Excretion

Rakshita
By
Singh.
Animals ingestion
- >

-> accumulate Ammonia,

↳ metabolic urea, uric acid, CO2,
->
Activities 120 & ions (Nat, K
u T, PORT, SOF).
↓
have to be removed

Totally or
partially.

wassecured,
#itrogenous uric and a

1 ↓/
least toxic
-> most toxic ->

be removed
large amount
-> -> can
reg. loss
of water too by min.

elimination. of water.
Ammonotelism
① (excueting ammonia).
eg. Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians,
insect.
aquatic
↓
Ammonotelic

readily soluble
N +

Is excreted diffusion
by
↓ ->

!
through
across
gill
body surface
fisness
①
↓c

as NH ions.
CAmmonium)
kidneys not
significantly involved
 water
Teresstial adaptation -> conserve
↓
waste
so, less toxic nitrogenous
↓/
urea, uric acid.
<-

Reptiles, Birds,
-
mammals, Teresstrial
marine fishes snails &
amphibians, land

↓/ insect.
Areotelic ↓/
Unicotelic
released into
- urea
Nib ↓
-

Blood I

i these uric acid

liver of ↓
Animals excreted
in form of
Pellet ou
out by
paste
I
kidneys Min.120
some urea is retained
1099.
to maintain osmolarity.
 ERETORY SCTURES
tubular forms
Invertebrates
*
->
simple
* Vertebrates -> complextubular organs (kidney)
Eg. 4 protonephridia or name cells
platyhelminthes (flatwos eg. planaria),

↳ some annolids, Rotitis,Cephalochordates

ionic a fluid
(Amphioxus)
volume
regulation.
Earthworm & other Annelids
② Nephridia
+

-> removes Ne wastes a maintain

fluid o ionic balance.

removal o
③Malphigian Tubules > Newaste
↳ osmoregulation
Insect (cockroaches).
④Antennal or Green glands -> Cstaceans (frawns
#MAN RATORYSTEM.
are

⑦-"inners
5-urinary blade one
kidneys Reddish
& brown, bean shaped
⑨

situated bu last thoracic a

⑧
third lumbar vertebrae
close dossal
to inner wall of
abdominal cavity.
③ Dimensions ->

length +10-12cm.

Width+5.7cm.
This kness ->2-3cm.

④ Alg weight 1og.

=
 coutex
outer inner medulla -> conical masses

gomai
into calyses.

I
enters @
through
Hilum.

ourler
(capsule)
 >

contex
* - extends in

bu medullany
pyramids.
↓
column of
Beotini.
-
-
Each Kidney-> Nearly million
complex
tubular structures
+1
Nephrons
(functional unity
-
2 part
-

Glomeslus
↳
Renal tubule

↓C

Tuft of cappilaries
Afterent arteriole
by
(Branch of Renal autory
↓ a

Blood from here carried

away by
asterile.
efferent
 thick compassively.
↑
pndtubule capsule
*
-
Double walked

stature
enclosesthose
cup-wise >

Glomemlus.
-

viii
-> efferent

-
Tuft 1

of Bowmann's
ea
apillaris
->

capsule
2
->malphigian I
body of Renal Corpusile.
②PCT proximal convoluted tubules
coiled Network
↳
highly
③ loop of
Henle
like
↳ hair pin
↓ ->

Descending Ascending
limb.
cimb
↓
④DCT (Distal convoluted Tubul)
highly coiled
tubular
region
of many Nephrons.
x

⑤
collecting duct
tube)
↓, straight
in
medullary pyramid calyses
↳ Renal Pelvis.
I
#

"oop,
Medulla.
 Nephrons-
</ -
Cortical Nephrons Juxta
medullary Nephrous
↓ in some
->

-> majority ->

loop of Henz
tente
-> loop of very long
creasly chort) -> deep into medulla

-> extends very little

in medulla
#efferent arteciole
1/
fine capillary Network
forms
around penal tubule
↓/
perifubular capillaries.
↓
this Network
vessel
minute of
↓/
Runs parallel to
loop of Henle
1
Recta.
U shaped Vasa

↓/
assent of highly reduced
in cortical Nephrons.
 rRNATION -
# NE
c/
glomerular
filtration
Rehabsorption creation

Blood filtration Byplomenius

+

①
1100 1200m).
-

alomentar filtration

.ybooevi d en
↓/
Through 3 layer.
Endothelium of
①
Glomerular Blood
Yessels
of blood
5th ② Epi of
Bowmann's
pumped by
heart ventricle. capsule
③ Basement men.
so them.
 cells
Bowmann's
* capsule -> epithelial
↓
podocytes
②

↓/
in intricate
arranged manner.
↓
leave minute
spaces
Filtres Blood ↓/
finely < filtration sit or

- slit Pores.

all constituents of
plasma exceptproteins ulta
to the lumen
pass on
-> Filtration
⑳
 filtration Rate.Care minut
Golaw
#

Healthy individual: 125m/min.

(afR)
11801 per day)
JGA
of SFR-
gulation
CJuxta Glomerular Apparaty;
↓/

sensitive regions
formed cellular modifications
by
127 8 AfferentAuteriole
of
at their contact
#
GFR-1 -JG cells activate Release
-
penin
↓
CFR Normal <- * Gomezulas How
# Day
Filtrate formed =180 litres
Urine Released 1.5 litres
=

+
99% reabsorbed
by Renal Tubules
↓,
Rabsorption
/ 7/
passive Active
↓ ↓/

N2 waste qlucose
Amino acids

sevehionH +

, 127, N13
Nat

↳ into filtrate

1.2 to maintain ionic acid bare

balance of body fluids.

