Arthropoda

Subphylum
Chelicerata

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Arthropoda
Atelocerata
Chelicerata Crustacea (Uniramia, Tracheata)

! Chelicerata
• Two tagma: prosoma and opisthosoma
• Prosoma with six pairs of appendages
• Chelicera, first pair of appendages
• Loss of antenna and deuterocerebrum

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Tagmosis (chelicerates)
Prosoma Opisthosoma
Pedicel
Epigynum
Chelicera
Spinnerets
Pedipalps

Tracheal
spiracle

Book lung
spiracle
Walking legs
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Tagmosis (chelicerates)
Pedipalp
Fang (Chelicera)
Gnathobase
Labium

Sternum
Walking leg

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Chelicera and simple eyes

Medial eyes
Lateral eyes

Basal
piece
(with poison
gland)

Fang

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Sensory – simple eyes

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Male spider’s pedipalp

Cymbium
(Tarsus)

Embolus
Gnathobase
Tibia
Cymbium
(Tarsus)

Embolus Tibia
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Female reproductive system

Seminal receptacle Ovary

Oviduct
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Silk and spider webs

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Silk and spider webs

Spigots

Spinneret

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Orb webs

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Orb webs

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Book lung

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Feeding and digestion

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Digestive system
Malpighian
Diverticula Midgut tubules

Poison
gland

Book lung
Mouth Stomach

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Ticks and mites

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Tick
Capitulum
Palps
Gnathosoma
Idiosoma
Eyes
Shield

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Tick, ventral surface

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Mites

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Subphylum
Atelocerata (Tracheata)
references missing antenna (name)

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Reasons for insect success

 Small size
 Water proof exoskeleton
 Metamorphosis
 Reproductive potential
 Co-evolution with plants
 Evolution of flight (Not an ancestral character.)

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completely solid, grinding mandible

Arthropoda
Atelocerata one of most efficient water reg system, the malphigan tubules.
Chelicerata Crustacea (Tracheata)

! Atelocerata
• Loss of second pair of
appendages on the head
• Mandibles without
articulation
• Malpighian tubules
• Paired segmental tracheal
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excretory organs for all of these guys.

Malpighian tubules
Cl- K+
tubules, fingerlike projections extend into haemocoel at this junction
H2O extract N waste and conserve water
Uric acid H2O
potassium pumps, , charge increases + inside, attracts - ions (chloride)

Uric acid pump in KCl a salt, gets salty! Water flows across membrane (osmosis).
Midgut Carries uric acid with it. Wall semi-permeable.
Rectum
(hindgut) in rectum, thin layer of cuticle doesn;t allow water out. We recover the salts
and the water, uric acid left in rectum.

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mexican jumping beans grow w/o outside water. Water from metabolism. Metabolic water. Insects can be so sufficient at capturing it
it may be all they need.

Tracheal system

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tubes get smaller until smallest (tracheals) sit an line up next to metabolically
Tracheal system active tissue.
places self right beside mitochondria in muscle. Each mitochondria has direct
Air sac supply of oxygen! Don;t wait for blood. )2 dissolves faster in air than liquid.
Tracheal Secret a gradient. System flood with air when open, flood. 21% O2.
trunk

close after saturate, muscle uses it up until neccessary to open again

Spiracle and resupply.
Tubules water proofed with epicuticle, so not site of water loss or gas exachng
Trachea only in smallest tracheals is water removed to allow gas exchange,
Muscle
Tracheole
Never oxygen debt!!!
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so no giants (except super 35% O2 carboniferous).

Insect - Tagma

locomotory
Head Thorax Abdomen organ systems

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Insect tagma

 Head
– sensory and food acquisition
 Thorax
– Locomotion
 Abdomen
– Reproduction and general function

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sides, top and bottom appendages.

labrum at top,
Generalized mouthparts
Labrum maxilla also sensory, as is labium. Palps on maxilla detect if food, how to
consume, etc.
Mandible
mandibled to grin and chew
Frons Hypopharynx
Clypeus
Maxilla

Labium

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head delicate, mandibled strong.

