Group 4 - Laboratory Activity No.1

CE324: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Laboratory Activity 1: Accuracy and Error», and

Taylor Series
CE 324 LABORATORY MANUAL

GROUP 4 OF SECTION 2E
Members:
Benitez, Joseph
Amba, Jacquelynne
Cabellero,Maria Carmela
Eliot, Jireh
Hitutuane, Auramee Marc
Palasan, Michell Kyle
Quimbo, Gizher
REbalde, JUnriel
Tuling, Nova Grace
Villaro, Maria Easther Carla
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. ROSELITO J. EDUAVE

INSTRUCTOR
1
Laboratory Activity 1: Accuracy and Error», and Taylor Series
Week I Laboratory Session I: July 7-14,2022 | Midyear. A.Y. 2021-2022
INTRODUCTION
The measurement of a physical quantity can never be made

with perfect accuracy; there will always be some error or
uncertainty present. For any measurement there are an infinite
number of factors that can cause a value obtained experimentally
to deviate from the true (theoretical) value. Most of these factors
have a negligible effect on the outcome of an experiment and can
usually be ignored. However, some effects can cause a significant
alteration, or error, in the experimental result. If a measurement is
to be useful, it is necessary to have some quantitative idea of the
magnitude of the errors. Therefore, when experimental results are
reported, they are accompanied by an estimate of the
experimental error. On the other hand Taylor series is a smart way
to approximate any function as a polynomial with an infinite
number of terms. Each term of the Taylor series polynomial comes
from the function's derivatives at a single point it might be
monomial or binomial equation. Taylor series is associated with
special kind of Taylor series called Maclaurin series if and only if
the center is at zero.
.
OBJECTIVES
1. To familiarized the type of errors and its computation on how to

determine the error of a data as a matter of awareness for
the purpose of some considerations.
2. To calculate the value of an entire function at every point, if the

value of the function, and of all of its derivatives, are known at a
single point.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Laptop or Desktop Computer
2. Software Programing or MS Excel
3. Reference Books and Journals
Methods
The students utilize the following formula to be able to solve the given
problem.
Since situation one is all about errors the formula are the following:
Absolute Error, Ea = |𝑋 − 𝑋′|

|𝑋−𝑋′|
Relative Error, Er = |𝑋|
|𝑋−𝑋 ′ |
Percentage Error, Ep= = |𝑋|
× 100
Situation two deals with Taylor series with a formula of:
2
∞
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0
Or
𝑓 ′ (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)1 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)3

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) + + + …
1! 2! 3!
PROBLEM SET
Accuracy and Errors
SITUATION 1. A Mall was to be mode In Bulua. The columns of

the building were planned to have a uniform height of 6.75m from
the top slab up lo the bottom of the slab in the second floor. Due
to the number of columns to be mode several sub-contractors were
task to do the construction of column. This situation might
cause discrepancies In the measurement of the forms, stirrups,
and other structural ports, due differences of skill of workers. And
the device used in measurement. The general contractor foiled Io
assess the skillset of the workers of each of the contractor and
to check the calibration of their devices and instrument. Before
concrete pouring, the inspector asked their One and grade
surveyor fa check the elevation and height of the column
forms to ensure that the measurements are correct. The
following table shows the height in meter of the forms in each
columns per grid.
A B C
1 6.68 6.72 6.86
2 6.63 6.74 6.83
3 6.70 6.75 6.79
4 6.63 6.73 6.86
5 6.61 6,71 6.78
Subcontractor A were assigned to all columns of grid A.

Subcontractor B were assigned to all columns at grid B.
Subcontractor C were assigned to all columns at grid C.
1. Determine the absolute error of each column. Tabulate your

answers. (15 points/ 1 point each column)
2. Determine the relative error of each column. Tabulate your

answers. (15 points/ 1 point each column)
\
3. Determine the percentage error of each column. Tabulate your
answers. (IS points/ 1 point each column)
4. Which of the following subcontractors have the most erroneous

work? (5 points)
5. Which of the following subcontractors have the most accurate?
6. Being the inspector, what would be your advice to the

subcontractor who have done most erroneous work? (5 points)
3
Results and Discussion
Table 1.Sub-
Contractor A
No. Absolute Relative Percentage
Column Height/col. error Error Error (%)
1 6.68 0.07 0.01037 1.03704
2 6.63 0.12 0.01778 1.77778
3 6.70 0.05 0.00741 0.74074
4 6.63 0.12 0.01778 1.77778
5 6.61 0.14 0.02074 2.07407
Table 1 shown the data of Sub-Contractor A with its Absolute error,

Relative error, Percentage error arrange in a following order. The results
of each error represent accuracy from the standard height of the column.
Table 2. Sub-
Contractor B
1 6.72 0.03 0.00444 0.44444
2 6.74 0.01 0.00148 0.14815
3 6.75 0 0.00000 0.00000
4 6.73 0.02 0.00296 0.29630
5 6.71 0.04 0.00593 0.59259
Table 2 shown the data of Sub-Contractor A with its Absolute error,

