Presentation

Sondex Cased Hole Products

Nicholas Ryan
Business Development Manager,
Asia-Pacific
Sondex

 Manufacturer of specialized electro-mechanical

downhole equipment for the oil and gas industry.
 Sondex has been in business since the mid
1970’s and was floated on the London Stock
Exchange in June 2003.
 10% of Turn-over invested in R&D
 Head office located near London
Sondex Wireline Product lines

 Production Logging
– Standard PL string
– Short Compact Tool (SCT)
– Sondex MAPS
– HT/HP Hades
 Well Integrity Platform
– Radial Bond Tool (RBT)
– Multifinger Imaging Tool (MIT)
– Magnetic Thickness Tool (MTT)
 Conveyance
– Tractor
 Pipe Recovery
– Downhole Electric Cutting Tool (DECT)
 Data Processing
– Acquisition systems
– Log plotting
– Casing inspection interpretation software
 Training
– Formal courses worldwide
– On-site training
 Ultrawire / Ultralink Telemetry System

Common Ultrawire™
toolbus at
500 kb/sec

128 MB Ultrawire
Memory Recorder
runs all tools

Surface Readout
bidirectional
Ultralink™ telemetry
at 50-200 kb/sec on
Mono-conductor
 Analysis of Reasons for PLT jobs

Mechanical Problems
Production Profiles
7%
24%

Injection Profiles Water Problems

10% 45%

Excess gas Problems

14%
Some Reasons:

Not as much oil / gas is being produced as expected.

There is too much water being produced.
There is too much gas being produced.
The well has leaks or may be becoming mechanically unsound.
Production Logging Toolstring
CCL

Pressure Resolution .01 psi, Accuracy

0.02% (3.2 psi at 16,000 psi)

Gamma Ray Resolution 1 API

Density - Fluid ID. Resolution 0.01g/cc,

Accuracy 0.03 g/cc
Temperature - Fluid Movement Resolution
0.005 deg F, Accuracy 1 deg F

Fluid Capacitance - Fluid ID. Resolution

1%. Accuracy depends on holdup.

Flowmeter - Total Flow. Resolution 0.1

RPS, Sensitivity 2 ft/min (17 m3/d in 7”
casing)

Others: Short Compact

Centralisers
Knuckle Joints
PLT String
X-Y Caliper is 4.3m Long
In Line Spinner
Capacitance Array Tool etc
Spinner Flowmeter Options

6 Arm Caged Full Bore

(Casing)

3 Arm Caged Full Bore

(Casing)

Continuous Flow Spinner

Tubing / High Rate Wells

In-Line Spinner
Tubing / 2nd Flowmeter
Jewelled Spinner Flowmeter
(resists jamming by sand / solids)
Sapphire Upper Jewel

Tungsten Carbide Pin

Magnet for rotation
pickup

• Used in wells with sand in the oil

• Low threshold

• Caged window for self cleaning

Impeller

Tungsten Carbide Pin

Sapphire Lower Jewel

 Spinner Flowmeter Options
Diverter Flowmeter for Low Rate Wells
Tool is opened and closed on
command from surface
Inside of shroud becomes ‘new wellbore’

Fluid velocity is raised

Can measure flowrate as low as

25 bpd / 4m^3d

Different baskets are fitted for different

Casing sizes.

Additional tool to rest of PL string

 SONDEX RADIOACTIVE
DENSITY TOOL
•Rating 15000 psi, 350 deg F
Low counts = •High Resolution 0.01 g/cc
High Density •Accuracy 0.03 g/cc
•Unaffected by radioactive scale
High Counts =
Low Density •Suitable for all well deviations including horizontal
•Suitable for all flowrates
•Low power Americium 241 source - radiation levels
at background level 1m away from the tool.
•Low maintenance - requires ‘O’ ring changes only
Scintillation Sondex Radioactive Fluid Density tool response.