Head – lines and landmarks
need to reinforce structure, not strong enough to not give when push!
Vertex
Compound eye
fold cuticle internally,
Ocellus
form whole head region with
Antenna
cuticle infolds
Gena Anterior tentorial pit refinforcing structures of infold all hrough head to hold structure.
Frons
Mandibular condyle
Clypeus
Mandible
Labrum

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ant equivaent of us cutting through 1/2inch steel.

Head – lines and landmarks reinforcing ridge.
Compound eye
Ocellus Occiput
tentorial pits!
Antenna Postocciput
Postocciputal suture
Occipital suture
Frons
Gena
Anterior tentorial pit
Posterior tentorial pit

Mandibular condyle
Clypeus Maxillary condyle
Labrum Manibular condyle
Mandible
Maxilla Labium
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ridge around head, up to top, reinforced inside of cuticle.

Reinforcing the head - tentorium
etc, all required to prevent distortion.

THIS IS THE ENDOSKELETON! THE CUTICULAR REINFORCING INSIDE

THE HEAD CAPSULE!

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2 IMPORTANT MOUTH REGIONS, 1 ABOVE AND BELOW. Middle

Insect mouth dividor.

salivary secretion area.

Labrum

Hypopharynx

Preoral cavity

Labium
Salivary duct
general insect
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Piercing mouthparts cuticle can be molded to any shape/

mosquitos make it piercing.

Lb
Md elongate labium, fold up on self, pack rest inside. All elongated.
Hy
Mx pushed head into skin, mandibles and mailla rub against like a saw, piercre
La into skin, find blood vessel, pierce into wall (labium and mandible form a food
Mxp Mx Lb – Labrum cannal). Drinking straw into capillary! Suck with pharynx.
Mx – Maxilla
Md
Mxp – Maxillary palp
Lb Md – Mandible elongate TONGUE (HYPOPHARYNX), also elongated and folded along. Tip goes
La Hy – Hypopharynx in, innoculates with anticoagulants before flows up food canna.
La - Labium

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instead of delicatek gentle needle, kept big hard swiminging structure!

Combination - Horsefly
mandibles, maxilla swing in and out, like sword blades. Sharp as swing out
and in.
Lb
lacertae at skin, form a blood puddle. Modded "sponge" sucks up the blood.
Mx
Md pools in central area, gets sucked up again?
Mxp Hy
La
Lb Lb – Labrum
Md Mx – Maxilla
Hy Mxp – Maxillary palp
Mx Md – Mandible
La Hy – Hypopharynx
La - Labium
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housefly. Same spongy thing as horsefly to lap up liquid, but only that!
Sponging mouthparts
Spongy labium. tiny teeth to grind some stuff, but jetissoned most
parts from other groups.

Mxp specialists at soaking up pools of water.

Lb
Lb
Hy
Rid of all cutting, grinding mechanics.

La Lb – Labrum
La Mx – Maxilla
Mxp – Maxillary palp
Md – Mandible
Hy – Hypopharynx
La - Labium

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most economical. Piece of maxilla to feed (gaelia, fleshy part).

Butterfly
Every single piece of mouthpart gone!

simple mouth parts can be changed into anything!

secret of insects is ditching mandibular structure!

Lb – Labrum
La Mx – Maxilla
Mxp – Maxillary palp
Mx Md – Mandible
Mx Hy – Hypopharynx
La - Labium

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pro: legs only

Thorax meso: legs and wings
meta: legs and wings
all together: terrothorax.
 Prothorax
 Mesothorax
 Metathorax

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1 extra segment,
Insect leg petalla

Femur
Tibia
Pretarsus

Trochanter
Coxa Tarsus

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Leg articulation

Notum

Pleurites

Coxal
Coxal cavity
articulation
Pleurite

Sternum
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Insect flight - pterothorax

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wing articulating against side of thorassic box,

Direct flight musculature

nodum, lid on box? pull lid down. Levers to move wing up?

muscle pulls wings back down. Pull modum down to cause wing to pop up,
use muscle to return to original position

direct due to direct muscle!

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articulation at nodum.
Indirect flight muscles
anterior to posterior
When nodum in line, small distance compressed as wing position changes.

big small, big, where elastic string is! Muscle contraction, tension to the
elastic ball.