# OF TUBULES
IONS
cuboidal brush
①
PCT -> lined by simple
border epithelium
-

for reabsorption
↳
↑
surface area

Nearly all ess. Nutrients reabsorbed here

/ water.
70-801. electrolytes

↳ also maintains pho ionic balance of

fluids selective secretion
body by
↓
Ammonia
ons
filtrate
into
1/
from it.
by 1105 absorption
② ote's
loop + Reabsorption-
= limb
c cending -

Descending b
->

④
- min.
-> water permeable + too
V.I maintaining
but impermeable osmolarity
of
->

high
to electrolytes. medullary interstitial

↓ fluid.
the
concentrates ->

impermeable to
filtrate water but
we move
as
allows
electrolytes
down
actively or passively
-
dilute the

filtrate. as

we move up.
③PT conditional
->

Reabsorption of Nat

& water.
↳
reabouption of MC05 a selective
secretion
of hydrogen &
potassium ions 8 NHz
↓
maintain
to the
Na-k balance.
④ pting just -
long Duct
↓
from contex of kidney
medulla.
to inner part of
could be
large
->

amount of the
reabsorbed to produce
conc. urine.

small urea
->

allows passage of
into
amount medullary
maintain
to
interstitium
osmolarity

-> maintains fH
blood
- ionic balance
of +8k+
↳
by selective secretion of H

ions.
MANISM ENTRATION
OF OF RATE
produce
outine
mammals -> ability
to

↓
a Recta
Henle's100p

Counter surrent mechanism

#
> ↓c
↓ proximity
filtrate flow of blood
flow of blw nente's
in 2 limbs
in 2 limbs
0
Resta loop
of Mente's loop of Vaca
Has a secta
in
is in
off also
direction & opp.
directions. opp in
How
those
 ↑
current mechanoswearily towards
interstitium.
inner medullary
from 300 mosmok 1200 mosmoll.
to

context (in inner medulla]

(in
-
returned gradientmainly
due to

to
interstitium o urea.
↓
= >

x/
by
transported by small amount
ascending limb of enters thin
ascending
limb Hence's loop segment of
of ascending limb of
1/
Yasa with Hente's loop
vesta. exchanged limb
+1
back
descending transposted
recta. intentitium by
of vasa to

tubule.
collecting
 -to mechanism
current

/
in easy passage
maintains cons.
-> helps
water from
-

gradient in of
tubule
-
*

medullary collecting
interstitium ↓/
conc, the filtrate

urine).
1,
kidney
can produce nearly
u times one urine

initial filtrate
than
formed.
 #NEY RATION
↓s
Hormonal feedback mechanism
/
*aA -heart.
⑪ Hypothalamus
XBlood osmo receptors
volume change
-
->

fluid vol activated

Body
gonic sons.
- ↓
stimulates Hypothalamus
↓
Antidiuretic Hormone
Release
or vasopressing (Nenrohypo-
physis).
↓
water reabsorption from
tubule
latter parts of
↓
Diuresis
Prevent -
-
* Body fluid -> switch off the

volume osmoreceptors
↓
suppress H

4
↓
comp.
to Feedback.

also affect kidney

* constrictory
unl by
blood vessels.
affect on

↓
↑↑ Blood press
↓1

↑↑ glomerular Blood flow

& * GFR.
 ②JOA ccomplex regulatory roles
release
⑤
a cells
activate
↓, afR->
-

Renin
- -
< -

⑭tensinogen
Angiotencin Angiotensin
-> ->

/powerful
vasoconstrict

advenal
activate Blood press.
↑↑ Glomerular
cortex
↑GFR

nonion
-
release aldosterone

Neablosionof NatOMO m -
->
↓c
↑ ↑ in Blood press. & GFR.
 (hearts
③My Blood flow -> Atria
to

releases Atrial
Datiuretic factor

⑥NF)
/
cause
vasodilation
↓c
1- B.P.
-
1)

keeps check on Renin-Angiotensin

mechanism.
# MICTURITION
(stud it
- .

Nephrons- Urine -> Urinary Bladder

voluntary signal by CNS

/ ↳ cause of streching
bladden
release of urinary
urine ↓
of

⑧
shech receptor ou
#
wallS sends signals
mictuition
- to <NS

mechanism
<

↓ ↓
Neural Motos message
involved ↓
/
smooth
· Refle contraction of
bladder 8
Nation
&

mucle of
relaxation of unethral

sphinctoo.
Adult
Urine per day.
⑨

- 11.52.
->
lightyellow, watery
acidic (pH =
6)
->
slightly
->
characteristic odour.

-> urea - excreted day

# 25-30gm.
#Urine Analysis
↓I

helps in clinical diagnosis.

e.g.
=
alucose

kelone
in

bodies
urine

+
Glycosuria
Ketonuria I
R
in Diabetes
mellitus.
-
 =HER GANS NRETION
in-sebaceous
unge. er,
↳ and see
11
↓
Theat
↓
eliminates
remove
largest sHNOIS,

Innalempanead
(200ml/min)
gland Hydrocarbon,

waxe
↓

morred
also 128 secross
sebum
↓
Bile containing
substances oily
OBillicubin, Billivording primary covering
cholestroy, degraded cooling
sevoid hormones,

↳ Ialivat
drugs
re
sma
Vitamins,
out with
pass
Digestive wastes.
-RDERS