Gamma Ray (N o rm a l ise d = C o u n tra te / w a te r c o u n tra te )

L o g (b a se 1 0 ) N o rm a li se d C o u n tra te
1

detector
0.8 General Multipoint Calibration line
end-points

Density Frequency
0.6
0 6.815 * w ater f requency
0.846 1.432 * w ater f req
1.0 w ater f req Air-Dies el-Water Line
0.4 1.2 0.447 * w ater f req
Water-Salt Water Line

Air pts
0.2
Petrol pts

Kerosene pts
0
Diesel pts

Fresh Water pts

-0.2 NaCl Salt Water pts

Crude Oils
-0.4 Other log data

-0.6

150 millicurie
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Fluid Density (g/cc)

Am241 RA source Due to photoelectric effects needs multipoint calibration

60 KeV
 Differential Pressure Density Tool
Theory of measurement
Theory of operation FDD differential pressure density tool
Water = 1.00 g/cc. Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient = 0.433 psi/ft
Silicon oil = 0.97 g/cc. Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient = 0.97 x 0.433 psi/ft = 0.420 psi/ft

Silicon Oil
In Air

Differential Pressure Air = 0 g/cc

2ft
In Air = 0.840 psi ΔP = 0.84 psi

Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.0 psi Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.840 psi

Wellbore Inside the Tool

Silicon Oil
In Water
Differential Pressure Water = 1 g/cc
2ft
In Water ΔP = -0.26 psi
= 0.866 - 0.840 psi
= -.026 psi
Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.840 psi
= 0.866 psi
Wellbore Inside the Tool
Thus we can measure density by
The tool has a high differential pressure in Air
differential pressure.
and a low differential pressure in Water
 Fluid Capacitance Tool
How it works:
Air has a dielectric constant of 1
Oil has a dielectric constant of about 8
Water has a dielectric constant of 80

The tool is in effect an annular variable capacitor. The

Inner output frequency of the tool is related to the average
Flow Probe dielectric constant of the fluid between the inner probe
is up and the outer cage of the tool.
through
the Water results in a LOW output frequency.
tool Outer Hydrocarbons result in a HIGH output frequency.
Cage The log is often presented with reversed scales to
emulate density - hydrocarbon entry shows as a shift
to the left.
 Relationship of Capacitance response to Holdup

DENSITY vs HOLDUP Fractional Response

CWH vs Water Holdup
1.2
1
1.1

Fractional Response
0.8
Log Density, g/cc

1
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.7 0
0 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Holdup, fraction Water Holdup, fraction

The relationship between The relationship between fluid capacitance

Density and holdup is linear reading and holdup is NON Linear.
80% of tool response covers
only 50% of water holdup.
 Gas Holdup Tool

Gas: Low Back

Scatter
Fluids: High Back • High Count Rate in Liquid
Gamma Scatter
Ray Detector
GAS HOLDUP • Low Count Rate in Gas
TOOL
SCHEMATIC
Backscat • Gives across wellbore
tered Returning gamma rays
Gamma
holdup
are subject to
Rays attenuation
Casing Photoelectrically • Raw counts need
Absorbs Gamma Rays correcting for pressure,
Tungsten
temperature, gas
Cobalt57
Disc Shield properties,fluid properties and
Source
pipe size
 Gas Holdup Tool
Tool Response is subject to
Pipe ID (volume of fluid to
Count Rate

back scatter counts)

Liquid Count Rate

Gas Count Rate

Pipe ID
Yg calculated by algorithms but
as Tool Response is nearly
Count Rate

linear 2 point cal to get Yg can

be used (with caution)
Liquid Count Rate

Gas Count Rate

Response in 5” tubing Yg for fixed ID
Example GHT Log (High GOR well)

Only the GHT can

Reliably identify the
Holdup change with
Gas entry
Example GHT Log (3 Phase Well)

