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Idea: Move from Internet of People Internet of Things Internet of Things -

Evolution M2M Vs IoT

Presentation · November 2020

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Idea: Move from Internet of People  Internet of Things

INTERNET OF THINGS

 OVERVIEW
 TECHNOLOGIES
 REQUIREMENTS
 RESEARCH − Internet connects all people, so it is called “the
Internet of People”
− IoT connects all things, so it is called “the
Internet of Things”o connect things also
Internet appears everywhere in the world
using the same medium
 It is primarily connection between people

DR. A. R. REVATHI

Internet of Things - Evolution

M2M Vs IoT

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Definition Cont..
(1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers
to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be
wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances.
(4) “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating
------Wikipedia in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and
(2) By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”.
of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of -------IoT in 2020
communication between people and things, and between things
themselves. -WSIS 2005(World submit on information Society )

(3) The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of

technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to
reach out into the real world of physical objects.

------IoT 2008

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IoT- Network of Physical Objects Things Connected: communicated

between physical world and information world
-
The Scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things
(device, appliances, machines) to the Internet

IoT allows these things to communicate and exchange data

(control& information)

Processing on these data will provide us various applications

towards a common user or machine goal

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Sensor devices are becoming widely available

- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

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People Connecting to Things Vs Things Connecting

More “Things” are being connected to Things

Home/daily-life devices
ECG sensor
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
Internet
…
Motion sensor

Motion sensor
Motion sensor

Complex and heterogeneous resources and

networks

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Internet of Things
Features of Internet and IoT From any time ,any place connectivity for anyone, we will now
have connectivity for anything!

Features Internet Internet of things

Nodes Routers Sensors/actuators

Device Non-constrained Constrained

Address IP address IP address

Routing Non-application Application aware

aware

Power source Main power lines Battery

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Characteristics Comprises IoT Networks

Information Operational
Technology Technology Smart
Ambient Objects
Flexible (IT) (OT)
Intelligence
Structure

Connectivity: “Any-to-Any” Connectivity: Hierarchical

Event Internet of
Network Posture: Network Posture:
Driven Things Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Integrity,
Availability (CIA) Confidentiality (AIC)
Security Solutions: Security Solutions: Physical
Semantic Cybersecurity; Data Protection Access Control; Safety
Sharing
Complex Response to Attacks: Response to Attacks: Non-
Access Shutdown to Mitigate stop Operations/Mission
Technologies Critical – Never Stop, Even if
Breached

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Why IoT ? Why IoT ?

Dynamic control of industry and daily life Flexible configuration, P&P…

Improve the resource utilization ratio

Universal transport & internetworking

Better relationship between human and nature

Accessibility & Usability?

Forming an intellectual entity by integrating

human society and physical systems
Acts as technologies integrator

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TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT

IoT Technologies

− Hardware (Device)

− Communication Technology

− Protocols for IoT

− Software (IDE)

− Cloud Platforms

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Implementing Smart Objects Board Connection

Beaglebone black

Intel Galileo

Raspberry Pi

Arduino Uno

Sensors and Actuators Sensors available in Market

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IoT Technologies : Communication Technology IoT Technologies : Protocols

CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol)

MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)

XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)

6LoWPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks)

IoT Technologies : Cloud (Sensing as-a-service Model) IoT Technologies

− IoT’s realisation depends on continuous technical innovation in a number of fields

– From wireless sensors to nanotechnology

− Main technological required in areas of

– Identification and Addressability- Low Power Connectivity
– Sensing
– Embedded Intelligence
– Miniaturisation

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Identification & Addressability Mechanisms Sensing

• Needed in order to connect everyday objects and devices − To detect changes in the physical status of
things
– To large databases and networks – Using sensor technologies
– So that data about things can be collected and processed • Sensors play a pivotal role in bridging the gap

• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) overs ID functionality between the physical and virtual worlds
– Enable things to respond to changes in Pulse Sensor
– Also barcodes, 2D/3D codes $25
their physical environment
• IPv6 provides sufficient address space – For example, sensors in an electronic jacket
• Collect information about changes in external
temperature and the parameters of the jacket can
be adjusted accordingly

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Miniaturisation
Embedded Intelligence

− Embedded intelligence in the things themselves − Advances in miniaturization and nanotechnology

– To further enhance the power of the network − Smaller and smaller things will have the ability to interact and
• By devolving information processing capabilities to the connect Key Parameters
Flash: 8 Kbytes
edges of the network Pin Count: 8
Max. Operating Freq: 20 MHz
• Empower things and devices at the edges of the network to CPU: 8-bit AVR
Max I/O Pins: 6
take independent decisions Ext Interrupts: 6
SPI: 1
Lily Tiny I2C: 1

http://www.atmel.com/devices/ATTINY85.aspx?tab=parameters

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Enabling Technologies
INNOVATION TOUCH

RFID
Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech
− A combination of all of these developments
will create an Internet of Things

− Connecting the world’s objects in both a

To identify To collect To enhance the To make the
and track and process power of the smaller and sensory and an intelligent manner
the data of the data to network by smaller things
things detect the devolving have the
changes in processing ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part of interact.
things the network.

