Nuclear Equations 4.13 Write a balanced nuclear equation forthe alpha decay of each ofthe following a ipo bh Th 4.14 Write a balanced nuclear e of the following a om bese Aer. HBN 4418 Write balanced nuclear equation forthe beta decay of each of the following: FAN. Ro ation forthe alpha decay of each b. 4. potassium? ©. strontim-92 4.16 Write a balanced nuclear equation forthe beta decay of each of the following: a HK b jon59 6, iron60 4B /417 Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron decay of cach ofthe following: ais be HCo | BRD. Rh 448 Write «balanced nuclear equation for the positron decay of [each ofthe following: ate BN 4g eB a xe 19 Complete each of the following nuclear equations: lke BAL — 2+ fe bo? —s BKr + de © fice — Gan +? 2 Se + 3m e Gis —+ 7+ ste 4.20 Complete each ofthe following nuclear equations aC — we +7 bse a4 Me 2 By + He 4. fbi —> 2+ fie 0 Ber + fe 4.21 Complete each ofthe following bombardment reactions: a. Be + In —+? b.S +? —+ Bp 2+ in —> Na + fie 4. HAL + $ile —+ 9+ be , 4.22 Complete each ofthe following bombardment reactions: Rar 2 IK + I b. HU +p —? 2th — e+ it 42+ BNI TRE + bnSTIONS AND PROBLEMS Half-Life of a Radioisotope 4.29 What is meant by the term half-tfe? 4.30 Why are radioisotopes with short half-lives used for diagnosis, ‘in nuclear medicine? 431 Technetium-99m isan ideal radioisotope for scanning organs because it has a half-life of 6.0 h and is a pure gamma emitter. Suppose that 80.0 mg were prepared inthe technetium genera- tor this morning. How many milligrams would remain after the following intervals? ‘a one half-hife © 18h », gwo half lives a. 24h 432 A sample of sodium-24 with an activity of 12 mCi is used! study the rate of blood flow in the circulatory system. I ‘um-24 has a half-life of 15 h, what isthe activity ofthe sod after 25 days? 4.33 Strontium-85, used for bone scans, has a half-life of 65 da How long will it take for the radiation level of stronti top to one-fourth ofits original level? To one-eighth?” 4434 Fluorine-18, which has a half-life of 110 min, is used in PE (See section 45.) If 100 mg of loorine-18 is Shipp 8 aa, how many milligrams of the radioisotope are stil ai ifthe Sample arrives atthe radiology laboratory at 1:30 PM] Ey Medical Applications Using Radioactivity LEARNING GOAL Describe the use of radioisotopes in medicine, To determine the condition of a tope that concentrates in that organ. The cells in the body do not differentiate between # radioactive atom and a radioactive one. However, radioactive atoms can be detected ‘organ inthe body, a radiologist may give a patient adi they emit radiation, Some radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine are listed in Table 4.10.‘FIGURE 4.7. CT scan shows a brain tumor (yellow area) inthe center of the right side of the brain, Wiha isthe type of radiation used to give @ CT scan? Seater QUESTIONS cal Applications Using Radioactivity ore and bony structures contain calcium and phosphorus, ‘Why would the radioisotopes of calcium-47 and phosphorus 32 be used inthe diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases? The radioisotope strontiumn-89, a beta emitter, is used to ‘teat bone cancer. Write the nuclear equation and explain bh a strontium radioisotope would be used to treat bone By. Technctium-99m emits only gamma radiation. Why would {his type of radiation be used in diagnostic imaging rather than an isotope that also emits beta or alpha radiation? FIGURE 4.8 An MRI scan of the heart and lungs, with the left ventricle shown in red Q What is the source of energy in an MRI? '. A patient with polycythemia vera (excess production of red blood cells) receives radioactive phosphorus-32, Why would this treatment reduce the production of fed blood cells in the bone marrow ofthe patent? 437 In a diagnostic test for leukemia, a patient receives 4.0 ml. of 3 Solution containing selenium-75. Ifthe activity ofthe selenium-75 Js 45 Cif, what isthe dose rceived by the patient? 