Oil, Gas and Water

Oil and Water

(Density = 0.97 g/cc)
No Gas
(Yg = 0)
 PLT Example Results

The total water cut is 76% of

which:
Zone 1
Zone 1: 89% Water Cut

Zone 2 Zone 2: 72% Water Cut

Zone 3
Zone 3: 68% Water Cut

Zone 4 Zone 4: 77% Water Cut

Log run prior to planned workover to set bridge plug above lowest zone.
If the client had set the bridge plug:
A lot of money would have been spent and 515 BOPD of production from
Zone 4 would have been left in the ground.
There would be little gain: The well would remain at 76% water cut (total of zones 1 to 3)
 1703 psi

Zonal
Pressures

Layer Pressure and 1136 psi

Productive Index estimation
using
Flowmeter and Pressure data

Wellbore 1378 psi

Shut in Pressure
1840 psi
During shut in the
lower layer is
crossflowing into 2862 psi
the 3 layers above
 Selective Inflow Performance
(Indonesian Gas Reservoir)
Layer Pressure and
Productive Index estimation
using
Flowmeter
and Pressure data

Layer Press Zone 2

Layer Press Zone 3

Commingled Well
Shut In Pressure

Layer Press Zone 1

Commingled Well
Performance
 SONDEX MAPS

Multiple Array Production Suite

High specification production logging tools for segregated flow:

Spinner Array Tool (SAT) – 6 velocity measurements around the wellbore

Capacitance Array Tool (CAT) – 12 fluid identification measurements around the wellbore

Resistivity Array Tool (RAT) – 12 holdup measurements around the wellbore

 Water Entry Horizontal Well

As well as opening the maximum amount of formation by

drilling horizontally we also increase the risk of encountering
reservoir uncertainties.

Some Reasons for water entry horizontal wells:

Coning
Production through conductive faults / natural fractures
Production through high permeability streaks / pipes

Highly conductive fault High vertical permeability pipe

or fracture
It is not unusual for horizontal wells to produce water.
 Gas Coning Horizontal Well

Once Gas enters the wellbore, because it has lower viscosity it is

preferentially produced. This can reduce or even block the flow of oil
from further down the well.
In one documented case producing the gas cap allowed the oil zone / oil
water contact to move up until the well started to produce water.
 Water producing horizontal well logged
with centre sampling PL tools

It is hard to say with confidence what is coming from where.

 Advanced Production Logging Tool
Capacitance Array Tool for stratified flow

The tool is 1 11/16” OD and

has 12 micro-capacitance sensors
deployed on bowsprings which
follow the ID of the casing.
 Imaging the flow profile with colours

GAS (500kHz)
STANDARD PL TOOL
IN THE CENTRE

OIL (400kHz)

WATER (150kHz)

Simultaneous measurement of sensors close to the

casing circumference provides a cross-section in
partially segregated multi-phase flows.
The tool is most accurate at high and low holdup’s which are the
most frequent situations in deviated and horizontal wells.
 Qualitative Interpretation of the flow
regime and holdup profile by imaging

Gas has entered Continuous stream No water is passing Bubbles of oil passing
the well of oil at the top over the peak through the trough
CAT data loaded into Kappa Engineering’s
Emeraude PL interpretation software

OIL and Water GAS

Logging Station (Gas = Yellow, Oil =
Red, Water = Blue)

INTERMITTENT SLUG FLOW

We can see the oil and gas flowing
BUT IS THE WATER FLOWING?
Advanced Production Logging Tool
Spinner Array Tool (‘SAT’)
(under development) -

Will give velocities

of different phases
in stratified /
segregated flow.

1 11/16” or 2 1/8” tool with

Six micro-spinners
deployed on
bowsprings
Spinner Array Tool

 Identifies phase segregation in deviated and horizontal wells;

 Calculate phase velocities with a higher degree of certainty, providing
vital information for reservoir management.
– the lighter phases migrate to the high side of the well,
– the heavier phases to the low side.
 6 micro turbines deployed on bow spring arms;
 Conventional centre sampling spinner tools may be run in combination
to record the apparent average fluid velocity in the centre of the well
bore.
 The tool is an Ultrawire model and may be combined with other Sondex
Ultrawire devices; such as the Capacitance Array Tool (CAT) and
Resistivity Array Tool (RAT) for the determination of individual phase
holdups.
 Logged both dynamically and stationary.
 Includes relative bearing device to indicate the high side.
 Advanced Production Logging Tool
Resistivity Array Tool (‘RAT’)
(under development) -

Will give holdup

of different phases
in bubble flow.

