Cell cycle and cell division (Short notes)

Feature of cell cycle -coordinated process, under genetic control, observed in eukaryotes, changes occur
in nucleus and Cytoplasm

1.Phases of cell Cycle – interphase and M-phase

Interphase -Phase between two successive M phases, Resting phase, 95% of the duration of cell cycle.
G1 + s + G2

Phase Changes Amount of Ploidy Time

DNA in
diploid cell
Growth, cell size increase, transcription and 2c 2n 33 to 45
translation occur to make enzymes for growth percent
G1 Cell enter from G1 to S phase or G0 phase or
become permanent
DNA Replication occur, Centriole double in animal Change 2n 25-33
S cell in cytoplasm, histone synthesis, Euchromatin from 2c to percent
replicate first 4c
Cell prepare for divisions; Tubulin protein synthesis 4c 2n 15
G2 occur percent

Time- Sequence – G1>S>G2>M (according to time) (human cell -24-hour, yeast cell -90 min

Quiescent stage (G0)- do not divide further exit G1 phase, metabolically active, no longer
proliferate or grow unless require by organism (cell is living)
- Some cells in the adult animals do not appear to exhibit division (e.g., heart cells and neuron)

M Phase-Actual cell division, mitosis occurs, 5%-time, M-phase - karyokinesis + cytokinesis, most
dramatic period, equational division- number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same
Occur in – haploid cell (plants and some animals like egg to drone) Diploid cell (plants and animals)
Phase Change Important point
for Questions
Prophase DNA molecules not distinct but intertwined. Condensation starts
initiation of condensation of chromosomal material ER, Golgi, Nucleolus
untangling of chromatin – condensation -centrosome radiates disappear
out microtubules called asters Chromsome with two
Chromosomal material condenses chromosomes- composed chromatids appear
of two chromatids attached together at the centromere. Spindle fibre form
End of prophase- golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, Last event – nuclear
nucleolus disappear – nuclear envelope disappear is last event membrane disappears

Metaphase -First change -disintegration of nuclear envelope complete -Nuclear membrane

-Condensation of chromosomes is completed disappear-first event
-morphology of chromosomes is most easily studied. Chromosome in cytoplasm
-metaphase chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, -kinetochore on centromere
-which are held together by the centromere, Small disc- - most condensed or
shaped structures on centromeres are called kinetochores smallest size
(sites of attachment of spindle fibers to the chromosomes) - one chromosome two
-all the chromosomes coming to lie at the equator with one chromosomal fibre
spindle fibre attach on each pole -best phase to see number,
-The plane of alignment of the chromosomes at metaphase is morphology and size
referred to as the metaphase plate
Anaphase -onset of anaphase, each chromosome split simultaneously -Chromosome is double
(main event)into two daughter chromatids -chromosome move to
-now referred to as daughter chromosomes of the future opposite pole
daughter nuclei J-shape - Acrocentric
-Start migration towards the two opposite poles I-shape - Telocentric
-the centromere of each chromosome remains directed V-shape-metacentric
towards the pole and hence at the leading edge, with the arms L-shape - submetacentric
of the chromosome trailing behind

Telophase -chromosomes that have reached their respective poles Nuclear envelop form
decondense and lose their individuality. Chromatin present
-The individual chromosomes can no longer be seen
-Nuclear envelope develops -two daughter nuclei
-Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reform
Cytokinesis Animal Cytokinesis - appearance of a furrow in the plasma Cell plate- plant cell -
membrane - furrow gradually deepens and ultimately joins in middle lamellae
the centre
Plant Cytokinesis - In plant cells, wall formation starts by
golgi bodies in the centre of the cell and grows outward to
meet the existing lateral walls.
The formation of the new cell wall begins with the formation
of a simple precursor, called the cell-plate that represents the
middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells.
In some organisms karyokinesis is not followed by
cytokinesis as a result of which multinucleate
Significance of mitosis – Mitosis usually results in cells with identical genetic complement.
cell to divide to restore or increase the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. mitosis is cell repair- upper layer of the
epidermis, cells of the lining of the gut, and blood cells are being constantly replaced. Mitotic divisions
in the apical and the lateral cambium, result in a continuous growth of plants throughout their life

MEIOSIS-
Chromosome number get half, reduction division, occur in all organism showing true sexual
reproduction, Diploid Cell (meiocyte)- First show -G1, S, G2 phase then Two division occur Meiosis I
and Meiosis II –

Phase Changes Important

points for
Questions
Prophase-I Leptotene- chromosome visible, compaction of Compaction of
chromosomes continues throughout leptotene. chromatin
Zygotene- Chromosomes start pairing Synapsis-process
process of association is called synapsis. Complex which keep
paired chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes chromosome together-
Electron micrographs show formation of complex synaptonemal complex
structure called synaptonemal complex. Bivalent = Tetrad
a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called a Human cell tetrad = 23
bivalent or a tetrad.
Pachytene- bivalent or a tetrad - clearly visible Bivalent more clearly
appearance of recombination nodules- the sites at which visible,
crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids Recombination nodule
Exchange of genetic material between two homologous form
chromosomes and the enzyme involved is called Recombinase enzyme
recombinase. form
chromosomes linked at the sites of crossing over. Crossing over occur
Diplotene- dissolution of the synaptonemal complex Dissolution of
tendency of the recombined homologous chromosomes of chaisamata ,
the bivalents to separate from each other chromosome tend to
These X-shaped structures, are called chiasmata. move away
In oocytes- diplotene can last for months or years.

Diakinesis- terminalisation of chiasmata. Terminilization Fully

chromosomes are fully condensed condensed chromosome
meiotic spindle is assembled nuclear membrane,
By the end of diakinesis the nucleolus disappears and the nucleolus disappear
nuclear envelope also breaks down.
.
Metaphase-I The bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate Double metaphasic plate
one spindle fibre each attach to pair on opposite pole
Anaphase I The homologous chromosomes separate, while sister Independent assortment
chromatids remain associated at their centromeres occur
 Telophase I The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear,
cytokinesis follows and this is called as dyad of cells.
interkinesis Gap between meiosis I and II, no DNA replication,
chromosome not come in
Meiosis II Meiosis II resemble mitosis, but mitosis of haploid cell Chromosome appears
prophase II- initiated immediately after cytokinesis, Nuclear membrane
The nuclear membrane disappears by the end of prophase disappears
II and chromosomes again become compact.
Metaphase II -the chromosomes align at the equator One chromosome with
-microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle get two spindle fibre attach
attached to the kinetochores of sister chromatids on opposite pole

Anaphase II simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each Sister chromatids

chromosome sister chromatids move toward opposite separate
poles of the cell -
occur by shortening of microtubules attached to
kinetochores.

Telophase II The two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed

by a nuclear envelop, resulting in the formation of tetrad
of cells- four haploid daughter cells

Type of Meiosis –
(A) Gametic- Occur in Diploid animal cells to form gametes
(B) Sporic – Occur in all plant cells to form spore which is haploid and develop gametophyte after
mitosis
(C) Zygotic- Occur in haplontic organism like fungi and algae to form spore
Extra points-
(A) Colchicine promote polyploidy by preventing spindle assembly in metaphase
(B) Variation occur in Pachytene and Anaphase I