GENDER AND SOCIETY
mon a pakialaman yung mga bagay na
 INDIVIDUAL – single entity, classification
 INDIVIDUALITY – having preferences, qualities
 INDIVIDUALISM
– set of beliefs/ideology centered by individual
– individual is more important than society
– “AGENCY” is the main point
 Autonomy, Actions or the capacity to
make decisions on an individual
 INDIVIDUALISTIC – having inherent biases
FIRST TOPIC: THE PROMISE by C.W Mills
Who is C.W Mills?
- He believed that KNOWLEDGE was the
crucial element to social change
Notes:
 Pag-uunawain mo yung individual, alamin mo
yung society na kinabibilangan nila.
 Alamin mo yung kasaysayan para mo kung
anong uri ng tao meron sa isang society.
 Biography – alamin mo yung loob ng
kasaysayan b’coz it reflects kung ano yung
ginagawa ng tao ngayon dun sa society.
*** PROBLEMATIC: INDIVIDUALISM
- Yung mga private orbits natin ay may
mga problema na di masolusyunan.
Nagkakaroon ng relationship yung
mga orbits na yan dahil sayo,
Those private orbits are your
friends, family, job, school etc.
 PRIVATE ORBITS
 Society to individual
 INDIVIDUAL is vital
 AGENCY
 The ability to act and think but limited to
private orbits,
 Wala kang pake sa ibang bagay maliban
sa mga bagay na nasa private orbits mo.
*** Ano ba yung gusto ipakita/icritic ni C.W
Mills?
1. INDIVIDUALISM
 Being rational = individualistic
 Adam Smith: “INVISIBLE HAND”
 Sa lipunan may mga problema, ‘wag
wala sa private orbits mo.
 What we need to do? – FOCUS ON
YOURSELF to be successful so that the
society will be successful too.
 Everything you do is limited only to
your private orbits.
 PROBLEMATIC: Paano mo tutulungan
yung society mo if may problema sa
private orbits mo.
2. STRUCTURE
 It limits the individual and society kaya
naaapektuhan yung agency.
 It is a SOCIAL CONSTRUCT made by the
society.
 PROMBLEMATIC: You asserted that
everything is equal.
3. AGENCY
 Agencies are not equal because our
structure is limited
4. PERSONAL TROUBLES
 Individual to private orbits
 It links to publis issues.
 Root of the problem is the INDIVIDUAL
itself.
 PROBLEMATIC: Hindi mo mai-solve o
maovercome yung problema within
yourself, then that leads to public issue.
 For example: if one person is
unemployed, you will look on his abilities,
skills to resolve his problem. That means
yung cause nung problem ay dahil lang
din sa individual.
5. PUBLIC ISSUE
 Nagiging public issue ang isang bagay
kapag hindi na kayang i-resolve within an
individual.
 If structural ang problema, then structural
din ang solution.
 For example: 14,000 million
unemployment, looking at the bigger
social elements involved na yung
solution.
 Problematic: limited lang yung agency
mo to solve the problem.
*** PROBLEMATIC CONCEPT OF
INDIVIDUALISM: Ginagamit mo yung
agency mo pero it is not enough to solve
the problem.
TIMAY 😊
 *** SOLUTIONS according to MILLS
1. INFORMATION
– But info. is not enough.
2. NEW WAY OF REASONING
– Change your perspective.
(kabullshitan ‘to!)
 THE PROMISE as a TOOL:
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
 It is the quality of mind to see the
relationship between society and
individual; structure and agency;
history and biography; troubles and
issues.
 It is not a promise but a curse of
sociology.
PROBLEM SOCIETY
 Structure – Order
 Konteksto ng panahon
 Ang tao nagbabago
*** APPLICATION/REALIZATION
 Basagin mo yung INDIVIDUALISTIC
PERSPECTIVE na meron ka!
 Build a new perspective: the promise as a
HOPE.
 THERE’S A POSSIBILITY OF CHANGE
DAHIL ISANG SOCIAL CONSTRUCT LANG
ANG SOCIETY/STRUCTURE NA
KINABIBILANGAN NATIN.
SECOND TOPIC: PATRIARCHY by S. WALBY
 PATRIARCHY as a historical
– structure and practices where:
– is a system of structural society where:
1. Men dominates women
2. Men oppress women
3. Men exploits women
According to S. Walby, Patriarchy exist regardless of
historical background, situation, and location.
 It is not a system of beliefs
 it is not an ideology
M
 IT IS STRUCTURAL.
a
n
1. PAID WORK
W
 Mas malaki sahod ng lalaki sa babae.
o
m
a
n
 VERTICAL SEGREGATION – mga high
paying jobs at higher position ay favor
sa lalaki.
 HORIZONTAL SEGREGATION –
paglilimit ng mga field study/career
na pwedeng mag-excel ang babae.
 PUBLIC SPHERE – related sa job
 PRIVATE SPHERE – domestic
2. HOUSEHOLD
 Pinaka maraming ginagawa ang babae.
3. STATE
 Dominated of male
4. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
 State of war. Nature ng lalaki na violent
and abusive.
 BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
 Physical characteristic, center of
biology
5. CULTURAL INSTITUTION
 Arts, literature, popular media
6. ACTIONS/ATTITUDE TOWARDS
SEXUALITY
 “Concept of Virginity”
 DOUBLE SHIFT
 MENTAL LOAD
THIRD TOPIC: HEGEL’s DIALECTIC
Question in Hegel’s point:
1. When is the end of history?
2. When do we achieve the fullest potential of
human being?
According to Hegel:
1. He agreed to Rene Descartes na dahil sa
CONSCIOUNESS natin kaya tayo buhay.
2. Ano ba ung essence ng pagiging tao ng tao?
 It is the CAPACITY TO THINK.
 Using the discipline of Philosophy (to
explain the world); we need to
transcend our ability of thinking.
 Kapag naexplain mo na lahat, mari-
reach mo na yung end of the history.
TIMAY 😊
  PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY: BINARY
OPPOSITION
 Kaya lang aralin ng Philo. ay LOGICAL,
so paano yung ILLOGICAL? --
Problematic yon! We need to
transcend that illogical thinking, but
how? Through dialectics.
 SOLUTION/ANSWER: thru DIALETICS
(SYNTHESIS)
 It is the ability to define opposing
ideas, to define illogical thinking.
 Ang natural world ay may DIALECTICAL
NATURE.
 DIALECTICAL LOGIC: intellectual at
emotional
THESIS ANTI- THESIS
(logical) (illogical)
SYNTHESIS
FOURTH TOPIC: MARX’s MATERIALISM
 Marx is very scientific and critical
 Freedom is when we are free from
material condition.
Marx disagree to Hegel’s claim:
 If malaya na ang tao, bakit may mga
POLITICAL PRISONERS?
- Capacity to think is not the answer to
emancipation (paglaya).
- Hindi lang consciousness, you have
your body!
 Essence of tao being tao:
 CAPACITY TO DO WORK.
- Only human can work and create
things.
***Marx’s other contribution:
1. Nature
Man
2. ALIENATION
 SLAVES – alienated sa emancipation
- Slaves wants SOCIAL CHANGE!
 MASTERS – alienated sa potential of human
being.
- Master wants to maintain correlational
status
 There is CLASS INTEREST – pagpapanatili
ng status quo.
 There is CLASS CONFLICT – exist because
of class interest.
Master Master
(Thesis) (Anti-thesis)
SOCIAL CHANGE
(Synthesis)
*** SOLUTION: Alisin mo yung contradiction
– CLASS > Primary contradiction sa
Alienation.
- Classless society will lead human
being to fulfill their essence.
- Structural problem requires structural
solution
3. FEUDALISM
 FEUDAL LORD – give land and protection to
lower class
 PEASANTS – give labor and military services
 Formation of law or state power –
to justify the relationship. Naging
logical na. 😊
4. EARLY CAPITALISM (working at its finest!)
 Industrialization = scientific revolution
 We want to change the life of the
people through Science.
 Pero ang ending, GUTOM PA RIN!
 Bureaucracy managed well the
society.
 Present relationship of WORKERS and
CAPITALIST
 Capitalism ang sisira sa sarili niya.
 To gain profit = development = to
gain MORE profit
5. LATE STAGE CAPITALISM
 Socialism = bigay mo yung need ng
society
 Mass production
 PROLETARIAT – revolutionary classes
 BOURGEOISE -- Hinayjack nila yung
capitalism
TIMAY 😊
 6. COMMUNISM SIXTH TOPIC: FEMINISM?
 Pag-alis ng class system HETERONORMATIVIY.
 To achieve this, you need - PATRIARCHY is the root of gender
COLLECTIVE SOCIETY. discrimination.