Compress mechanical energy from muscle. After midpointm unstable and

"spring" pops rest of way?

harnesses mechanical energy partway through wing beat to complete

it by a spring!
click mechanism!

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canmake nodum pop up by compressing anterior and posterior muscles.
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jam jar "pop"
junction where wing meets body, plates at hinge are the spring. inged elements compressed at middle of stroke, expansion greatest when wing high
or low. Snap to get rest of way?!
to get wing up, pull nodum down.

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membrane, pops up.

muscles pull down after pop up. Membrane pops up.
Wing articulation
muscle pull down, raise wing. In direct, pull wings down with muscle,
Scutum with other through distortion of box causing pop.
Pleural wing process
hole: where leg connects.
Base of the wing
Basalar
Subalar
pieces of terrothorax intact boxes with 1 part, lid, that can pop up.
Pleural suture

Trochantin
Coxal articulation
Coxal cavity

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Sternellum

moves very slowly, then jerks. Muscles of nodum move against each other.
Indirect flight mechanism
as nodum muscles go up (stretch, longitud comressing. As pop, strecth very
quickly and response to yank is to contract). Box gets harmonic, can beat
at 1000x per second. Can get more wing beats than a nervous impulse can
Longitudinal create!
Basalar indirect

Dorsal ventral Secret! overcome neccessity for nerve impulses to move wings for flight!
Pleuron
indirect ASYNCHRONOUS
Direct wing
muscles No limitation of nerve impulses speed, no oxygen demand: BEST FLYERS

thorax, plate, muscles + resp system = ultimate flight.

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Insect abdomen

Spiracles Tergum

Cercus

Ovipositor

Pleural Sternum
membrane

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Ovipositor appendages form a canal.

3rd valve
2nd valve valves make "tunnel"-> ovipositor
Egg canal
7 8 9 10 1st valve

3rd valve (gonostyle)

2nd valve (gonapophysis 9)
1st valve (gonapophysis 8)
Gonocoxite 9
Gonopore Gonocoxite 8

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epi
cuticle on outersurface of foregut, hindgut. No excretion, absorbtion.
Digestive system midgut
foregut Proventriculus hindgut
Malpighian dissapears on rectum for exrection
Esophagous Digestive
Crop tubule
caeca
tube lined with cuticle, all work to digesta nd absorb in middle region.,

Rectum
Mouth Salivary
Intestine
glands

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Central nervous system

Supraesophageal ganglion
(Brain)

Subesophageal Thoracic Abdomenal

ganglion ganglia ganglia

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don;t see red! See ulatrviolet, blue, green, yellow. Red flower =mammal or
Nervous system bird pollinator.

ONLY BUTTERFLIES CAN SEE RED!

 Sensory system
– Compound eyes
– Sensilla

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cincilla.
Sensory setal hairs
cuticular hairs, sit in a socket. If bent, stretch and pull on nerve.

Setal hair 2 special epidermal cells: trichogen cell makes the hair
Socket tormogen makes the socket.

Neurone can mod to taste, give chemical signal: drill a hole in the hair. dip in chemical
and tip of the nerve in it!
Trichogen cell
solves all situations and consequences of outer skeleton by being
Tormogen cell mechno and chemosensitive.

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Reproduction and development

 Spermatophores
 Eggs

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Female reproductive
system
Terminal filament

Ovarioles

Lateral oviduct
Calyx
Common oviduct
Spermatheca
Vagina

Accessory gland

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Male reproductive system

Testis

Sperm duct
(vas deferen)

Accessory gland

Seminal vesicle

Ejaculatory duct

Gonopore
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Insect eggs

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Arthropod growth

Weight

Size Nonarthropod

Time
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Incomplete metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis

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Complete metamorphosis
Holometabolous metamorphosis

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Setal hairs

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Sociality in insects

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Honey Bee castes

Worker Queen Drone

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Communication and control

Recruitment

Waggle Dance
Video start at 4:45

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Honey bee colonies

Old queen leaves colony
New queens
and takes some
develop in colony
workers with her and forms
new colony

Colony increases
in size

New queen mates

with drones and returns
to nest

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