Instructions:

 Experiment 5 is attached below you need to perform on Proteus or Multisim or any

other software you have used for simulations related to electrical circuits or any other
course.
 Perform the following tasks elaborated in Lab manual, note down the readings and fill
up the manual
 Write a report containing your experiment objectives, methodology you used in
performing the tasks, show your result in the form of graph or readings and draw a
conclusion on the basis of your analysis
 Email your lab reports within 1 week at email id: khansatariq@cuilahore.edu.pk
 Do not copy lab report and design file of any one from any section as it will result 0
marks
 If you need any help you can contact via emial
LAB # 05: To Assemble the Capacitive AC Bridges of Electrical Measurement
Systems using Discrete Components
Objectives
To measure the value of unknown resistance and capacitance of Shering bridge in electrical measurement
systems using discrete components.

To measure the value of unknown operating frequency of Wien bridge for electrical measurement systems
using discrete components.

Pre Lab Section:

Introduction

Shering bridge
In experiment 5, we studied the most basic DC bridge. The concept of DC Bridge can be extended to AC circuits
as well, and the balance condition is made split in two equations known as Magnitude condition and Phase
condition. The Magnitude Condition states that the product of Magnitudes of the opposite arm’s impedances is
equal, whereas the Phase condition states that the sum of phases of the opposite arm’s impedances is equal. In
order to get the null detection, both these conditions must meet. Schering bridge is used to calculate the value
of unknown capacitance in terms of known capacitance and resistances.
Refer to the Figure 5.1, the balance equation is

Zx = Z2 Z3 Y1 (5.1)

Figure 5.1 Schering Bridge

j j 1
R x - wC =R 2 (- wC ) (R + jwC1 ) (5.2)
x 3 1

And after expanding we get

j R2 C1 jR
R x − wC = C3
− wC 2R (5.3)
x 3 1
Equating the real terms and imaginary terms we get
C1
Rx = R2 (5.4)
C3

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 Lab Experiment No. | 05

R1
Cx = C3 (5.5)
R2
Wien bridge
Wien Bridge is another application of Bridge circuitry or more specifically AC bridges. It is used to measure
the unknown frequency of the supply voltage in terms of known capacitances and resistances. On the contrary,
only a little effort of understanding it can lead us to one of its other applications of measuring the unknown
capacitance in terms of known resistances and frequency. In this experiment it is presented here not only for its
use as an AC bridge to measure the unknown frequency or capacitance, but also for its various other applications
in other useful circuits. For Example Wien Bridge is found in harmonic distortion analyzer, where it is used as
a notch filter discriminating against one specific frequency. The Wien Bridge also finds applications in audio
and HF oscillators as the frequency determining element. In this experiment, however, Wien Bridge is discussed
in its basic form, designed to measure frequency, but we may expand this concept to use it as an element of
different types of instruments.
Refer to Figure 5.2, the Impedance of arm 1 is
j
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 − (5.6)
𝑤𝐶1

Figure 5.2 Wien Bridge

The admittance of arm 3 is

1
𝑌3 = + j𝑤𝐶3 (5.7)
𝑅3

𝑍1 𝑍4 = 𝑍2 𝑍3 (5.8)

𝑍2 = 𝑍1 𝑍4 𝑌3 (5.9)

The bridge balance is

j 1
𝑅2 = (𝑅1 − ) 𝑅4 ( + j𝑤𝐶3 ) (5.10)
𝑤𝐶1 𝑅3

Expanding this expression, we get

𝑅1 𝑅4 j𝑅4 𝑅4 𝐶3
𝑅2 = + j𝑤𝐶3 𝑅1 𝑅4 − − (5.11)
𝑅3 𝑤𝐶1 𝑅3 𝐶1

Equating the real terms we obtain

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 Lab Experiment No. | 05

𝑅1 𝑅4 𝑅4 𝐶3
𝑅2 = + (5.12)
𝑅3 𝐶1

𝑅2 𝑅1 𝐶3
= + (5.13)
𝑅4 𝑅3 𝐶1

Equating the imaginary terms we get,

𝑅4
𝑤𝐶3 𝑅1 𝑅4 − =0 (5.14)
𝑤𝐶1 𝑅3

1
𝑓= (5.15)
2π√𝐶1 𝐶3 𝑅1 𝑅3

In Lab Section:
Lab Task 1: Shering bridge
1. Construct the above circuit as shown in Figure 5.1 on NI ELVIS II board
2. Take R1 = 100 kΩ, Rx = 47 kΩ and R2 is a variable resistance, say 10 Ω
3. Also take C3 = 0.1 µF, Cx is any unknown capacitance, say 1 µF and C1 is variable capacitance
4. Use built in Ammeter of NI ELVIS II Instrument Launcher instead of Galvanometer for Null Detection
5. Vary the variable resistance until you get zero detection on your Instrument Launcher
6. Use above expression of Cx to calculate the value of unknown capacitance
7. Note that value
8. Perform the same experiment for different values of Cx.
9. Fill out the following table as per your readings.

Table 5.1
Sr. Cx Ratio Arm Variable Variable Calculated Percentage
(given value (R1/R2) resistor (R2) capacitance value of Cx error
value) value at Null (C1) value
condition at Null
condition

Lab Task 2: Wien bridge

1. Construct the above circuit as shown in Fig. 5.2 on NI ELVIS II board
2. Take R2 = 100 kΩ and R4 = 47 kΩ. R1 and R3 are variable resistors
3. Also take C1 = 0.1 µF and C3 = 1 µF
4. Use built in Ammeter of NI ELVIS II Instrument Launcher for Null Detection
5. Vary the variable resistance until you get zero detection on your Instrument Launcher
6. Use above final expression of frequency to calculate the unknown frequency of the supply voltage
7. Note that value
8. Perform the same experiment for different frequencies.

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 Lab Experiment No. | 05

9. Fill out the following table as per your readings.

Table 5.2
Sr. Source C1 C3 R1 at zero R3 at zero Source Percentage
Frequency detection detection Frequency error
(given (Calculated
Value) Value)

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 Lab Experiment No. | 05

Rubric for Lab Assessment

The student performance for the assigned task during the lab session was:
The student completed assigned tasks without any help from the
Excellent 4
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student completed assigned tasks with minimal help from the
Good 3
instructor and showed the results appropriately.
The student could not complete all assigned tasks and showed
Average 2
partial results.
Worst The student did not complete assigned tasks. 1

Instructor Signature: ______________________________ Date: ____________________

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