ANIMAL KINGDOM

ANIMAL KINGDOM
TAXONOMY :- It is the branch of science which deals the study
of nomenclature, classification and principles of classification.
Taxonomy word was given by "Candolle" (Taxis - arrangements.
Nomia-distribution)
Aristotle :- He is known as the "father of zoology". (Book:
Historia Animalium)
Animal

Anaima Enaima
Red Blood Absent Red Blood Present
Vivipara Ovipara
Eg. Human and other Eg. Pisces, Amphibians,
mammals Reptiles and Aves etc.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM

5. ASCHELMINTHES
1. PORIFERA
9. ECHINODERMATA
6. ANNELIDA
2. COELENTERATA

7. ARTHROPODA
3. CTENOPHORA

10. HEMICHORDATA
8. MOLLUSCA
4. PLATYHELMINTHES
ANIMAL KINGDOM

11. CHORDATA
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Basis of Classification
1. Level of organization
2. Symmetry
3. Germinal (Embryonic) layer
4. Coelom (Body cavity)
5. Body plan
6. Segmentation
7. Notochord
8. Circulatory system
9. Embryonic development
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Sub Kingdom

Parazoa Eumetazoa/Enterozoa
Division Tissue, organ and organ system
Porifera Symmetry
Radiata Bilateria
(Cellular level)
(Asymmetrical) Diploblastic, Triploblastic
(Acoelomata) Tissue level Organ system level
Acoelomata Sub Division
(i) Coelenterata- Hydra Embryonic development
(ii) Ctenophora- Ctenoplana Protostomous Deuterostomous
Sections Sections
Coelom Eucoelomata
Without body cavity With false coelom With true coelom
(Acoelomata) (Pseudocoelomata) (Eucoelomata)
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Nemathelminthes
Platyhelminthes Annelida eg. Earthworm Chordata
(Nematoda) }
eg. Tapeworm Mollusca Haemocoel
eg. Roundworm
Arthropoda
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
SYMMETRY
When any plane passing through the
central axis of the body divides the
Radial organism into two identical halves
symmetry e.g. some Poriferans,Cnidarians
Ctenophores and Echinodems (adult)

Here, body can be divided into

identical right & left halves in only
Bilateral one planes.
symmetry e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordate
(except adult Echinodermata).
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
GERMINAL LAYERS

Diploblastic Animals Triploblastic Animals

• 2 germ layers- outer ectoderm and
inner endoderm.
• In between these layers, an
undifferentiated jelly like layer called
mesoglea is present.
E.g. Cnidaria and Ctenophora
• 3 germ layers- outer ectoderm, middle
mesoderm and inner endoderm
E.g. Platyhelminthes to chordates
ENDODERM

ENDODERM
ECTODERM
ECTODERM

MESOGLEA MESODERM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
COELOM (BODY CAVITY)

The space between body wall and digestive

Acoelomate
cavity is filled with matrix (Parenchyma).
(No coelom)
E.g. Porifera to platyhelminthes

Pseudo- Here the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm.

coelomate Mesoderm is present in scattered pouches.
(False coelom) E.g. Aschelminthes

Here, coelom is lined by mesoderm. and filled

Coelomate
with coelomic fluid
(True coelom)
E.g. Annelida to Chordata
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
SEGMENTATION

Metamerism
Pseudometamerism It is a phenomenon in which the body is
externally and internally divided into segments
E.g. Tapeworm
with a serial repetition of atleast some organs.
E.g. Annelids (Earthworm), Arthropods and
Chordates

Metameres
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
BODY PLAN

(i) Cell-aggregated type: - E.g. Sponges.

(ii) Blind sac body type: - animals in which digestive

system is Incomplete, it has only single opening to the
out side of the body that serves as both mouth and
anus.
e.g. Coelenterates to Platyhelminthes.

Mouth

(iii) Tube with in tube: - Found in those animals having

complete digestive tract i.e. with separate openings of
mouth and anus. Eg.- Nemathelminthes to chordates.