The tool is 1 11/16” OD and

has 12 micro-resistivity probes
deployed on bowsprings which
follow the ID of the tubing / casing.
 Water bubble connects  Oil bubble covers and
two tips and conducts insulates tip of probe
RAT Holdup Calculation

Localised holdup
is the ratio of
conducting to non-
conducting.

May need a scaling

factor
 Sondex ‘MAPS’ – CAT, RAT and SAT

Because of high flow Stratified Flow Oil bubbles squeezing

the well stream is mixed (SAT and CAT) through at the top
(SAT, RAT, PLT) (SAT, CAT and RAT)

The Spinner Array Tool and Resistivity Array Tools

are also suitable for deviated and vertical wells.
Software for imaging simultaneous
across wellbore holdup and flow

Velocity illustrated
as a plane
MAPS Imaging Software
 MAPS DEPLOYMENT

> 4 ft

SAT RAT CAT

Flow regime has chance to recover between one tool and the
next so each tools measurement is unaffected by previous.
MAPS DEPLOYMENT

MAPS may be deployed in deviated wells, to

investigate hydrocarbons running on the high
side of the well.
As the MAPS tools are centralised, the
orientation of the tool is not a concern.
All tools have a high side indicator and are
locked into alignment.
 Casing Inspection
Need for Downhole Knowledge
• High levels of CO2 and H2S are found in many wells

• Areas with known problems with corrosion

• Wells may not be completed with suitable materials

• Some wells have very old tubing

• Wells may not be performing as expected – this could be blocked

perforations, scale or wax build up or some other problem

• Well records may not be available –we do not always

know what's in the well

• For safety and to protect the environment

we need to ensure casing / tubing integrity
 MIT - Example Problems

CORROSION
SCALE BUILDUP
IS CHOKING
FLOW

Tubing
Wall
HOLE IN
TUBING
MAP
RING DAMAGE DUE PERFORATIONS
TO TURBULENCE
CAUSED BY
LANDING NIPPLE

LOW ORDER
LANDING DETONATIONS
NIPPLE BLOCKED
PERFORATIONS

LANDING
NIPPLE MILLING OR
DRILLING
SEAL CONFIRMATION OF DAMAGE
BORE DIMENSIONS OF
DOWNHOLE
THINNING OF THE
COMPLETION WALL HAS REDUCED
ITEM TUBULAR BURST
PRESSURE
Casing Inspection:
Multi-finger Imaging Tools

24 finger MIT – 1.75” to 4.5” Range

(45mm to 114mm)
40 finger MIT – 3.0” to 7.5” Range
(76mm to 190mm)
60 Finger MIT – 4.5” to 9 5/8” Range
(114mm to 244mm)
80 Finger MIT – 8.5” to 20” Range
(216mm to 508mm)

Resolution: 0.005” (0.13mm)

Accuracy: + / - 0.030” (0.76mm)

(Can be enhanced by downhole calibration)
 MIT MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE

The centralised tool has fingers

which contact the casing or tubing.
Measures changes in Radius.
Accuracy 0.030” (0.8mm)
Resolution: 0.005” (0.127mm)
 DOES THE MIT DAMAGE TUBING?

The MIT tools has been designed

so as to impart minimal finger
pressure yet still obtain high
accuracy data.

