KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Conglomerate of organisms which do not fit

into other 4 Kingdoms
• Moneran (bacteria), Animalia, Plantae, Fungi
• Much more complicated than Monerans
• They represent the intermediate step in
the evolution of the other three kingdoms
• Protozoan is the Greek word for “first
animal”
• Contains about 65,000 species

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 KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Made up of a complex eukaryotic cell
(unicellular) or cells (multicellular)
• Eukaryotes have cellular
organelles, and prokaryotes (bacteria)
do not
• Prefix uniOne (single)
• Prefixmulti More than
one (many)
• Kingdom has organisms that demonstrate
both animal and plant-like characteristics
• Some members make their own food 2
 KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Organisms separated based on feeding behaviors

Autotrophs Heterotrophs
green algae amoeboids
brown algae ciliates
red algae zooflagellates
diatoms sporozoans
dinoflagellates plasmodial slime molds
euglenoids cellular slime molds
water molds

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 KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Inhabit aquatic ( water_) areas and
terrestrial ( land ) areas
• Protists are classified into 13 Phyla which can
be placed into 3 main groups
plant-like

an
ke

im
-li

al-
us

l
ike
ng
fu

4
Kingdom Protista

5
• All Protozoa can reproduce asexually
• One “parent” for reproduction
• Called binary fission
• During binary fission, one
protozoan cell divides into two
identical individuals.

6
 Animal-like protists
• All heterotrophs
• classified by the structure used for movement:

1) Cilia - tiny beating hair-like structures

• Coordinated
movement between
individual cilia

2) Flagellum(a) - whip-
like tail(s)
• Back and
forth wave
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 Animal-like protists

3) Pseudopodia - projection of cytoplasm that

sticks out like a foot

(“false foot”)

4) Sessile/sporozoan - No locomotion 8
 Animal-like protists -
Examples
1. Amoeba

❑comes from the Greek

word amoibe which means
“change”
❑ unicellular

❑ moves by pseudopodia which give

appearance of cell changing size and shape
❑aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or

slowly moving streams

❑ can cause disease – amoebic dysentery

❑ ingests small organisms like bacteria

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other protozoans
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 Animal-like protists -
Examples
1. Amoeba
❑ feeding sequence
❑psuedopodia

surround and engulf

food particle
❑process

called
phagocytosis

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 Animal-like protists -
Examples
2. Paramecium
• Unicellular, slipper-shaped
•
move by coordinated
beating of many cilia

• aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams

• usually do not cause diseases in humans
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 Animal-like protists -
Examples
2. Paramecium -
continued
• Food to waste pathway

13
 Animal-like protists -
Examples
2. Paramecium - continued
• Reproduction
1. Binary fission ( asexual )

N = nucleus
F = Fission plane

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 Animal-like protists -
Examples
2. Paramecium - continued
• Reproduction
2. Conjugation ( sexual _)

•
Form structure called
conjugation tube to
exchange genetic material

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 Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan

Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like)

• Sporozoa do not move on their own
• mostly common in tropical areas
• protist that reproduce by forming spores
• they are usually parasitic
• sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria
• its caused by female mosquitos

• humans get malaria when

bitten by an infected mosquito
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17
18
 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST
• Have chlorophyll
• Make their own food
• They can live in 4 main environments:
• freshwater • soil
• salt water • tree bark
• they produce large amounts of oxygen which
are used by other living organisms
• they are grouped according to pigment & stucture
• into 6 main groups:
Green algae, red algae, brown algae, fire algae, golden
algae, euglena
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 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d
• they are grouped according to color & stucture
A) Euglena D) Red algae

B) Diatom
E)

Green Algae
C) Dinoflagellates
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 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena-
• one celled alga that
moves with one flagellum
• lives in fresh water
• reproduces asexually

• red eyespot near front

end to find light…Why?

• have chlorophyll and can make

their own food ( autotroph) 21
 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena Continued-

contains
disk-shaped
chloroplasts

• organelle is the site of

photosynthesis and gets its name from
the
the presence of
green pigments (the chlorophylls) 24
 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d
B) Diatom
• beautiful one celled protists
• come in many shapes
• EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles
• important food source for water dwelling animals
• cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts
• Think of a box with a lid
• made of the same material as glass
• cell coverings do not decay (when dead)
• used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters
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 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

C) Dinoflagellates

• Algae that is usually found in oceans

• Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments

• Move by two flagella

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 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

• produce large numbers which turns the ocean red

• responsible for “red tides”
• produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish
• humans can become ill if they eat shell
fish that have absorbed these chemicals
• common off the coast of Florida or
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other warmer areas
☹ Red Tide
☹

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 ☹ Red Tide Kills Fish
☹

Absorbed red
dinoflagellates

After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a

stingray becomes disoriented. They have the
appearance of not being able to see or control
what they are doing. Eventually the ray will
stay at the surface lying horizontally and die.27
 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d
E) Green Algae
• Come in many different forms
• can be unicellular or multicellular
spirogyra
• they produce O2 in H2O
• serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish
• usually found in “colonies”
• Colony – a group of cells that live together

chlorella

desmids 28
 PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d
Algae Examples
• EX: volvox colony
• Arranged in a single
layer with flagella facing
outward
• The flagella beat and the
colony spins through the water
• Brown
Algae
•
EX: Kelp (brown algae) …
aka….“sea weed”
•
30
 FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST
Slime Molds:
• fungus-like protists that are consumers
• live in cool, damp places EX: forest floor
• feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs
and decaying leaves
• some are parasites (very few)

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Water Molds
Water molds are commonly found in moist soil
and surface water. Many are plant pathogens that
destroy crops. They infect plants such as grapes,
lettuce, corn, and potatoes. Some water molds are
parasites of fish and other aquatic organisms.
Directions: Write out & highlight the following
questions
) List the three main (groups) types of
protists?
2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) What are sporozoans? Give one example.
4)List the 3 structures protozoan use
for locomotion.
) List 5 plant-like protists?
6) Why are algae important?
7)them.
Explain why red tides occur and what 36