4.38 A vial contains radioactive iodine-131 with an activity of 2.0 mCi per milliliter Ifthe thyroid test requires 3.0 mCi in an “atomic cocktail,” how many milliliter are used to prepare the iodine- 131 solution?For insractor- assigned homework, go to www.masteringchemistry.com. {451 Give the number of protons and number of neutrons in the mi ces of each the following: 2 sodium-25 D. nickel-61 rubidium 84 4. silver-110 452 Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms of the following isotopes a. boron-10) b. vine-T2 “ iron 59 @. gold-198 » 4453 Describe alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of the following 2 ype of radiation ——_B, symbols 454 Describe alpha beta, and gamma radiation in ers ofthe following 4 deh of tissue penetration 1. (ype of shielding needed for protection 455 Ment each ofthe following as alpha decay eta decay, poston emission, or gamma radiation: a ftal — Hats dy bib — Ge fe «Run — Ho + fe 456 eniy oach ofthe following ws alpha decay, eta decay — Bi + {He «Bat 457 Write « balanced nuclear equation for each of the following a. Th-225 fa decay) be. Bi-210 (a decay) cesium-137 ( decay) 4. in-126 (B decay) ‘¢, nitrogen-13 (8° emission) 4458 Write a balanced nuclear equation for each of the following: ‘a. potassium-40 (8 decay) b. solfur-35 (B decay) © platinum-190 (er decay) «. Ra-210 (a decay) © In-113m (y emission) 439 Complete exch ofthe following nuclear equations aN + He e+ dH b. BAI + fe —> Msi + 7 8 BU + je Bsr + a +? 460 Complete each of the following nuclear equations: 4461 Write the symbols and a balanced nuclear equation forthe following: & When two oxygen-16 atoms collide, one of the products is an alpha particle >, When californium-249 is bombarded by oxygen-18, a new ‘isotope and four neutrons are produced, & Radon-222 undergoes alpha decay. 4 The particle from e. undergoes alpha decay ‘462 Write the symbols and a balanced nuclear equation for the following 4 Polonium-210 decays to give lead-208. i, Bismuth-211 decays by emitting an alpha particle pl ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS. ‘The product from b. emits a beta particle 44. When an alpha particle bombards aluminum-27, ene product is silicon-30 4.63 If the amount of radiouctive phosphorus-32 in a sample decreases from 1.2 10 0.30 g in 28 d, what isthe half-life of phosphorus-32? 4.641 the amount of radioactive iodine-123 in a sample decreases from 0.4 g 10 0.1 gin 26.2 h, what isthe half-life of iodine-1232 4.65 Iodine-131, a beta emite, has a halflife of 8.0 Write the nuclear equation fo the beta decay of iedine-131 'b, How many grams ofa 12.0-g sample of iodine-131 would remain after 40? How many days have passed if 48 g of iodine-131 decayed to 30 gof iodine-1317 4.66 Cesium-137, a beta emitter, has a halle of 30 y. 1, Write the nuclear equation forthe beta decay of cesium-137. D. How many grams of # 16-2 sample of cesiumn-137 would remain after 90 y? How many years willbe needed for 28 g of cesium-137 to docay t0 35 g of cesium-137? 4.67 A nurse was accidentally exposed to potassium-42 while doing some brain scans for possible tumors, The error was not discovered until 36 h later when the activity ofthe potassium-42 sample was 2.0%, If potassium-42 has a half-life of 12h ‘what was the activity ofthe sample at the time the nurse was exposed? 4.68 A wooden object from the ste of an ancient temple has a ‘earbon-14 activity of 10 counts per minute compared with a ret erence piece of wood cut today that has an activity of 40 counts Per minute, Ifthe halflife for earbon-L4 is $730 y, what isthe age of the ancient wood object? 4.69 A 120-mg sample of technetium-99m is used fora diagnostic test. If technetium.99m has a half-life of 6.0 h, how much ofthe technetium 99m sample remains 24 after the test? 4:70 The halite of oxygen-IS is 124s Ifa sample of oxygen-15 thas an activity of 4000 Bg, how many minutes wil elapse before it eaches an activity of 500 Bq? 4.71 What isthe purpose of radiating meats, fruits, and vegetables? 44.72 The iraiaton of foods was approved inthe United States dur- ing he 1980s a Why have we not scan many ieradiated products in our markets? b, Would you buy foods tha have been ieradisted) Why or why not? 44.73 What is the dference between fission and fusion? 4.744, What are the products in the Sssion of wranium-235 that make possible a nuclear chain reaction?” b, What sth purpose of placing control rods aong uraniam samples ina nuclear reactor? 4.75 Where does fusion occur naturally? 4.76 Why are scientists coniuing to ty to build a fasion reactor even though the high temperatures needed have been difficult to reach and maintain?MMT curren nvcucancremisray ME CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 4£77 ent each ofthe following nucea reactions as alpha decay, beta decay posivon emission, or gamma radiation: 2 Bal — Hal + 8y b. 1B —> Be + fe c Bsr —> By + fe a Yar — Bi + ste 4.78 Complee and balance each of the following nuclear equations: a Ma — 4 By be. izn —+ Shou + ec. Am + $He —> ___ + 2p a. Bsn —+ __+ fe 4479 Uranium-238 decays in series of nuclear changes until stable is produced, Complete the following nvclear equations that re part ofthe “HU decay series a MU — fm +? bY 7+ Be