The finger pressure is less then

1lb (0.5 Kg)

Plastic Lined Tubing after logging with MIT

Trials with the tool during the design phase show that even plastic line
tubing is not damaged. The minor striations are due to a very fine
deposition of scale in the tubing .
COMPARING VIDEO & MIT DATA

Crushed Casing
(not the same well)
 MIT Example - DRILLING WEAR

Down Hole Video

Equivalent MIT Log

MIT Raw Data and 3D
Image of Perforated
Pup joint.
MIT 3D Image showing extreme
corrosion.

Corrosion on the lower side

of the tubing

Sectional View
 Scale Deposition and Remedial Work

Hole in tubing
Section view of
Lower Limit of
scale precipitation
scale cleanup job
(NOTE THE ROUGHNESS OF THE
INSIDE OF THE TUBING)
 MIT Examples

Different metallurgy has resulted in Comparison of pre and post scale

one joint being a sacrificial anode cleanup data
MITVIEW EXAMPLE 3-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES
Inspection of ‘X’ Nipple

EUE Coupling
Lock Profile
Seal Bore

CROSS SECTION
MIT Joint Statistical Analysis
 What about damage on the outside?

Providing accurate measurements of the internal diameter

is extremely effective, but is not the complete story.
Many instances of corrosion damage are on the outside of
the casing / tubing.

A multi-finger caliper would not detect this damage

 Casing Inspection:
Magnetic Thickness Tool

AC Transmitter

• 12 sensors radially deployed on bowsprings

• 1 11/16” tool – can be deployed through tubing.

• Range up to 7” casing

• Combinable with other ultrawire tools

 MTT Theory of measurement

Receiver Coil

Transmitter

 Time of flight of transmitted signal is proportional to the

thickness of metal through which it has to propagate.
 Signal strength decreases proportionally to the thickness
of metal through which it has to travel.
Comparison with other magnetic
casing inspection tools
 MTT FEATURES

 Slim tool (1 11/16 Diameter) operates in a range of casing sizes up to 7

inches, even through restrictions.
 Measures wall thickness, therefore can see corrosion on internal, external or
both walls.
 Detects pitting and gradual metal loss.
 Designed to run as a suite with MIT (and UTT) to give detailed analysis of
casing condition.
 1 tool size covering casing/tubing sizes from 2” to 7” OD.
 High overall thickness resolution (sensitive to 0.02 inches).
 High circumferential coverage.
 Rated to 150C (300F), 15,000psi
 Can be run on Memory or Wireline.
 Emerging software analysis and viewing tools.
 Example Logs

External
Machined
Damage
Thickness
Changes
(the tool is
very sensitive)
 3D Imaging

5” pipe 40% thickness

defect

7” casing logged through 2 7/8” tubing.

This joint shows a tapering of about 20%
Wall thickness along its length
 MTT in Damaged Sand Screen

Man made damage

on external surface

As seen when logged

with The MTT
MIT and MTT Combo - Scale deposition
inside 2 7/8” tubing inside 7” casing
Data is noisy because of low signal
(2 paths for magnetic flux to follow)

MIT DATA
(I.D.)

MTT DATA
(Thickness)
 But the damage could be on the inside
or the outside? – combining MIT and MTT tools

Inner Profile Thickness Inner Profile Thickness

Perforations Damage on the outside of the

Note how the MTT
Image is not precise however the
MTT is influenced the items which
could be between the MIT fingers
casing.
The MIT shows no change in
ID therefore damage is on the OD.
WIVA – Well Integrity Visual Analysis

Multi finger
Caliper data
(Internal Diameter)

MIT +
MTT Thickness
(Outside diameter)
WIVA – Well Integrity Visual Analysis

I.D. (MIT) Thickness (MTT)

 ULTRAWIRE RADIAL CEMENT BOND
TOOL
Interchangeable  Patent-pending sonde design
Telemetry – Reduced signal attenuation
– Improved rigidity and tool strength
Module – Superior isolation
 Surface Readout or Memory Operation
 1 11/16” OD (up to 7”) and 3 1/8” OD (up to 13 3/8”)
 Peizoelectric Transmitter / Receivers
 3ft Amplitude Receiver
 3ft Segmented Radial Receiver
(6 or 8 segments)
 5ft Full Waveform
 Digital data transmission
 4 samples per ft memory mode (typical)
 20-24 KHz Transmitter
3ft / Radial  Analog tool to 400 deg F
Receiver

