o r eE x p e r m e n t s

EXPERIMENT 12.1
Te xtudy meiosis im onion bud cells
through permanent slide.
REQUIREMENTS
manent slide of different
stages of meiosis in onion bud cells, microscope

PROCEDURE
Fix the permanent slide under the
microscope
First observe the slide under the
low power and then under high pover of the microscope

OBSERVATIONS
Under the high power of microscope, following stages of meiosis are distinctly observed:

A. Meiosis
1. Prophase I. It is of long duration and has five sub
stages:
(a) Leptotene
0 Chromatin fibres condense and form thick thread like structures called dhromesme
GE) Nuclear envelop and nucleolus are distinct.
(b) Zygotene
) Homologous chromosomes form pairs called bivnalemt. This pairing is called symsis
(Gi) The individual of a pair are similar in length and in position of their centromere

(c) Pachytene
0 The two chromatids of each chromosome become visible, so that a bivalent becomes

a tetrad.
between homologous chromosomes
(i) Crossing over (exchange of chromatid segments
takes place between non-sister chromatids ot homologous chromosomes.

(4) Diplotene
held together
away and homologues are
bivalent
The two chromosomes of eachchiasmata
move
0
at one or more points called
(e) Dialinesis
chromosomes appear thick
and ring shaped
09 Homologous be formed

envelope disappear
and spindle begins to
nuclear
) Nucleolus and
2. Metaphase I
chromosomes) arrange
themselves at the
equator of the
0 The bivalent (homologous
spindle. chromosome
of the
to the centromere

The spindle get attached

3. Anaphase I
move to
the opposite poie
bivalent
T h e two chromosomes of each with two
chromatids cach

Each pole has half the number of chromosomes

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T0 nucleolus and nuclear

n d nucleolus
and

4. TelophaseI pole
oil, aand
uncoil, Core Experiments

0 The
chromosome
at
each

two
haploid
daughter cells. welopt B. Melosis II
occurs
to f o r m
Cytokinesis
0 It includes follow
1. Prophase 1N
InterkinesiS between
between
m
melosi5 I and meiosis
eiosis T r
I
ntervene
intervene
0 The chro
may
short interphase
A very di) Nuclear
2. Metaphase
The chr
Gi0 Each ch
Anaphase
The sis
migrat
(G) Each p
Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene 4. Telophas
(9 The che
The n

Cytokinesis od

PRECAUTIONS=
1 Floral buds s
2. Slide shouldI
Diplotene
DiakinesiS Metaphase

4 Anaphase-
Telophase-1 Prophase-l
AIM: To study mei

REQUIREMEN
Permanent
PROCEDURE
1Fix the perr
Observe the

OBSERVATIO
1 Spherical ce

Locate diffe

Metaphase-ll
Fig. 12.1. Anaphase-l T e l o p h a s e

Various stages of meiosis in

onion ho al bud.
&Meosis7 four
stages

c o n d e n s e
and
become
thick.

holowing

to
inchdes
cell begin
r ProphareI1
daughter
of disappear
chromosomes to
n u c l e o l u s
begin
The

envelope
and spindle.
Nuclear
of the
poles.
both the
equator

2 Netaphase I l the to
on centromere
arranged

at t h e
are
chromosomes

the spindle
pThe is
held by and
c h r o m o s o m e
separate
chromosomes

an Each c h r o m o s o m e s )
of
each
3 Anaphase II
(daughter
chromatids

o
The
sister
the
opposite poles c h r o m o s o m e s .

towards

migrate number of
receives haploid
thus
Each pole,
n
become thin.
uncoil and
4 T e l o p h a s e l l

to
chromosomes begin reconstituted.

0 The nucleolus are

chromosomes.

n u m b e r of
nuclear envelope and each with haploid
The
cells are formed,
occurs and
four daughter
rnkinesis

P R E C A U T I O N s

8 to 10 A.M.
buds should be fixed between
Floral
warmed gently to avoid
over heating.
Slide should be

EXPERIMENT 12.2

meiosis in grasshopper testis through permanent slide.

ADE:Tostudy

REQUIREMENTS
Permanent slide of different stages of meiosis in grasshopper testis, microscope.

PROCEDURE
Fa the
permanent slide under the microscope.
Dberve
the slide under the low power of the microscope and then high power of the microscope.
OBSERVATIONS
pherical cells with
various stages of meiosis can be observed.
cate different
stages of meiosis with the help of
diagram.