microscope
(1953)

eukaryotic ribosomes {80S } prokaryotic ribosomes { 70S}

^ ^
60S and 40S 50S and 30S

S' (Svedberg's Unit) stands for sedimentation coefficient

\
indirectly measure density / size
 8.5.7 Cytoskeleton
Structure network of !lamentous proteinaceous structures
t.me/seepmam
microtubules
micro!laments
intermediate !laments } In cytoplasm

Function mechanical support

motility
cell shape

Figure 8.10 Section of cilia/#age"a showing di$erent parts

(a) Electron micrograph
(b) Diagrammatic representation of internal structure
 8.5.8 Cilia and Flagella Cilia (sing.cilium) and !age"a (sing.!age"um)
t.me/seepmam
hair-like outgrowths of ce" membrane
emerge from basal bodies

Cilia Flagella
.

plasma membrane.
small longer ↓
axoneme
oars movement cell movement ↓
microtubules

cell or surrounding fluid
Radially As centrally
different from prokaryotes
microtubules microtubules
9 2
radial spokes

Raid
9

linkers

2
9
 8.5.9 Centrosome and Centrioles
t.me/seepmam
amorphous
pericentriolar materials
perpendicular( cartwheel)
-1 two cylindrical

Function
Forms

basal body
L ~

flagella cilia spindle fibres

9 peripheral triplet fibrils
Tubilin protein
cell division

spindle apparatus
proteinaceous
hub {animal cells}

protein
 8.5.10 Nucleus
spherical structures
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First Robert Brown( 1831) nucleus

Later Flemming chromatin

nucleus stained

If cell dividing If cell not dividing interphase nucleus

chromosomes in place of nucleus Chromatin nucleoprotein fibres

nuclear matrix + 1 or more spherical bodies =nucleoli (sing.nucleolus)

nuclear envelope Normally. 1 nucleus per cell

- continuous with RER More nucleus More protein synthesis
outer membrane
fusion
(10 to 50 nm) perinuclear space
Inner membrane
nuclear pores lack nucleus
passage
RNA and protein
§ erythrocytes > {many mammals }
sieve tube cells → {vascular plants}
.

In /out of nucleus
 nucleolus + chromatin = nucleoplasm single human ce"
site for active ribosomal
t.me/seepmam RNA synthesis
2 mtr long DNA thread

Chromatin DNA+proteins distributed

histones 46(23 pairs) chromosomes
some non-histone proteins
RNA

Every chromosome (visible only in dividing ce"s)

chromatid chromatid
A
Both Hold Based on
by
↓
constriction /centromere
↓
4 types of chromosomes
disc shaped

chromosome
 non-staining
↑
sma! fragment
t.me/seepmam

slightly away close to its

middle centromere from middle terminal
end

telocentric
two equal one shorter & one longer extremely short &very long
metacentric chromosome sub-metacentric acrocentric

8.5.11 Microbodies
↳ membrane bound minute vesicles

enzymes
plant animal cells