*** Metaphor ni Marx  HETERONORMATIVITY

Goal: to maintain economic
- An ideology where we perceived
base using law and science. heterosexuality is normal.
SUPERSTRUCTURE - Hegemonic ito. Unnatural yung
pagkadevelop ng ibang gender.
DIALECTICAL Maintain Support
--------------------------  HETEROSEXISM
RELATIONSHIP - There’s an aspect of discrimination.
ECONOMIC BASE
- ex. Dapat walang same-sex marriage.
Walang society kung walang
economic base
SEVENTH TOPIC: SOGIE
- SOGIE is western concept
- It always depends on culture.
*** ENGELS – False consciousness - Social construct ang gender.
FIFTH TOPIC: GRAMSCI’s HEGEMONY - WE NEED TO VIEW THE COMPLEXITY.
- Gramsci used prison notebooks
- Fascism is dominant. Masyadong free 1. BIOLOGICAL SEX
yung mga tao. - Genital, hormones, genetics
- Bakit hindi naoorganize yung centro?  Male/Female/Intersexual

 HEGEMONY (domination) 2. SEXUAL ORIENTATION

 An ideology - Kung saan ka attracted
 Violent/repression is effective up to physically/romantically/sexually
certain extent.  Heterosexual: opposite sex
 May concrete concession  Homosexual: same sex
(acknowledgement)  Bisexual: both girl and guys
 Pagkontrol mo sa tao sa pamamagitan  Asexual: not experiencing sexual
ng pagkuha ng consent nila. attraction
 In short, they allow to be oppress.  Pansexual: attracted to all gender
 In Marcos Era, very rampant ito!
- 2 states: 3. GENDER IDENTITY
1. REPRESSION - Paano mo pine-perceive yung sarili
2. HEGEMONY mo.
 Man
*** Summary of Hegemony:  Woman
- Ruling classes achieve domination by  Transman & Transwoman (nag
manipulating language, culture, undergo ng transition)
morality and common sense.
- Dr. Zeus Salazar: did status quo 4. GENDER EXPRESSION
changed? NO! May nakukuhang - Paano mo ine-express yung sarili mo.
benefits, solid things, promises. - It embraces the diversity.
- HEGEMONY AY MAY MATERIAL - It is fluid, meaning hindi distinct sa isa.
CONDITION/BASIS and may impact ito  Masculine
sa society. Thru mass media,  Feminine
newspaper, names on the streets etc.  Androgynous
- It is effective to control state power.

TIMAY 😊