kn + tHe 4.80 The iceman known as “Otzi" was discovered in w high mountain pass on the Austrian-Ialian border, Samples of his hair and bones had carhon-14 activity that was about 30% ofthat present in new hair or bone, Carbon-1 is beta emitter a How long ago did "Otzi” live if the half-life for C-14 i, 5730? bs, Write a nuclear equation for the decay of carbon-14. BLANSWERS ANSWERS TO STUDY CHECKS 4.1. Distance from the radioactive source and minimizing the time of exposure 42 ipo — po + tHe 1 —+ "xe + fe Al + fHe —> ISP + 4 For B. the factors I: ads and rems at 46 0502 47172009 — tie + i ANSWERS TO SELECTED QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS. 4.1, Both an alpha particle and helium nucleus have two protons and two neutons iH An arpaticl is emitted from an unstable nucleus ding ae tioactive decay 43 a. RK. 8K, SK ‘They all have 19 protons and 19 electrons, but they differ in the number of neutrons. 4.81 The half-life forthe radioactive decay of calcium-47 is 45d, a sample has an activity of 4.0 Ci after 18 d, what was the in tial activity ofthe sample? 4.82 A 16-ug sample of sodium-24 decays to 2.0 pg in 45 h, What the half-life of sodium-247 4.83 Write a balanced equation foreach ofthe following radioacti 1 an alpha panicle from Hg-180 b. a beta particle from Sn-126 a positron from Mn-49 4.84 Write a balanced equation for each ofthe following radioacti a an alpha particle from Gd-148 bb. a beta particle from $1.90 a positron from AF-25 Medical Use Hear imaging Radiation therapy Abdominal scen Hyperthyroid a 31 Leukemia treatment 73P 32 47 a atte 4. SN © 49 a Bore b aoriHe 4. FINa etic 4411 a. Because panicles are much smaller and move faster th «a patcles, they can penetrate farther into issue by When radiation ineraet with the components ofthe cells reactive species are formed tha cause undesirable reac «. Radiation tecicians leave the rom to increase the dst between them and the radiation Also, a wall hat contains lead shields them, 4 Wearing gloves shields the skin fom a and radiation. 43a. *iPo — “pb + fe b, Bm —> 7a + fe4. Bn —> fpo + He + Me + fe nto IF + csr —+ BY + Pe 1 3K — Bea + Be + HAL + fe — Bre + te Bkr+ te ith — Ru + fe bikr «fe Rau pe ob fee HAL dP ‘When radiation enters the Geiger counter, charged particles aye produced that create a urs of current that is detected by the instrument >. ecquerel (Bq), curie(Ciy rad nay (Gy 4. 1000 Gy 428-294 uCi 427 When pilots are Alying at high altitudes, there is less atmosphere to protect them from cosmic radiation. 429 halflife is the time it takes for one-half ofa radioactive sam. ple to decay 431 a 40.0 mg 20.0 mg 100mg 5.00 mg 433 130 days, 195 days 435 a, Because the elements Ca and Pare part of bone, their ra Uiuactve isotopes wil also bevome part ofthe bony struc tures of the body where their radiation can be used to iagnose o teat bone diseases . Sr —+ By + Ne Sonium ($1) acts much ike calcium (Ca) because bot are Group 2A Q) elements, The body wil accumulate radionc- Sve strom in bones in the same way tit it incoportes calcium, Once the strontium isotopes ubsrbed by the bone, the beta radiation wll destroy cancer ells 437 180 Ci 499 Nctear fasion isthe splitng of large stom into smaller frag ments withthe release of lage amounts fener 441 "Eo 448 a. fision 1 fasion 6. fision 4 sion 445 a,c positron 4a7 449 481 459 461 463 465 467 409 an 473 47s an 49 4a1 483, 17 200 years old a. 11 protons and 14 neutrons 1b. 28 protons and 33 neutrons 37 protons and 47 neuteons 47 protons and 63 neutrons {In alpha decay, a helium nucleus is emitted fom a radiiso- ‘ope. In beta decay, a neutzon in an unstable nucleus i com verted to proton and electron, which is emitted as a beta Paricle. In gamma emission, high-energy radiation is emit ted from the nucleus ofa radioisotope. a, tHe iy poston emission pha decay Bim —+ Bra + 21pi — Fri + 4 © Bcs—> Yea + fe ad. isn —> lisp + fe eIN— lic + fe a JO bit 6. ike - GO + Ho —s fate + fst Bee + Ho —+ Hise + abn Rn —> *IfPo + $He YPo — “ip + dite », ‘a. gamma radiation ». fe + xe «2d a b. 0375 8 16 uci 1S ‘The irradiation of meats, fruits, and vegetables kills bacteria such as E.coli that can cause food-borne illnesses. In addition, spoilage is deterred, and shelf ie is extended, Inthe fission process, an atom splits into smaller nucei. nf sion, small nuclei combine fuse o form a larger nucleus Fusion occurs naturally in the sun and other stars. 4. gamma radiation D. positron emission betadecay —d. alpha decay a. BU — ym + fe b. 73th — ipa + te © Ra —> Rn + Se 4 halFtives; 64 mCi a. Be —+ epi + He »b. lisa —> "sb + fe ©. Mn — Ber + fe