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d 01
10 0000
1111
0000
1111 000111
111000 0000
1111
00000
11111
σ 0
1 0000
1111 000
111 00000
11111
0
1 0000
1111 000
111 00000
11111
0
1 0000
1111 000
111 00000
11111
stress
σy 0
1 0000
1111 000
111 00000
11111 M
0
1 0000
1111
0000
1111 000
111
000
111 00000
11111
00000
11111
0
1 0000
1111 000
111 00000
11111
0
1
−ε y +σ y −ε y +σ y
−ε y +σ y
1
0 1111
0000 000000
111111
0
1 1111
0000 0000
1111 000000
111111
E 0
1 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
0
1 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
0
1 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
0
1 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
ε y∼0.002 0
1 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
d strain 0
1 0000
1111 0000
1111 0000
1111000000
111111
01
10 0000111
1111000 00001111
1111 0000000000
111111 0000000
1111111
strain ε ε 0
1 000
111 0000
1111 0000000
1111111
0
1 000
111 0000
1111 0000000
1111111
0
1 000
111
000
111 0000
1111 0000000
1111111
0
1 000
111 0000
1111 0000000
1111111
0
1 000
111 0000
1111 0000000
1111111
0
1 000
111 0000
1111
0000
1111 0000000
1111111
0
1 0000000
1111111
elastic yield point partially fully
plastic plastic
σ= E ε φ y = ε y / (d/2)
M = EI φ M=My= EI φ y M>My M=Mp
The top of a fixed-fixed beam of height H is displaced with a displacement D until failure:
−Mo
111
000 111
000
x
0000000
1111111
1111111
0000000
F 0000000
1111111
D 0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111 Mp Fp
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
H 0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
My Fy
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111 K
M(x)
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
EI
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
F 0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
o 111
000 φy φ Dy Dp = 1.5 Dy
Mo
As the bending moment M approaches Mp , the curvature, φ approaches ∞, as in a hinge.
2 CEE 201L – Uncertainty, Design, and Optimization – Duke University – Spring 2015 – H.P. Gavin
These expressions can be used to determine the cross section dimensions from Fp , Dp , σy , E,
and H. From the stiffness of the beam, equation (1),
3 3
Fp 1 H K H
b= = , (4)
Dp E d E d
1 σy H 2 1 35000 102
d= = · · = 0.203 cm
2 E Dp 2 20 × 106 0.43
200 Fp=216.3 N
150
force, N
100
50
K=501.9 N/cm L= 10.0 cm
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
deflection, cm
10 10 10
8 8 8
6 6 6
x, cm
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
-0.04 0 0.04 0 0.05 0.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
curvature, 1/cm slope deflection, cm
Figure 2. Distributed curvature, slope, and deflection along a fixed-fixed beam. Note that the
slope is discontinuous and the curvature becomes infinite at the ends, the locations of plastic
hinges.
Beam-columns carry axial compressive loads and bending moments. The presence of large
axial loads reduces the moment-carrying capacity of beam-columns.
−σ y −σ y −σ y
11
00 11111
00000 111
000 1111
0000
00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
mm
00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111 M
d/2
d−a
00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
stress 11
00
00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
σ
d 00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
σ 1100 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111
l
00
11 00000
11111 000
111 0000
1111 P
00
11 00000
11111
000
111 00011
11100
00
11 00000
11111
00000
11111
stress
σy 001
110 000
111 00
11 00000
11111
0
1 000
111 00
11 00000
11111
a
0
1 000
111
000
111 00
11 00000
11111
0
1 00
11 00000
11111
−ε y −ε y −ε +σ y
00
11 0000
1111 000000
111111y
11
00 1111
0000 1111
0000 000000
111111
E 00
11 0000
1111 0000
1111
0000
1111 000000
111111
000000
111111
00
11 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
00
11 0000
1111
0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
00
11 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
ε y∼0.002
d strain 11
00
00
11 0000
1111 0000
1111
0000
1111 000000
111111
000000
111111
00
11 0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
strain ε ε 1100 0000
1111
0000
1111 0000
1111 000000
111111
00
11 0000
1111 00
11 00000
11111
00
11 00000
11111
001
110
0
1
00
11
0000
1111
00
11 00
11
00
11 00000
11111
0
1 00
11 00
11 00000
11111
00000
11111
0
1
0
1 00
11
00
11 00
11 00000
11111
00
11 00000
11111
elastic yield point partially fully
plastic plastic
σ= E ε φ y = ε y / (d/2)
M = EI φ M=My= EI φ y M>My M=Mp
Considering the fully-plastic section in the figure above the tensile stresses (positive) have a
resultant force T = σy ba and the compressive (negative) stresses have a resultant force C =
σy b(d − a). The net axial force must satisfy equilibrium along the beam-column C − T = P .