Common Sonde

5ft Receiver
 RBT Example Log (Cement Channel)

Intermediate Casing arrival Casing arrival Non uniform Channel on

omnidirectional time seen seen amplitudes of Cement Map
amplitude segments
 High Temperature Radial/CBL/VDL tools

1 11/16” OD Analog 3 1/8” OD Digital

Radial Bond Tool Radial Bond Tool
6 segments at 3ft 8 segments at 3ft
3ft Amplitude and 3ft Amplitude and
5ft VDL 5ft VDL
200 deg C 200 deg C
(No Flask) (With Flask)

High Rigidity
Sonde Section
 Well Integrity Summary

To Summarise:
Multi-finger imaging tools:
High confidence internal measurements to measure corrosion,
damage, blocked perfs, scale deposition etc
Magnetic Thickness Tool:
Measures casing thickness, somewhat qualitative measurement
Detects small defects. 360o Coverage
Can be used with MIT to measure external damage.
Radial Bond Tool:
Check cement integrity for formation isolation, well strength,
planning sidetracks and prior to abandonment.
Pipe Recovery
Downhole Electric Pipe Cutter (DECT)

 Industry requirement for improved cutting

technology
– No hazardous chemicals
– Non-explosive
– Machine Quality Clean cut
– Not deployment specific
– Multiple cuts on a single run
– Confirmation of cut
 DECT Configuration

Head Electronics Cutter Sonde

Tension / CCL
Centraliser Centraliser

Lower Clamp
Cutting Blade

Surface Equipment
DECT Cutting 5” Drill Pipe
•Tungsten carbide tipped blade advances 0.002 to 0.004” per
revolution (depending on material).
•No need for explosives (easy logistics and added safety).
•Achieves a machine quality cut.
•Confirmation of cut

Runs on 7/32” electric line

 Pipe recovery table

Pipe Size Remarks

3-1/2” 9.2#  Above nipples only

4-1/2” L-80 / N-80 

etc
4-1/2” 13 & 25Cr 
5” S-135 DP 
5-1/2 L-80 / N-80  3.25” Cutting Head

7” Cr 25 Casing  5.25” Cutting Head

Standard Tool: 2.75” OD 15000 psi and 150 deg C Rating

Special tools: DECT002 – 7”, DECT200 – 200 deg C.
 Pictures of cuts

DECT cut – 25 chrome Radial Torch

Swarf from cut

 Example DECT Cuts

Tubing pulled after cut

Cut end of tubing

 Sondex Downhole Tractor

Cablehead and Head Tension

Logging Tools
Attached here
Downhole Tractor

 Used on mono-conductor
wireline, the Sondex Tractor
deploys logging tools in high
deviation or horizontal well
profiles.

 2.125in and 24.5ft long the

Tractor is self centralising. Run in
casing sizes up to 9.625in.

 Well Entry Simulation Toolkit

(WEST) software, is used to
predict tractor loading at depth.
Sondex Downhole Tractor Video
 Case History:
Sondex Tractor Recent Run Record
 15 tractor runs in 7 days on
three wells
– 4 GR-CCL runs
– 1 Plug in 5in liner
– 1 plug in 2-7/8 liner
– 9 Perforating guns

 Total footage 10,000 ft

 Max deviation 90 deg
 Completions 3-½ tubing into 4-
½in and 5in liner
 Offshore mast operation
Typical Tractor Application

Recovery Of
“Attic” oil
Tractor deployed

Saturation Tool
to locate new Oil
/ Water contact

Plug to isolate
water producing
perforated
section

Adding of new
perforations
Training of clients engineers
Theoretical in classroom and on-site training /
supervision.

End of Presentation
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