Anus
ANIMAL KINGDOM
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
LEVEL SEGMENT
PHYLUM OF SYMMETRY GERM LAYERS COELOM NOTOCHORD ATION
ORGANIZATION
1 PORIFERA CELLULAR ASYMMET ABSENT
RICAL
2 COELENTERATA TISSUE RADIAL TWO ABSENT
ABSENT
3 CTENOPHORA TISSUE RADIAL TWO ABSENT (NON
4 PLATYHELMINTHES ORGAN BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC CHORDATES)
5 ASCHELMINTHES ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC PSEUDOCOE
LOMATE
6 ANNELIDA ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC COELOMATE PRESENT
7 ARTHROPODA ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC COELOMATE PRESENT
8 MOLLUSCA ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC COELOMATE
9 ECHINODERMATA ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL, TRIPLOBLASTIC COELOMATE
RADIAL
10 HEMICHORADATA ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC COELOMATE
11 CHORDATA ORGAN SYSTEM BILATERAL TRIPLOBLASTIC COELOMATE PRESENT
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
NOTOCHORD
It is mesodermally derived supporting rod like structure
formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in
some animals.

Non-chordates Chordates
Animals without notochord Animals with notochord
e.g.:- Porifera to Hemichordata e.g.:- Chordata
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM :- It is of 2 types
(i) Open:- In which the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cell &
tissue are bathed in it.
e.g. Arthropods, molluscs, Echinodermates, Hemichordata and some lower
chordates like tunicates.

(ii) Closed:- In which the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of

varying diameter i.e. Arteries, veins and blood capillaries.
Eg.- Annelids , most of the chordates , cephalopod molluscs
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
FEATURES Porifera(Sponges) Coelenterata(Cnidaria) Ctenophora (Comb
Jellies)
PHYLUM
Habit and habitat Mostly marine (in sea) Aquatic (mostly marine). All are marine.
Sessile or free Swimming
Digestive Absent. Incomplete. Intracellular & extracellular
system Digestion is Intracellular & extracellular digestion.
intracellular. digestion.
Respiratory Canal system gathers food.
system Absent. Respiration by Absent Absent
canal system

Circulatory Absent. Circulation by Absent Absent

system canal system
Excretory system Absent. Excretion by Body surface. Body surface.
canal system.

Nervous system Absent. Only a network of neurons. Only a network of neurons.

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Porifera
(Sponges)
Reproductive * Hermaphrodite.
system * ARP by fragmentation.
* SRP by fertilisation of
gametes (sperms and ova).
* Fertilization internal.
* Development is indirect.
Distinctive * Body-wall has numerous
features pores (ostia).
* Have Water transport or
canal system.
* Spongocoel (body cavity)
and canals are lined with
choanocytes (collar cells).
* Body is supported by
spicules and spongin fibres.
Coelenterata Ctenophora
(Cnidaria) (Comb Jellies /sea walnuts)
Polyp reproduces asexually * Hermaphrodite
(budding) and medusa * Only SRP
sexually. * Fertilization external.
* Development is indirect.
* Tentacles with * Locomotion is by 8 vertical external
cnidoblasts (stinging cells). rows of
* A central gastrovascular ciliated comb plates.
cavity (coelenteron) * Shows Bioluminescence.
with a single opening
(mouth) on hypostome.
* Some ( e.g. corals) have a
skeleton made up of
CaCO3.
* Have 2 kinds of body
forms- Polyp & Medusa.
* Show alternation of
generation.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora
(Sponges) (Cnidaria) (Comb Jellies /
sea walnuts)
Examples 1. Sycon (Scypha) 1. Hydra 1. Ctenoplana
2. Spongilla (fresh water 2. Obelia 2. Pleurobrachia
sponge) 3. Physalia (Portuguese
3. Euspongia (Bath man of war)
sponge) 4. Aurelia (Jelly fish)
5. Adamsia (Sea
anemone)
6. Pennatula (Sea pen)
7. Gorgonia (Sea fan)
8. Meandrina (Brain
coral) etc.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PLATYHELMINTHES ASCHELMINTHES ANNELIDA
HABIT AND HABITAT MOSTLY ENDOPARASITES FREE LIVING , AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL , FRESH
TERRESTRIAL OR PARASITE WATER OR MARINE , FREE
IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS LIVING OR PARASITIC
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ABSENT / INCOMPLETE COMPLETE ALIMENTARY COMPLETE ALIMENTARY
CANAL , MUSCULAR CANAL
PHARYNX
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CLOSED TYPE
EXCRETORY SYSTEM FLAME CELLS , ALSO FOR EXCRETORY TUBE NEPHRIDIA , ALSO FOR
OSMOREGULATION OSMOREGULATION
NERVOUS SYSTEM LADDER LIKE PAIRED GANGLIA
CONNECTED BY LATERAL
NERVES TO A VENTRAL
NERVE CORD
ANIMALS ARE HERMAPHRODITES DIOECIOUS NEREIS (DIOECIOUS)
EARTHWORM AND LEECHES
ARE MONOECIOUS
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PLATYHELMINTHES ASCHELMINTHES ANNELIDA
REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL BY SEXUAL ONLY SEXUAL
FRAGMENTATION , SEXUAL