Table 3.Sub-
Contractor C
1 6.86 0.11 0.01630 1.62963
2 6.83 0.08 0.01185 1.18519
3 6.79 0.04 0.00593 0.59259
4 6.86 0.11 0.01630 1.62963
5 6.78 0.03 0.00444 0.44444
Table 3 shown the data of Sub-Contractor C with its Absolute error,

4
Table 4.Over-all Result of Errors per Sub-Contractors
Sub-Contractors
A B C
1 6.68 6.72 6.86
2 6.63 6.74 6.83
3 6.70 6.75 6.79
4 6.63 6.73 6.86
5 6.61 6.71 6.78
Average 6.65 6.73 6.82
Absolute error 0.1 0.02 0.074
Relative error 0.014815 0.002963 0.010963
Percentage error (%) 1.481 0.296 1.096
Table 4 shown the average data per Sub-Contractors with its Absolute
error, Relative error, Percentage error. The results of each error are base
from the average height of columns made by each Sub-contractor relating
to the uniformed height which is 6.75. This shows the precision and
accuracy of the Sub-contractors ability.
Discussion
1. Absolute error is the difference between the true value of quantity and its
approximate value. It is one way to consider error when measuring the
accuracy of values. The approximate and true value of quantity is already
given, calculating the absolute error is simple matter of subtraction. The
formula is Ea.=/X-X'/, where Ea equals the absolute error, X equals the true
value of quantity (6.75), and X' equals the approximate value which is the
ave. of each subcontractor (6.65, 6.73, 6.82). As the result, the absolute
value of subcontractor A is equal to 0.1, subcontractor B is equal to 0.02,
and subcontractor C is equal to 0.074.
2. The relative error is defined as the ratio of the absolute error of the
measurement to the actual measurement. Using this method we can
determine the magnitude of the absolute error in terms of the actual size of
the measurement. The true and approximate values are given, we just have
to solve for its relative error. The formula for relative error is presented as
RE = X - X' / X , whereas RE equals the relative error which , X equals the
true value of quantity (6.75), and X' as the approximate value which is the
ave. of each subcontractor (6.65, 6.73, 6.82). By substituting, the relative
error for sub-contractor A is 0.014815, sub-contractor B 0.002963 and sub-
contractor C 0.010963.
3. In percentage error is, formally, the magnitude of the difference between

a true value and an approximate value divided by the magnitude of the true
value per 100 (percentage form). It simply written as Ep=X-X'/X ×100, by
substituting true value of quantity (6.75), and approximate value which is the
ave. of each subcontractor (6.65, 6.73, 6.82). You can get the percentage
error of subcontractor A equals to 1.481, subcontractor B equals to 0.296,
and subcontractor C equals to 1.096.
5
4. To determine the most erroneous work, simply identify which of the three
subcontractors has the bigger percentage error. Table 4 (Overall result of
errors per sub-contractors) shows that sub-contractor A have 1.481
percentage error, sub-contractor B have 0.296 percentage error, and sub-
contractor C have 1.096 percentage error. As a result, subcontractor A has
the most erroneous work because it has the biggest percentage error
(1.481).
5. In determining the most accurate work, you only need to identify which
among the three sub-contractors have the least percentage error. According
to table 4 (Over-all result of errors per sub-contractors), sub-contractor A
have 1.481 percentage error, sub-contractor B have 0.296 percentage error
and sub-contractor C have 1.096 percentage error. Thus, sub-contractor B
have the most accurate work since it has lesser percentage error (0.296).
6. Site inspectors monitor all work carried out on a construction site to

ensure that safety and quality standards are upheld. In connection with this,
it is necessary that the Laborers are supervised by a knowledgeable
employee to ensure that the measurement tools are correctly used. This is
to prevent misunderstanding and discrepancies in doing their jobs. Just
remember, using precise & reliable materials and apparatus can obtain
accurate work.
Taylor Series
Determine the Taylor series of the following functions (60 points)
1. F (x) = cos (4x); c=0

2. F(x) = e3x; c = 1/3
3. F(x) = In 4x ; c =1/4
For each number:
o. Solve for each derivatives up to sixth derivatives. |12 points)

b. Substitute the values in the taylor series formula is (3 points)
c. The summation notation of the taylor series. (5 points)
6
Solution:
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The first function that needed to be solved is a special case of the

