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D. Body cavities—these structures separate the gut and the body wall of most
bilateral species.
1. One type of body cavity is the coelom (humans)—this space allows
internal organs to expand and operate freely.
2. Some animals (flatworms) do not have a coelom but are packed solidly
with tissue
3. (roundworms) however, have a false coelom.
III. Phylum Cnidaria (Invertebrate): jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones, hydra, etc.
A. Most live in the marine habitats, but some species are found in fresh water
B. Most are sessile or slow-moving animals but are still efficient predators
because they possess special stinging cells called cnidocytes
C. Bodies are radially symmetric and contain a single opening that’s lined with
tentacles. Also location of mouth
D. The central body cavity of Cnidarian is called gastrovascular cavity—
location where food is digestion
E. Reproduce sexually or asexually
IX. Phylum Echinodermata (Invertebrates): sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea
cucumbers
A. Species have spiny skins that are made up of hard, calcified plates that form a
type of skeleton just under their epidermis
B. No segmentation in their bodies and no head region
C. Radial symmetrical
D. Decentralized nervous system permits response to be made in all directions
E. Coelom—water vascular system
X. Phylum Chordata (Vertebrates): sea squirt, kin , lancelet, jawless fishes, bony
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
A. Approximately 45,000 different species
B. A few chordates lack backbones and are therefore known as invertibrates, but
the vast majority have backbones and are vertebrates
C. Four features that are evident in chordate embryos and, in many species, these
persist into adulthood:
4. Tail—which extends past the anus, at the far end of the digestive tract,
and is a muscular projection. It disappears in many vertebrates
(humans) as the embryo develops.
VERTEBRATES
• Invertebrate Chordates:
A. Sea squirts (urochordates/ tunicates)
1. Dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharynx
2. Free-swimming forms that look like tadpoles
3. Strong tail to propel the animal forward
B. Lancelets (cephalochordates)
1. Dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharynx
2. Use segmented muscle on both sides of a full-length notochord for
swimming
Bonus: How did we get from invertebrates (i.e. sea squirts, lancelets) to vertebrates?
• Part of the nerve cord expanded and developed into a complex brain
• Fins ---appendages that help propel, stabilize, and guide the body through
water
1. fins were also the starting point for the legs, arms, and wings seen
among amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
• Gas exchange structures:
1. As fishes became larger and more active, oxygen uptake distribution
improved
2. Gills developed into lungs
3. Enhanced modification of the heart
II. Class Amphibia: three groups (salamanders, frogs and toads, Caecilains)
• First land vertebrates
• Return to the water to lay their eggs
• Breath through their lungs and skin, and the constantly lose water through
their skin, so must remain in moist habitats
V. Class Mammalia:
• By definition, mammals nourish their young with milk, and have elevated
body temperatures and a four-chambered hearts
• Young develop internally in the uterus—exceptions are the monotremes (egg-
laying mammals) and the marsupials, whose young develop in pouches
outside the body
• Hair
• Specialized teeth to kill, cut, and chew before swallowing it