FERTILISATION INTERNAL INTERNAL

DEVELOPMENT INDIRECT DIRECT / INDIRECT INDIRECT

LARVA PRESENT ABSENT / PRESENT PRESENT
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DORSOVENTRALLY . SEGMENTED BODY
FLATTENED BODY , . CIRCULAR BODY IN CROSS . POSSESS LONGITUDINAL
PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS SECTION AND CIRCULAR MUSCLES
(HOOKS AND SUCKERS ARE WHICH HELPS IN
PRESENT)(ABSORB . FEMALES ARE LONGER LOCOMOTION
NUTRIENTS FROM THE THAN MALES . LOCOMOTORY ORGANS
HOST THROUGH BODY ARE SETAE (IN
SURFACE) EARTHWORM) OR
PARAPODIA IN NEREIS
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PLATYHELMINTHES ASCHELMINTHES ANNELIDA

EXAMPLES Taenia solium (Tapeworm) Ascaris (Roundworm) Pheretima (Earthworm)

Fasciola (Liver fluke) Ancylostoma (Hook worm) Hirudinaria (Blood sucking
Planaria (Dugesia) Wuchereria (Filarial worm) leech)
(Shows high regeneration Nereis
capacity)

DIAGRAMS
Planaria

Fasciola

Leech
Nereis
Tape worm
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
ARTHROPODA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA HEMICHORDATA
HEMOCHORDATA
HABIT AND HABITAT TERRESTRIAL , GENERALLY AQUATIC EXCLUISVELY MARINE EXCLUSIVELY
AQUATIC , FEW ARE MARINE
TERRESTRIAL
. COMPLETE , WELL . COMPLETE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM COMPLETE , WELL DEVELOPED .MOUTH ON COMPLETE
DEVELOPED . THE MOUTH LOWER SIDE AND
CONTAINS A FILE LIKE ANUS ON THE
RASPING ORGAN UPPER SIDE
CALLED RADULA
RESPIRATORY GILLS / TRACHEA / FEATHER LIKE GILLS GILLS
SYSTEM BOOK GILLS / BOOK (IN MANTLE CAVITY)
LUNGS
CIRCULATORY OPEN TYPE OPEN TYPE BUT OPEN TYPE
SYSTEM CLOSE IN
CEPHALOPODS
EXCRETORY SYSTEM MALPIGHIAN GILLS / KIDNEYS / GILLS
TUBULES ORGAN OF BOJANUS
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
ARTHROPODA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA HEMOCHORDATA
HEMICHORDATA
SEXES ARE DIOECIOUS DIOECIOUS DIOECIOUS DIOECIOUS
FERTILISATION INTERNAL INTERNAL EXTRENAL EXTERNAL
OVIPAROUS / MOSTLY OVIPAROUS OVIPAROUS OVIPAROUS OVIPAROUS
VIVIPAROUS
DEVELOPMENT DIRECT / INDIRECT INDIRECT INDIRECT WITH FREE INDIRECT
SWIMMING LARVA
. . BODY IS COVERED
.LARGEST PHYLUM SECOND LARGEST WITH SPINES FOR . WORM LIKE BODY
. JOINTED APPENDAGES PHYLUM PROTECTION
DISTINCTIVE . BODY IS COVERED WITH . BODY HAS HEAD . CALCAREOUS . BODY COMPOSED
FEATURES CHITINOUS VISCERAL HUMP AND ENDOSKELETON OF AN ANTERIOR
EXOSKELETON MUSCULAR FOOT (OSSICLES) PRESENT PROBOSCIS , A
. BODY CONSIST OF HEAD . HEAD REGION HAS . SYMMETRY IN ADULTS COLLAR AND A
, THORAX , ABDOMEN SENSORY TENTACLES – RADIAL LONG TRUNK
. SENSORY ORGANS . BODY IS COVERED . SYMMETRY IN YOUNG
(ANTENNAE , WITH CALCAREOUS ONES – BILATERAL
COMPOUND EYE, SIMPLE SHELL . WATER VASCULAR
EYE , STATOCYSTS ) ARE . MANTLE SEEN SYSTEM FOR
PRESENT LOCOMOTION
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
ARTHROPODA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA HEMOCHORDATA
HEMICHORDATA
EXAMPLES ECONOMICALLY PILA (APPLE SNAIL) ASTERIAS (STAR FISH) BALANOGLOSSUS
IMPORTANT INSECTS PINCTADA(PEARL ECHINUS (SEA
(APIS , BOMBYX , OYSTER) URCHIN) SACCOGLOSSUS
LACCIFER) SEPIA (CUTTLE FISH) ANTEDON(SEA LILY)
VECTORS (ANOPHELES , LOLIGO(SQUID) CUCUMARIA (SEA
CULEX , AEDES) OCTOPUS(DEVIL FISH) CUCUMBER)
GREGARIOUS PEST APLYSIA(SEA HARE) OPHIURA (BRITTLE
(LOCUST) DENTALIUM(TUSK SHELL) STAR)
LIVING FOSSIL CHAETOPLEURA(CHITON)
(LIMULUS – KING CRAB)
DIAGRAM Butterfly Star fish
Scorpion (Asterias)

