Name Sana Anayat

Roll No 22-10561
Course Chem320
Final Exam
Calculate E-Factor, Atom Economy, Effective Mass Yield,
Carbon Efficiency and Reaction Mass Efficiency for the
following process:
Grind mechanically
Para-aminophenol + acetic anhydride
Paracetamol + Acetic acid. 10

Ans:
Molecular weight of para-aminophenol=
109.13g/mol
Molecular weight of Acetic anhydride= 102.09g/mol
Molecular weight of paracetamol= 151.163g/mol
Molecular weight of acetic acid= 60.056g/mol
E-Factor:
We assume that
Amount of Para-aminophenol=0.0105kg=0.096mole
Amount of Acetic anhydride=0.00421kg=0.041mole
Amount of Paracetamol=0.00386kg=0.026mole
Amount of Acetic Acid = 0.01085kg
As we know that
E.F = Total waste(kg)/Product(kg)
= 0.01085/0.00386
=2.81
Atom Economy:
Atom Economy= Mass of atom in
product*100/Mass of atoms in reactants
=151.163*100/211.22
=71.567%
Effective mass yield:
Effective mass yield=Product(kg)+100/Hazardous
reagents(kg)
Mass of hazardous
reagents=0.0105+0.00421+0.01085
=0.02556Kg
= 0.00386(kg)*100/0.02556(kg)
=15.102%
Carbon efficiency:
=Moles of product*Cs in
product*100/(Moles of React A *Cs in A + Moles of
React B+…..)
=0.026*8*100/0.096*6+0.041*4
=92.96%
Reaction Mass Efficiency:
= Product(Kg)*100/(Reactant A(Kg) +
Reactant B(Kg)+….)
= 0.00386*100/0.0105+0.00421
= 26.24%
Q.No.2:

Explain in detqail (it is not enough just to

write a chemical equation) the chemical
reactions taking place in the blast furnace
used for extraction/refining iron from the
ores. 10
Ans:
First one is the smelting:
In the blast furnace,we mix the concentrated ore
with the calculated quantity of coke,limestone and
put the mixture in the blast funace from the top.As
blast furnace made up of steel and has a tall
cylindrical shape,lined with fire bricks,narrow from
the top and has outlet for the gases.It is heated up
with the help of hot gases.
Chemical Reaction:
Coke will burn in air to form carbon dioxide near
the bottom of furnace.It will produce a lot of heat
and we will get temperature of about 1875k.Carbon
dioxide will react with more coke and will be
reduced into CO.
The next one is the reduction of haematite to iron
As the temperature is between 975k to 1275k in
the upper part of furnace.CO will reduce haematitie
to iron and it will be collected at the bottom of the
funace.
C + O2  CO2 + heat
C + CO2  2CO  Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2
The next one is the removal of silica:
Sand will be removed from heamatite in the form
of liquid slag because lime stone will act as flux.The
temperature is about 1075-1275k in the middle of
furnace Here limestone will decompose to CaO and
CO2.To form slag (CaSiO3),this CaO will react with
silica present in the ore.
CaCO3 + heat  CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
Slag will float over molten iron as it is lighter than
molten iron and will protect it from oxidising back
into its oxides.So, these were the chemical reaction
which take place in blast furnace.

Q.No.3
Explain the process of electroplating in ten
sentences (no more no less) without missing
the vital information.
10
Ans:

First of all prepare the solution in a beaker for

that add copper sulphate into some hot water
and stir it until no more dissolve.It should be
dark blue and cool it.We will attach the copper
electrode to positive terminal of the battery
(Anode) and the other to the negative
terminal(Cathode).Suspend the key in the
solution partially and place the copper strip into
the solution(it should not touch the key).Now
current will flow because of circuit.Run the
cicuit for 20 to 30 minutes until we get desire
amount of copper on the key.

Q.No.4
Dig out the reaction conditions required to
carry out the following reaction:
 05

Ans:
Addition of additives:
The product of the polymerization
process is unmodified PVC. Before PVC
can be made into finished products, it
always requires conversion into a
compound by the incorporation of
additives (but not necessarily all of the
following) such as heat stabilizers, UV
stabilizers, plasticizers, processing aids,
impact modifiers, thermal modifiers,
fillers, flame retardants, biocides, blowing
agents and smoke suppressors, and,
optionally, pigments.
Initiator:
To give uniform rate of polymerization a
combnation of two different initiators are
used.Some initiators start the reaction rapidly but
decays quickly and the other initiator has opposite
effect.
Pressure:
Pressure is usedto keep the monomer in a liquid
phase to maintain the suspension and ensure a
uniform particle size.
Particle Size:
Particle size of 100-180μm whereas emulsion
polymerization gives smaller particle of average size
around 0.2μm.
Buffer:

The buffer is preferably sodium bicarbonate since its

decomposition products are not deleterious to the
resultant polymer. Other bufiers which are relatively
inert in the polymer may be used such as sodium
carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, etc.

