Notes

Monday, 7 September 2020 7:27 pm

Cell Division Meiosis

- Reduces chromosome number from the diploid number

- Orderly set of stages between the time eukaryotic cell divides (2n) to haploid number (n)
and time the resulting daughter cells also divide. - 4 distinct daughter cells
- Happens only in sex cells (egg & sperm)
Types of Cells
*In meiosis I (reductional division)
- Somatic Cells (haploid to diploid) n to 2n (Mitosis) PROPHASE I
- Meiotic Cells (diploid to haploid) 2n to n (Meiosis)
- Similar mitotic prophase
Binary Fission in Prokaryotes - Homologous chromosomes pair (tetrad/synapsis) and
Mitosis/Meiosis in Eukaryotes crosses over

METAPHASE I

- Homologous chromosomes align to metaphase plate

ANAPHASE I

- Homologous pairs are pulled apart and move to opposite

poles

TELOPHASE I

- Chromosomes decondense
- Nuclear membrane forms
- Cytokinesis
Screen clipping taken: 07/09/2020 7:34 pm *In Meiosis II (equatorial division)

a. G1 STAGE (Growth Phase 1) - Will not undergo interphase

- G – “growth”
- Cell recovery from previous PROPHASE II
division
- Cell increases in size and - New spindle fiber forms around
doubles its organelles the chromosomes
- Accumulate materials needed
for DNA synthesis METAPHASE II

b. G1 CHECKPOINT - Chromosomes line up at the

- Checks for nutrients & growth equator
- If DNA is NOT damaged, cell goes to resting period
(GO) until it is ready to divide (mitosis) ANAPHASE II
- If damaged, it undergoes apoptosis (self-destruction)
- Centromeres divide
c. S STAGE – replication/synthesis of - Chromatids move to the
DNA opposite poles

d. G2 STAGE – protein synthesis TELOPHASE II & CYTOKINESIS

(transcription and translation)
- Nuclear envelope forms around
e. G2 CHECKPOINT – check for each set of chromosomes
DNA replicator, cell size, and if - Cytoplasm divides
protein are enough. Cell undergoes
mitosis or apoptosis Human Chromosomes
Mitosis (Mitotic Stage) Chromosomes

PROPHASE - “chroma’ – color; “soma” – body

- DNA molecules packaged via histones into
thread like structures
- visible duplication of chromosome (2 identical
- 23 pairs in humans
sister chromatids)
- The 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes
- chromatin fibers condenses into discrete chromosomes
- Arranged from largest to shortest
- spindle fiber forms and the centrosomes move toward the
opposite poles
Parts
PROMETAPHASE
1. SISTER CHROMATIDS
- fragmented nuclear envelope
- 2 thread like strands that divide
- nuclear membrane gradually disintegrates
- long (q) and short arm (p)
- microtubule invades nuclear area and attaches to the
chromatids’ kinetochores
- non kinetochore microtubules lengthens the cell (opposite 2. CENTROMERE

Cell Cycle Page 1

 - fragmented nuclear envelope
- 2 thread like strands that divide
- nuclear membrane gradually disintegrates
- long (q) and short arm (p)
- microtubule invades nuclear area and attaches to the
chromatids’ kinetochores
- non kinetochore microtubules lengthens the cell (opposite 2. CENTROMERE
poles)
- region where chromatids are attached
Together
METAPHASE
- where spindle fibers are attached
- chromosomes align at center
(metaphase plate) - made of cohesin proteins
- push and pull of microtubular units
- metaphase checkpoint – checks for alignment of - spindle fiber (mitotic spindle) – long
chromosome spindle microtubules used for cell division
- mitosis or apoptosis
- kinetochores – protein complex where
ANAPHASE spindle fibers attack

- sister chromatids part upon the break of the centromere Chromatin vs. Chromatid vs. Chromosome
- Chromosomes migrate towards the opposite poles
(same number and kind) - loose DNA during interphase (chromatin)
- Shortest stage - loose DNA is then tightly packed (chromatids)
- Disappearance of spindle fibers - chromatids are joined together by the centromere
(chromosome)
TELOPHASE - chromosomal conditions

- Daughter cells form (indistinct chromatin)

- Reappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus

CYTOKINESIS

- Cytoplasm division
- In animal cells: - cleavage furrow appears
- In plant cells – cell plate appears

Cell Cycle Page 2