Locusta
(Locust) Brittle
Prawn star
(Ophiura)
PHYLUM CHORDATA
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM -CHORDATA
CHORDATA

Chorda Ata

A thick string To have

Animal have Notochord

CHORDATA CHARACTERISTICS
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM -CHORDATA
CHORDATA V/S NON-CHORDATA
CHORDATA NON- CHORDATA
Notochord is found in any Absent.
stage of life.
Central nervous system is Double, ventral and
single, dorsal and hollow. solid.
Pharyngeal gill slits present. Absent.
Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal
(if present).
A post- anal part (tail) is Absent
present.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM -CHORDATA
PHYLUM CHORDATA

Group Group
Acraniata Or Protochordata Craniata Or Euchordata
(Lower chordates) (Higher chordates)
Subphylum Subphylum Vertebrata
Urochordata
Subphylum
Cephalochordata
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM –CHORDATA
SUB PHYLUM VERTEBRATA

Division Division
Aganatha Gnathostomata
(Jaw less) (Jaw present)

Class
Ostracodermi Super class Super class
Pisces Tetrapoda
Class
Class Amphibia
Cyclostomata Class Placodermi
Class Reptilia
Chondrichthyes
Class Aves
Osteichthyes Class Mammalia
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM -CHORDATA
Group : Acraniata or Protochordata
• Notochord is present in larval stages or persists
throughout the life, but skull, brain and vertebral column
is absent in them.
• Notochord is not replaced by vertebral column, hence
they are chordate but not vertebrate.
• Protochordata is divided into two subphylum :-
Subphylum - 1.Urochordata
Subphylum - 2.Cephalochordata
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM -CHORDATA

Characteristic Feature Urochordata Cephalochordata

Notochord Larva - present , Adult - absent Larva - present , Adult -
present
Chordate Character Larva - present] Adult – gill slit Larva, Adult - All
1. Ascidia Branchiostoma
2. Doliolum or Amphioxus
3. Salpa (lancelet)
4. Herdmania - (Sea - potato) or
(sea - squirts).
ANIMAL KINGDOM
GROUP- CRANIATA
Subphylum- Vertebrata
• Possess notochord during the embryonic period.

• Notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or

bony vertebral column in adult.
• Ventral muscular heart.

• Kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation.

• Paired appendages (fins or limbs).

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
SUBPHYLUM - VERTEBRATA
Agnatha Ganathostomata
• Jaws are absent. • Mouth is encircled by true jaws.

• Notochord persistent, cartilaginous • vertebral column well developed.

vertebrae are found over the notochord.
• Paired appendages are absent. • Paired fins or limbs are present.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
GROUP-AGNATHA CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA
• All are ectoparasites on some fishes as well as scavangers.
• Elongated body without scales and paired fins but unpaired fins
present.
Cranium is Vertebral column is cartilaginous
cartilaginous
Unpaired fins
Single nostril

Sucking and Circular mouth

without jaws
6-15 pairs of gill slits for
respiration Scales are absent

• Circulation is closed type.

• Heart is two - chambered. It is called Venous - Heart.
• Kidneys are protonephric or mesonephric type.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
CLASS - CYCLOSTOMATA
• Animals are unisexual, fertilization is external, larval stage is usually absent
except:- Ammocoete larva in Petromyzon.

• Marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water.

After spawning, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis,
return to ocean. It is termed as Anadromous migration .