Taylor Series which is known as the Maclaurin Series. It is a series that uses
zero (c=0) as a single point. The pattern of the series becomes clearer and
comprehensible when you get to derive the function up to its sixth derivative.
Its function always equates to zero whenever the function hits a trigonometric
function of sine or through substituting zero to its function. It is necessary for
the series to be simplified even further for everyone to construct a new series
wherein the function does not equate to zero in order for them to come up
with a proper result. The summation begins where n is equals to zero since
any number with an exponent of zero is always equal to one (1) (a zero
factorial (0!) also equates to one (1)). Since, in Maclaurin series wherein the
n is equal to 0 (which also represents the 0th term of the series), students
will be expecting a result of one (1). In the summation where the function has
a 16th coefficient forms a negative number raised to the power of n. This is
due to a change of sign whenever the exponent n increases
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⚫
The second function is not much of a complicated one since the
coefficient number of 3 is always raised to an increasing number “n”.
The pattern can be seen directly through deriving the function up to
the third derivative. If we continue deriving it up to the sixth
derivative, the pattern becomes more transparent and
comprehensible. With the use of Taylor Series, the summation
begins where n=0 since the function e is the 0th term or the f(x) of
the series.
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T
h
e
Third function pattern is difficult to observe without simplifying each
term. By deriving it to the sixth derivative and by simplifying it the
patterns begun to emerge. The summation begins where n=1 since
the 0th term of the function is equals to zero, hence the pattern start
from its first term which is also the first derivative of the function. The
summation formula also has a constant negative number (-1) multiply
to its negative coefficient (-4) raise to the power of n since sign
changes can be observe in the series itself.
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Summary
The absolute error is the difference between the true value and its
approximate value. It has a formula Ea = / X – X’ / where the true value X
and approximate value X’ has been given. After applying the values to the
equation we garnered results for subcontractor A, B and C of 0.1, 0.02 and
0.074 respectively. Moreover, the relative error is defined as the ratio of the
absolute error of the measurement to the actual measurement. It has a
formula denoted as RE = X – X’ / X. When we get to apply the values to the
equation, we come up with results for subcontractor A, B and C of 0.014815,
0.002963, and 0.010963 respectively. Percentage error is similar to the
relative error formula but in order to determine the it, we need to multiply it by
100. Subsequently, when the values has been applied to the formula Ep = X
– X’ / X ×100, we gain results of 1.481, 0.296, and 1.096 for subcontractor A,
B and C. To determine the most erroneous work, the students simply
identified the biggest percentage error among the three sub-contractor.
According to the data gathered, the most erroneous work was subcontractor
A with a result of 1.481. On the other hand, when determining the most
accurate work, students must identify which among the three subcontractors
have the least percentage error. Based on the results attained by the
students, subcontractor B has the most accurate work resulting to 0.296. Site
inspectors are responsible to monitor all the work in a construction site to
ensure safety and quality standards. It is necessary that the laborers are
supervised by knowledgeable employees to ensure correct usage of
measurement tools to prevent discrepancies in doing their part.
Conclusion
The objectives of the given laboratory activity were attained by the

students wherein the results determined the relationship between the
accuracy and error in a specific situation and calculate the value of the whole
function at every point if the function’s and all of its derivatives’ values are
determined at a single point.
With the given problem set, each subcontractor's absolute, relative, and
percentage error in measuring the column's elevation and height has been
determined. According to the results, the students noticed that subcontractor
A creates the most erroneous work due to it having the highest percentage
error of 1.481% among the rest. On the other hand, subcontractor B
produces the most accurate work since it garnered a lower percentage error
of 0.296%. As a result, we can conclude that accuracy is utilized to
determine how small or large the error is (a qualitative description), whereas
error is the actual representation of accuracy in the same units as the
reference quantity value. In other words, the error refers to the quantity of
accuracy in the unit of measurement utilized. The students also explored the
complexities of the Taylor series and demonstrated proof of its vast and
successful applications of effective error determination, allowing a function to
be approximated using polynomials of a given degree. As a result, it
accurately represents how the function behaves locally.
References
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/taylorseries.aspx?fbclid=IwAR0
AcX9vdBOl91dA6enSeQmJnMUPAW5DenJoMxyeHblBvBMWgkccEss2wvQ
CamScanner
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CE324: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems

Laboratory Activity 1: Accuracy and Error», and

CE 324 LABORATORY MANUAL

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. ROSELITO J. EDUAVE

The measurement of a physical quantity can never be made

1. To familiarized the type of errors and its computation on how to

2. To calculate the value of an entire function at every point, if the

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Absolute Error, Ea = |𝑋 − 𝑋′|

Situation two deals with Taylor series with a formula of:

𝑓 ′ (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)1 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑐)3

Accuracy and Errors

SITUATION 1. A Mall was to be mode In Bulua. The columns of

Subcontractor A were assigned to all columns of grid A.

1. Determine the absolute error of each column. Tabulate your

2. Determine the relative error of each column. Tabulate your

4. Which of the following subcontractors have the most erroneous

5. Which of the following subcontractors have the most accurate?

6. Being the inspector, what would be your advice to the

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shown the data of Sub-Contractor A with its Absolute error,

Table 2 shown the data of Sub-Contractor A with its Absolute error,

Table 3 shown the data of Sub-Contractor C with its Absolute error,

Table 4.Over-all Result of Errors per Sub-Contractors

3. In percentage error is, formally, the magnitude of the difference between

6. Site inspectors monitor all work carried out on a construction site to

Determine the Taylor series of the following functions (60 points)

1. F (x) = cos (4x); c=0

For each number:

o. Solve for each derivatives up to sixth derivatives. |12 points)

The first function that needed to be solved is a special case of the

The objectives of the given laboratory activity were attained by the

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