σy b(d − a) − σy ba = P
(d − a) − a = P/(σy b)
2a = d − P/(σy b)
1
a = (d − P/(σy b))
2 !
a 1 P
= 1− (7)
d 2 Py
where Py is the tensile yield force in the beam-column, Py = σy bd. The distance between the
centroids of the compressive and tensile stress blocks is 12 (d − y) + 12 y = 12 d. The moment in
the cross section is the combined moments of C and T about a pivot point about which the
moment of C equals the moment of T . Denoting the location of the pivot point as a distance
l from the centroid of the tensile stress block, the moment of T about the pivot equals the
moment of C about the pivot. That is, T and C form a couple about the pivot point.
Tl C(d/2 − l)
=
σy bal σy b(d − a)(d/2 − l)
=
al (d − a)(d/2 − l) = d2 /2 = da/2 − dl + al
=
0 d2 /2 − da/2 − dl
=
1
l = (d − a) (8)
2
CC BY-NC-ND H.P. Gavin
6 CEE 201L – Uncertainty, Design, and Optimization – Duke University – Spring 2015 – H.P. Gavin
Mu = T l + C(d/2 − l) = 2T l
1
= 2 σy ba (d − a)
2 ! !!
d P 1 d P
= 2 σy b 1− d− 1−
2 Py 2 2 Py
! !
bd2 P 1 1P
= 2 σy 1− 1− +
4 Py 2 2 Py
! !
2
bd P P 1
= 2 σy 1− 1+
4 Py Py 2
!2
Mu P
= 1 − (9)
Mp Py
The largest (ultimate) moment that can be applied to a beam-column is reduced by the
presence of axial (compressive or tensile) load on the beam-column. If the axial load is zero,
the ultimate moment equals the plastic moment. However if the axial load is close to the
tensile yield load, the beam-column can not sustain any moment.
Mu / Mp
P=0; Mu= M p
1
P= Py ; Mu = 0
0
0 1 P / Py
and
Fu = 2Mu /H
= (2/H)Mp (1 − (P/Py )2 )
!2
2 bd2 P
= σy 1− (11)
H 4 σy bd
Equations (10) and (11) can not be simplified much further. A numerical method (like
Newton’s method as implemented in Matlab’s fsolve) is required to solve this pair of
nonlinear algebraic equations for b and d.
1 function f = rectBC ( bd )
2 % e v a l u a t e t h e p a i r o f beam−column e q u a t i o n s f o r a s o l i d r e c t a n g u l a r s e c t i o n
3 global E Sy P H K Fu
4
5 b = bd (1); d = bd (2); % w i d t h and d e p t h o f t h e beam−column s e c t i o n
6
7 f = [ 1 - ( E / K ) * b * ( d / H )ˆ3 ; % K = 12 EI / Hˆ3
8 1 - (1/ Fu ) * (2/ H ) * Sy * ( b * d ˆ2 / 4) * ( 1 - ( P / ( Sy * b * d ) )ˆ2 ) ]; % Fu = 2 Mu / H
The solution for this example is b = 0.173 m, d = 0.043 m, P/Py = 0.035, Mu /Mp = 0.999,
and P/Pcr = 0.349. Since P is very small compared to Py , the beam-column interaction
effects are insignificant, and the beam-column could be designed as a beam.
So, as in the previous example, given the strength Fu and stiffness K, it is possible to find
the rectangular tube cross section, b and d by assuming a value for t, (e.g., t = d/20) and
solving the following two nonlinear equations for b and d using fsolve:
12EI 2Mu
K− =0 and Fu − =0 (16)
H3 H
1 function f = tubeBC ( bd )
2 % e v a l u a t e t h e p a i r o f beam−column e q u a t i o n s f o r a t u b u l a r r e c t a n g u l a r s e c t i o n
3 global E Sy P H K Fu A Py Mp Mu I
4
5 b = bd (1); d = bd (2); t = d /20; % width , depth , and tube wall thickness
6
7 A = b * d - (b -2* t )*( d -2* t ); % c r o s s s e c t i o n area
8 Py = Sy * A ; % axial yield force
9 Mp = Sy * (d -2* t )ˆ2* t + (d - t )* b * t ; % p l a s t i c moment
10 Mu = Mp * ( 1 - ( P / Py )ˆ2 ); % u l t i m a t e moment
11 I = (1/12)*( b * d ˆ3 - (b -2* t )*( d -2* t )ˆ3); % b e n d i n g moment o f i n e r t i a
12
13 f = [ 1 - ( 12* E * I / H ˆ3 ) / K ;
14 1 - ( 2* Mu / H ) / Fu ];