Petromyzon (Lamprey) Myxine (Hag fish)

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
GNATHOSTOMATA

On the basis of paired locomotory

organs, respiratory organs, heart,blood
vascular system

PISCES TETRAPODA

Chondricthyes
• All are marine
• Streamlined body
• Ventral mouth.
• Predaceous with powerful jaws.
• Teeth are modified placoid
scales which are backwardly
directed.
• Skin with placoid scales
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Osteichthyes
• Both marine & fresh water.
• Streamlined body
• Terminal mouth.
• Scales are Cycloid/ctenoid.
Amphibia
Aquatic & terrestrial
Body is divisible into head
&trunk
2 pair of limbs.
Tail may present in some
Eyes have eye-lid.
A tympanum represents ear.
Moist skin without scales.

Chondricthyes
Endoskeleton is cartilaginous.
Gill slits without operculum.
No air bladder. So they have to
swim constantly to avoid sinking.
2 chambered heart
Poikilotherms
Sexes are separate.
In males pelvic fins bear
claspers (copulatory organ).
Internal fertilization.
Many of them viviparous.
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Osteichthyes
Bony endoskeleton.
4 pairs of gills covered by an
operculum on each side.
Air bladder for buoyancy.
2 chambered heart.
Poikilotherms
Sexes are separate.
Claspers absent.
External fertilisation
Mostly oviparous.
Development direct.
Amphibia
Respiration is by gills, lungs & skin
Alimentary canal, urinary &
reproductive tracts open into a Cloaca
which opens to exterior.
3-chambered heart. Poikilotherms
Sexes are separate.
External fertilisation.
Oviparous.
Development is indirect.
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Chondricthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia

Examples Examples Examples

1. Scoliodon (Dog fish)
2. Pristis (Saw fish)
3. Carcharodon (Great white
shark)
4. Torpedo (Electric ray- have
electric organ).
5. Trygon (Sting ray)
Marine: 1. Bufo (Toad)
1. Exocoetus (flying fish) 2. Rana (Frog)
2. Hippocampus (sea horse) 3. Hyla (Tree frog)
Fresh water: 4. Salamandra (Salamander)
3. Labeo (Rohu), 5. Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
4. Catla (Katla),
5. Clarias (Magur),
Aquarium:
6. Betta (Fighting fish)
7. Pterophyllum (Angel fish)
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Reptilia Aves (Birds) Mammals

Habit and habitat Mostly terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial & few aquatic
Body 4 parts head neck trunk tail 4 parts head neck trunk tail 4 parts head neck trunk tail
Limbs Limbs- 2 pairs (if present). Hind limbs have scales and are Limbs- 2 pairs
modified for walking,
swimming, or clasping tree
branches.
Tails Present Present Present
Skin Dry & cornified skin, epidermal Skin is dry without glands Skin with hair.
scales / scutes. except
Snakes and lizards shed their the oil gland at the base of the
scales as skin cast. tail.
Respiration by lungs. Respiration by lungs. Air sacs Respiration by lungs.
connected to lungs supplement
respiration.
Digestion Deveplment Digestive tract with additional Well developed Digestive
chambers, the crop and gizzard. tract .
 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Reptilia Aves (Birds) Mammals

Heart 3-chambered heart 4-chambered heart 4-chambered heart

(4 in crocodiles)

Poikilotherms/ Poikilotherms Homoiotherms Homoiotherms

Homoiotherms
Sexes Sexes are seperate Sexes are seperate Sexes are seperate
Eye
Ear Tympanum represents ear. Ear present External ear (Pinnae)

Fertilisation Internal fertilisation. Internal fertilisation. Internal Fertilisation.

Development Development is direct. Development is direct. Development is direct

 ANIMAL KINGDOM
Viviparous/ Oviparous Oviparous Viviparous (except Echidna & Platypus-
oviparous they are oviparous).

