𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑠

1𝑝𝑚 = 10−11 𝑚

1Å = 10−10 𝑚

1𝑛𝑚 = 10−9 𝑚

𝜐 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕𝑠 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

1𝐻𝑧 = 1𝑠 −1

1𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 1000𝑠 −1
𝜐
𝑐 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜐𝜆 = = 3 × 108 𝑚 𝑠 = 3 × 1010 𝑐𝑚 𝑠
𝜐
1
𝜐=
𝜆

𝑚−1
𝑐
𝐸 = 𝑕𝜈 = 𝑕 = 𝑕𝑐𝜐
𝜆

𝑕 = 6.626 × 10−34 J ∙ s = 6.626 × 10−27 𝑒𝑟𝑔 ∙ 𝑠

𝐸 = 𝑊0 + 𝐾. 𝐸
𝑐
𝐸 = 𝑕𝜈 = 𝑕 = 𝑕𝑐𝜐
𝜆
𝑐
𝑊0 = 𝑕𝜈0 = 𝑕 = 𝑕𝑐𝜐0
𝜆0

1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉0
2

𝑚𝑒 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔

𝑒 = −1.602 × 10−19 𝐶 = −4.2 × 1010 𝑒𝑠𝑢

1𝑒𝑣 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽 = 4.2 × 1010 𝑒𝑟𝑔

𝑕
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛∈ℕ
2𝜋
𝑕
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑙 𝑙+1 × 𝑙 ∈ 1, min 4, 𝑛
2𝜋
Bohr used the following formula and conjecture to make his entire theory.

𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑍𝑒 2
=
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
𝑛𝑕
𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋

Formulae from Bohr’s theory

𝜀𝑛2 𝑕2 𝜀 1 2 𝑕2 2
𝑛2
𝑟𝑛 = = 𝑛 = 𝑎0 ×
𝑍𝑒 2 𝜋𝑚𝑒 1 𝑒 2 𝜋𝑚𝑒 𝑍

𝑎0 = 𝐵𝑜𝑕𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 0.53Å

𝑍𝑒 2 1 𝑒2 𝑍 𝑍
𝑣𝑛 = = × = 𝑣1 ×
2𝜀𝑛𝑕 2𝜀 1 𝑕 𝑛 𝑛

𝑣1 = 2.19 × 106 𝑚/𝑠

−𝑍𝑒 2
𝑃. 𝐸 =
4𝜋𝜀𝑟

𝑍𝑒 2
𝐾. 𝐸 =
8𝜋𝜀𝑟

𝑒4𝑚
𝑅𝐻 = = 109,677𝑐𝑚−1 = 1.09677 × 107 𝑚−1
8𝑐𝜀 2 𝑕3
2 2 2
𝑒4𝑚 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
𝐸=− 2 2
∙ = − 𝑅𝐻 ∙ 𝑕𝑐 ∙ = −2.18 × 10−18 × 𝐽
8𝜀 𝑕 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑒4𝑚 1 1 1 1
𝛥𝐸𝑖→𝑓 = 𝑍 2 2 2
∙ 2 − 2 = 2.18 × 10−18 × 𝑍 2 ∙ 2 − 2 𝐽
8𝜀 𝑕 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖

𝑒4𝑚 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝜐𝑖→𝑓 = 𝑍 2 2 3
∙ 2 − 2 = 𝑅𝐻 ∙ 𝑍 2 2 − 2 = 1.09677 × 107 × 𝑍 2 2 − 2
8𝑐𝜀 𝑕 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖

1 1
𝜐𝑖→𝑓 = 3.29 × 1015 × 𝑍 2 2 − 2 𝐻𝑧
𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖

1 9.12 × 10−8
𝜆𝑖→𝑓 = =
𝜐𝑖→𝑓 1 1
𝑍2 −
𝑛𝑓2 𝑛𝑖2

de Broglie:
 𝑕 𝑕
𝜆= =
𝑝 𝑚𝑣

Heisenberg :

𝑕
Δ𝑥 × Δ𝑣𝑥 ≥
4𝜋𝑚

Schrödinger:

𝐻𝜓 = 𝐸𝜓

Total Nodes = 𝑛 − 1

Angular nodes = 𝑙

Radial nodes = 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1

𝑛 + 𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒

An orbital with more 𝑛 + 𝑙 will have more energy. When 𝑛 + 𝑙 is equal, the one with more 𝑛
will have more energy.