The amount of buffer used is that amount which is

sufficient to maintain a pH of the emulsion at from l
to 8. For homopolymerization 5. of vinyl chloride or
copolymerization thereof with monomers such as
vinylidene. chloride and vinyl acetate, the pH.
should bev kept at from 7.0 to. 7.7 since, at a, pH of
6 these polymers and copolymers have more basic
color and show a greater tendency to discolor on
heating than do polymers produced within the
narrow range. Below a pH of 6, vinyl. chloride will
not polymerize.

residual moisture level (potential bubbling,

thermal degradation, antistatic properties):

The most common dryers are a fluidized bed

(for major grades) and rotatory (for shorter
runs). Until moisture is present, temperature is
below 100°C because heat is utilized for water
evaporation. Close to moisture removal,
temperature rises. Moisture removal is strictly
controlled because a too large concentration of
moisture may cause bubbling during
processing, whereas too low moisture means
longer exposure to higher temperature which
may cause degradation and an increase in
static formation, causing particles to stick to
 each other. Before PVC is packaged, it is
screened in order to remove too large particles.
Large reactors are required:
Polymerization is performed in large reactors
(usually having a volume of up to 200 m3).
Considering that vinyl chloride is carcinogenic,
most reactors are operated without opening.
Several hundred batches can now be run
without opening the reactor. This is due to
excellent coating which prevents deposition of
reacting mass on the reactor walls.
Temperature:
It is also very important to control the
temperature of reaction which is exothermic.
The rate of heat removal is usually the rate
controlling factor.

Q.No.5:
Write down a comprehensive note (about 30
sentences) on ozone hole. 15

Ans
The amount of ozone is less in the regions closer to equator.The
thickness of the ozone layer has been decreasing over Antarctic during
the spring time since the mid 1970’s.By the mid 1980’s loss in ozone at
some altitudes over Antarctica resulted in 50% deplation of the total
overhead amount.The region in which ozone depletes substantially in
every year during Sep-Nov is now termed as “ozone hole”
The main cause of the ozone hole is manufactured chemicals,
especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents,
propellants and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting
substances (ODS).T hese compounds are transported into the
stratosphere by turbulent mixing after being emitted from the
surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once
in the stratosphere, they release halogen atoms through
photodissociation, which catalyze the breakdown of ozone (O3)
into oxygen (O2). Both types of ozone depletion were observed to
increase as emissions of halocarbons increased.

The ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over

increased cancer risks and other negative effects. The ozone
layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV)
light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. These
wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, permanent blindness
and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as
a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and
animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the Montreal
Protocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons
and other ozone-depleting chemicals. Within this polar vortex,
over 50 percent of the lower stratospheric ozone is destroyed during
the Antarctic spring. As explained above, the primary cause of ozone
depletion is the presence of chlorine-containing source gases
(primarily CFCs and related halocarbons).

As warm, ozone and NO 2-rich air flows in from lower latitudes, the
PSCs are destroyed, the enhanced ozone depletion process shuts
down, and the ozone hole closes. Most of the ozone that is destroyed
is in the lower stratosphere, in contrast to the much smaller ozone
depletion through homogeneous gas phase reactions, which occurs
primarily in the upper stratosphere.
There are three types of PSC clouds—nitric acid trihydrate clouds,
slowly cooling water-ice clouds, and rapid cooling water-ice
(nacreous) clouds—provide surfaces for chemical reactions whose
products will, in the spring lead to ozone destruction. The
photochemical processes involved are complex but well understood.

The Cl-catalyzed ozone depletion can take place in the gas phase, but
it is dramatically enhanced in the presence of polar stratospheric
clouds (PSCs). These polar stratospheric clouds form during winter,
in the extreme cold.

The former sequester Cl, which can be later made available via
absorption of light at shorter wavelengths than 400 nm. During the
Antarctic winter and spring, however, reactions on the surface of the
polar stratospheric cloud particles convert these "reservoir"
compounds into reactive free radicals (Cl and ClO). Most of the
ozone that is destroyed is in the lower stratosphere, in contrast
to the much smaller ozone depletion through homogeneous
gas phase reactions, which occurs primarily in the upper
stratosphere