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Plant Kingdom
Tarun Sir
BioM Revision ultiple
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[Algae]
Important Example
Green Algae – Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara, Eudorina,
Cladophora
Brown Algae – Fucus, Kelp, Ectocarpus, Sargassum, Dictyota, Laminaria
Red Algae – Gelidium, Porphyra, Polysiphonia, Gracilaria
➢ Aquatic, thalloid, Haploid, Haplontic life cycle
➢ Zygote is only Diploid stage, zygotic meiosis occur in all except haplodiplontic and diplontic
➢ Life cycle – Haplontic
➢ Kelp, ectocarpus and polysiphonia – Haplodiplontic and Fucus – Diplontic
➢ Economic importance -. At least a half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out
by algae through photosynthesis.
increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment. species of Porphyra,
Laminaria and Sargassum are among the 70 species of marine algae used as food.
brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances)-algin
(brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) Agar, obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria -used to
grow microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and jellies.
Chlorella used as food supplement even by space travellers.
[Bryophytes]
Dominant stage – Gametophyte, green, photosynthetic, Vascular bundle absent, Terrestrial
Sporophyte – Multicellular, non-green, dependent (Foot, seta and capsule)
Need shade, Humidity and water for fertilization True root, stem, leaf absent
General Feature
Feature Liverwort Moss
Habitat Moist soil, bank of river, deepwood
Moist soil
Dominant stage Gametophyte is horizontal, flat, Gametophyte, Leafy stage,
creeping thallus, spiral leaf
Few are leafy with two row of leaf
Multicellular rhizoids on base of
Unicellular rhizoids stem
Non-green foot seta capsule
Sporophyte stage Non-green- dependent Non-green,dependent
foot, seta, capsule(three part ) foot ,seta, capsule(more
eloberate
Sex organ Develop on gametophyte Develop on gametophyte
on one thallus or On different On same or different thallus
thallus (marchantia) Antheridium and Archegonium
Antheridium – male sex organ present on thallus (develop on
Archegonium – Female sex organ tip of branch)
Fertilization Internal By water through motile Internal By water Motile
Antherozooid- male gamete Atherozooids-male gamete
Asexual reproduction Fragmentation,Gemma cup having Fragmentation
Asexual haploid bud- Gemmae bud, Budding in Protonema
green multicellular (marchanita)
Spore develop into Gametophyte stage by mitosis Spore form protonema (green
filamentous,multicellular)
And protonema in leafy stage by
budding
Special Spore dispersal Absent Present
Mechanisms
Diploid stage Foot, seta, capsule, zygote Foot, seta, capsule, zygote
Haploid stage Leaf, Rhizoids, Gemmae bud, Leaf, Rhizoids, Gemmae bud,
Antheridium Antherozoids, Antheridium Antherozoids,
Archegonium Egg Archegonium Egg
Spore, gemmae bud Spore and Protonema
Bryophytes -little economic importance - mosses -food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other
animals. Sphagnum-provide peat used as fuel, and as packing material for trans-shipment of living
material capacity to hold water. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks
They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Since mosses form
dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.
[Pteridophyte]
Shady, and cool place, some grow in sandy soil, Some medicinal and some are ornamental,
Haplodiplontic and Diploid plants
Homosporous Heterosporous
Most pteridophyte show this Salvinia and seleginella
Spore development into gametophyte which bear Two type of sporangia
Antheridium and Archegonium Small sporangia produce – microspore which give
Gametophyte which is prothallus is free,green and male gametophyte-bear antheridium
short lived Large sporangia – Produce megaspore which
produce dependent gametophyte develop
Archegonium and present inside sporangia
So Precursor of seed habit
Condition to make seed
1. Heterospory
2. Dependent female gametophyte
3. Hard integument which develop into seed coat
4. Embryo undergo in dormancy
[Gymnosperm]
Feature – Dominant stage- Sporophyte, Shurb, and tree (Medium and large size)
Example – Pinus, cedrus, conifern, cycas, ginkgo, sequoia (Red wood, tree, - tallest tree)
General Feature of algae
Structure Ploidy
Cone 2n-sporophytic generation
Megasporophyll
Microsporophyll
Nucellus
Megaspore
Mother cell
Embryo
Megaspore n-gametophytic generation
Female gametophyte
Archegonium
Microspore
Male gametophyte or pollen
Endosperm
Special Feature-
• Vessel absent
• Albuminous cell and sieve cell
• Secondary growth occur in stem and root
• Wind pollinated (wing pollen- pinus)
• Double fertilization – Absent
• Haploid endosperm
[Angiosperm]
Dominant stage- sporophyte – Diploid (main plant), Green photosynthetic
Dominant life cycle – Ovule cover inside ovary and seed cover into fruit
Similarity of Gymnosperm –
• Male gametophyte – Pollen grain, dependent, two male gametes
• Dependent female gametophyte reduced
• Gametophyte stage is reduced
• Pollen tube form- siphonogamy
• Integument present in ovule-Gymnosperm (One), Angiosperm (two)
• Heterosporus
• Monosporic – out of 4 megaspore, 3 degenrate
Difference
Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Male cone and female cone Flower present
Pollination by wind Pollination by both biotic and abiotic
No double fertilization Double fertilization
Endosperm haploid Endosperm triploid
Seed naked Seed cover inside ovary man in fruit
Unitegmic Bitegmic
Orthotropus Anatropus
Multicellular female gametophyte with 2 or 7- cell female gametophyte with 3-cell egg
more Archegonium Apparatus