Bioelectricity

of Heart
Basic
BasicTheory
Theoryof
ofDinamic
DinamicElectricity
Electricity
• Atoms are containing equal number of neutrons and protons in
their nucleus and electrons revolving outside the nucleus in
orbits.
• In normal circumstances, protons (positive charges) balance
out electrons (negative charges) as they are equal in numbers.
• However, some atoms are capable of attracting electrons
while some are capable of loosing their electrons. This is
known as electron flow.
• Electrons in outer orbits of atoms are loose (less strongly
attracted to protons in the nucleus) and are as such called
free electrons.
• These free electrons can be freed from the atoms and a
steady stream of these electrons forms an electric current.
Potensial Action of Heart
Potensial Action of Heart
• At resting condition, inner side is more
negative than outer side. This polarity is kept
by sodium-potasium pump
 Potensial Action of Heart
• Ionic basis of cardiac electrical activity

Caused by movement of ions from
outside the cell into the
cell or contrary through ion channels. Th
e movement of ions occurs due to
differences of ion concentration between
inner and outer side
55phases
phasesof
ofpotential
potentialaction
actionof
ofheart
heart

Phase 0 (upstroke, fast depolarization)

Phase 1 (early repolarization)

Phase 2 (plateau)

Phase 3 (fast repolarization)

Phase 4 (resting membrane potential)

Remember !!!
Depolarization is when a cell membrane's
charge becomes positive to generate
anaction potential. This is usually caused by
positive sodium and calcium ions going into
the cell.
Repolarization is when a cell membrane's
charge returns to negative after
depolarization. This is caused by positive
potassium ions moving out of the cell.
Phase
Phase00(upstroke,
(upstroke,rapid
rapiddepolarization)
depolarization)
 Under normal conditions, the ventricular
muscle fibers are activated between 60 and
100 times/min by an electrical impulse
initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node.
 This action allows a rapid inward flow of
Na into the cell through specific Na
channels.
 This process causes the inside of the cell to
become positively charged. The voltage
inside the cell at the end of depolarization
is about 30 mV.
 This electrophysiologic event produces a
rapid up-stroke in the action potential
Phase
Phase11(early
(earlyrapid
rapidrepolarization)
repolarization)
• Immediately after phase 0,
the channels for K open
and permit K to flow out
of the cell, an action which
produces an early, but
incomplete repolarization

• (repolarization is slowed
by the Phase 2 influx of Ca
ions).
Phase
Phase22(plateau)
(plateau)
• During this period,
there is slow inward
flow of Ca, which in
turn significantly slows
the outward flow of K.
• The plateau phase
prolongs the
contraction of the
myocardial cells
Phase 3 (fast repolarization)
Phase 3 (fast repolarization)
 The longest phase
 This phase happen when sodium
ions that going out from the cell
more than calcium ions going
into the cell
 During this period, the inward
flow of Ca stops, the outward
flow of K is again accelerated,
and the rate of repolarization
accelerates
Phase
Phase44(Resting
(RestingMembrane
MembranePotential)
Potential)
 During this period, the voltage-sensitive
ion channels return to their pre-
depolarization permeability.

 The excess Na inside the cell (that

occurred during depolarization) and the
loss of K (that occurred during
repolarization) are returned to normal
by the Na and K ion pumps. An
additional Na and Ca pump removes the
excess of Ca from the cell
The
TheNormal
NormalElectrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram
Heart
HeartRate
Rate
(usually in Lead II)
>100x/ mnt
Normal= Takikardi

60-100x/mnt <60x/ mnt

Bradikardi

1) 1500 2) 300
 small  medium
 Thank
Physiology is
Fun