A Report on OPEN ENDED EXPERIMENT

Of

Metrology and Quality Engineering

(15EMEC302)
Titled

Error Analysis

By

Nikhil Hiremath 233

Nikhil Kulkarni 234

Nikhil Katti 235

Nikhil Baddi 236

Under the guidance of

Prof. Basavaraj Kakol

School of Mechanical Engineering

Academic Year 2018-2019, Odd Semester
 School of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the open ended experiment entitled “Error Analysis” is carried out by
below mentioned students as part of Metrology and Quality Engineering (15EMEC302), KLE
Technological University, Hubballi, during 5th Semester of B.E program for the academic year
2018-2019. The project report fulfills the requirements prescribed.

Nikhil Hiremath 01FE16BME102

Nikhil Kulkarni 01FE16BME103

Nikhil Katti 01FE16BME104

Nikhil Baddi 01FE16BME105

Course Instructor

Prof. Basavaraj Kakol

-------------------------
Error Analysis

THE UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENTS

Some numerical statements are exact: Mary has 3 brothers, and 2 + 2 = 4. However, all
Measurements have some degree of uncertainty that may come from a variety of sources. The
process of evaluating the uncertainty associated with a measurement result is often called
uncertainty analysis or error analysis.
Error analysis is concerned with the changes in the output of the model as the parameters to
the model vary about the mean.

TYPES OF ERRORS
Measurement errors may be classified as either random or systematic, depending on how the
measurement was obtained.

1) Random errors:
They are statistical fluctuations (in either direction) in the measured data due to the precision
limitations of the measurement device. Random errors can be evaluated through statistical
analysis and can be reduced by averaging over a large number of observations (see standard
error).

2) Systematic errors :
They are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. These errors are
difficult to detect and cannot be analyzed statistically. If a systematic error is identified when
calibrating against a standard, applying a correction or correction factor to compensate for the
effect can reduce the bias. Unlike random errors, systematic errors cannot be detected or
reduced by increasing the number of observations.

Procedure to find Error Analysis

1) Check and note down the calibrated values of diameter and length of shaft.
2) Sum all the measurements and divide by N to get the average, or mean valve.
3) Then calculate absolute errors of all individuals by using formula, and take the mean of
it.
Absolute error = (mean of Y – Y)
4) Then find standard uncertainty for given measurements by using formula,
Mean of Y +_ Mean Absolute error of Y
5) Later calculate fraction error by given formula,
(Mean Absolute error of X / Mean of X) = Fraction error
6) Then find percent error by multiplying 100% to the fraction error.
Error Analysis of Volume of Cube

cdd
Side A Side B Side C
48.12 48.10 47.88
47.40 48.34 48.34
47.32 48.30 47.92
47.80 48.16 48.32
48.30 48.40 48.16
ΣA=238.94 ΣB=241.3 ΣC=240.62

Mean of Side A = 47.79

Mean of Side B = 48.26

Mean of Side C = 48.12

Absolute error A= (mean of A – A)

Absolute error B= (mean of B – B)
Absolute error C= (mean of C – C)

Absolute error A Absolute error B Absolute error C

-0.63 0.16 0.24
0.09 -0.08 -0.22
0.17 -0.04 0.2
-0.31 0.1 -0.2
-0.81 -0.14 -0.04

|ΣA|=2.01 |ΣB|=0.52 |ΣC|=0.9

For Side A,

Mean of absolute error(A) = 0.402

Mean of A [+-] Mean Absolute error of A = 47.79 [+-] 2.01

Fraction error = (Mean Absolute error of A / Mean of A) = .402 / 47.79 = 0.0084118

Percentage of error = 0.84118%
Therefore, A = 47.79 [+-] 0.8412%

For Side B,

Mean of absolute error (B) = 0.104

Mean of B [+-] Mean Absolute error of B = 48.26 [+-] 0.104

Fraction error = (Mean Absolute error of B / Mean of B) = 0.104 / 48.26 = 0.002155

Percentage of error = 0.2155%

Therefore, B = 48.26 [+-] 0.2155%

For Side C,

Mean of absolute error (C) = 0.18

Mean of B [+-] Mean Absolute error of B = 48.12 [+-] 0.18

Fraction error = (Mean Absolute error of C / Mean of C) = 0.18 / 48.12 = 0.00374

Percentage of error = 0.374%

Therefore, C = 48.12 [+-] 0.374%

Propagation of Error in Volume

Volume of cube (V) = A X B X C = 47.49 X 48.26 X 48.12

= 110.284E3 mm^3
= 110.284 cm^3

ΔV = V(max) – V
V(max) = (47.79+0.008412) X (48.26+0.002155) X (48.12+0.00374) = 110.3177E3 mm^3

ΔV = 110.3177 - 110.284 = 0.0337

Therefore , Propagation of error = V = 110.284 [+-] 0.0337

Result

The Following Results were Obtained

Side A = 47.79 [+-] 0.008412
Side B = 48.26 [+-] 0.002155
Side C = 48.12 [+-] 0.00374
Volume V = 110.284 [+-] 0.0337