Examples
CHELONE (TURTLE) CORVUS (CROW) ORNITHORHYNCHUS (PLATYPUS)
TESTUDO (TORTOISE) COLUMBA (PIGEON) MACROPUS (KANGAROO)
CHAMELEON (TREE LIZARD) PSITTACULA (PARROT) PTEROPUS (FLYING FOX)
CALOTES (GARDEN LIZARD) STRUTHIO (OSTRICH) CAMELUS(CAMEL)
CROCODILUS (CROCODILE) PAVO (PEACOCK) MACACA (MONKEY)
ALLIGATOR (ALLIGATOR) APTENODYTES (PENGUIN) RATTUS(RAT)
HEMIDACTYLUS (WALL NEOPHRON (VULTURE) CANIS (DOG)
LIZARD) FELIS (CAT)
NAJA (COBRA) ELEPHAS (ELEPHANT)
BANGARUS (KRAIT) EQUUAS (HORSE)
VIPERA (VIPER) DELPHINUS ( COMMON DOLPHIN)
BALAENOPTERA
(BLUE WHALE)
PANTHERA TIGRIS(TIGER)
PANTHERA LEO (LION)
PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
They are mostly microscopic , cosmopoliton- aquatic , terrestrial ,free living (Amoeba)
or parasitic (Plasmodium) , solitary or colonial (Proterospongia).
Amoeba
In includes unicellular eukaryotes where one celled body performs all the biological
activities like multicellular animals. So they are termed as "Acellular" organisms,
proposed by Dobell.
Proterospongia
They have varying body shapes and are mostly asymmetrical.
Protoplasm is uninucleated or multinucleated . Protoplasmic level of organization.
Plasmodium Animals are naked or covered by delicate membrane or a firm pellicle/test / shell.
Exoskeleton in Forminiferan group ---- Made up of CaCO3.
Exoskeleton in Radiolarian group ------ Made up of Silica.
Few organisms show nuclear dimorphism e.g. Paramoecium.
Locomotory structures- (1) Pseudopodia in Amoeba , Entamoeba
Paramecium (2) Whip like flagella in Trypanosoma (3) Hairy cilia in Paramoecium
(4) Absent in sporozoans
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predator or parasites.They are believed to
primitive relatives of all animals
Nutrition – Holozoic (Amoeba) , Parasitic (Plasmodium) .
Digestion is intracellular takes place in food vacuole.
Respiration and excretion takes place by exchange of gases through body surface.
Nitrogenous waste is ammonia.
OSMOREGULATION
By contractile vacuole(Present in fresh water protozoans). Elimination of excess water
through contractile vacuole,is known as Osmoregulation.
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction
1.Binary fission
(a) Irregular/ Simple binary fission (Amoeba)
(b) Transverse fission (Paramecium)
(c) Longitudinal fission (Trypansoma, Euglena)
2. Multiple fission-(Plasmodium)
3. Budding in Ephelota (Sessile protozoan)

Syngamy eg. (Plasmodium)

SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION Conjugation eg. (Paramecium)

• They do not have natural death because in Unicellular animals there

is no differentiation of somatoplasm and germplasm, hence they are
considered IMMORTAL.
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
CLASSES OF PROTOZOA On the basis of locomotory organs
CLASS-Mastigophora or Flagellata
• Locomotory structure – Flagella, aquatic and endoparasite
• Proterospongia - Connecting link between Protozoa & Porifera
Protozoa Disease Vector
Leishmania Kala azar or Sand fly
donovani Dumdum fever (Phlebotomus)

Leishmania Oriental sore

tropica

Trypanosoma African sleeping Tse-Tse fly

gambiense sickness (Glossina palpalis)

Giardia intestinalis -(Grand old man of intestine) Human Parasite , Disease - Giardiasis
Trichomonas vaginalis -Human Parasite - in vagina of females. Disease - Leucorrhoea (White discharge)
Trichonympha -Symbiont in intestine of termite for digestion of cellulose. Secretes glucosidases.
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA
CLASS-Sarcodina or Rhizopoda (Amoeboid protozoans)

• Psuedopodia present
• Aquatic (free living) and Endoparasite

(a) Amoeboid -
e.g. : Amoeba proteus
Entamoeba histolytica Parasite in colon of man causes amoebic dysentery
(Dimorphic)
Entamoeba gingivalis
Parasite between teeth of man increase pyorrhoea
(b) Actinophrys - Sun animalcule

CLASS-CILIATA- Locomotory structure Cilia

Endoparasite and Aquatic
e.g. - Paramecium(Slipper animalcule), Vorticella
(Bell animalcule)
 PHYLUM-PROTOZOA

CLASS-SPOROZOA- Locomotory structure absent

e.g. - Plasmodium The most notorious porozoan is plasmodium (malarial

parasite) whichcauses malaria, a disease which has a staggering effecton
human population.

e.g.-Nosema - causes pebrine disease in silkworm

e.g.-Babesia - texas fever in cattle (red water fever)