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Challenges of IoT 4 Layers Model for IoT

Connectivity
Power Management
Security
Rapid Evolution Information
Application
•Insufficient testing and updating Integrated Application Layer

•Concern regarding data security and privacy Information

Processing
Management Layer
•Software complexity
Information
•Data volumes and interpretation Transmission
Network Construction Layer
•Integration with AI and automation
Information
•Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult Generation
Sense and Identification Layer
•Interaction and short-range communication
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More on 4 Layers Model IoT and WSN

Integrated End-user

Application Green Core network

Smart Logistic Smart Grid Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor Gateway e.g. Internet

Information
Processing Sink
Gateway
node Computer services
Data Center Search Engine Smart Info. Security Data Mining
Decision

Network
Construction
WWAN WMAN − The networks typically − Things are diverse
run Low Power Devices − They might be individual
Internet − Consist of one or more like water, soldiers, trees…
WPAN WLAN sensors, could be − They also be a set of
different type of sensors individuals like ocean,
Sensing and
Identification
(or actuators) battlefield, forest, …
GPS Smart RFID Sensor Sensor
Device 37 26/11/2020 A.R.R
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IoT and WSN IoT and WSN

So we have ocean
monitoring, Forest
management, battlefield
We concern not only about water, tree and soldier, but control.
also about ocean, forest and battlefield.

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When WSN is Used

To Connect digital world and physical world
Internet of Things vs. Cloud Properties

Sensed
data

Sensed
data
Digital
World Sensed
Sensed
data
data
Sensed
data

Sensed
data
Physical
World
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Opportunities Looming Opportunity

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Source: http://blog.trentonsystems.com/internet-of-things-crosses-business-personal-boundaries/

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ABCD’s of IoT
Applications Big Data Analytics Applications

• Ubiquitous Computing Applications

• Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) Applications
• Smart and Connected Health

Connectivity and Communication Devices – that are smart!

Photos – Libelium, Google Image Search

Big Data Analytics Connectivity

• Map-Reduce • M2M
• Frequent Item-sets • Wireless Sensor Networks
• Similarity • IPv6 and 6LowPAN
• Clustering • Bluetooth LE and ZigBee
• Dimension Reduction • WiFi and LTE
• Streaming Data

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The Application of IoT

Devices and Platforms
Regional Office Biosensor taken by people
• Mobile Systems
• Sensor Systems
• Wearables
• Energy Harvesting
• Security and Privacy House Network Equipment in
public place

Transportation Vehicle Virtual Environment

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Scenario: shopping Scenario: Health Care

 Various sensors for various
(1) When entering the doors, conditions
scanners will identify the tags  Example ICP sensor: Short or
on her clothing. long term monitoring of
pressure in the brain cavity
 Implanted in the brain cavity
(2) When shopping in the and senses the increase of
market, the goods will pressure
introduce themselves.  Sensor and associated
electronics encapsulated in safe
(3) When moving the goods, and biodegradable material
the reader will tell the staff to  External RF reader powers the
put a new one. unit and receives the signal
 Stability over 30 days so far
(4) When paying for the goods,
the microchip of the credit card
will communicate with checkout
reader.
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Scenario: Intelligent Home

Scenario: Health Care

− National Health Information Network,

Electronic Patient Record
− Home care: monitoring and control
Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors, infusion
pumps, accelerometers, …
− Operating Room of the Future
Closed loop monitoring and control; multiple
treatment stations, plug and play devices; robotic
microsurgery System coordination challenge
− Progress in bioinformatics: gene, protein
expression, systems biology, disease
dynamics, control mechanisms
• Remote monitor for smart house
• Remote control for smart appliance

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IoT Applications : Intelligent Home

Scenario: Transportation

• A network of sensors set up throughout a vehicle can interact with its

surroundings to provide valuable feedback on local roads, weather and traffic
conditions to the car driver, enabling adaptive drive systems to respond
accordingly

• This may involve automatic activation of braking systems or speed control via
fuel management systems. Condition and event detection sensors can activate
systems to maintain driver and passenger comfort and safety through the use of
airbags and seatbelt pre-tensioning

• Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on driving conditions, driver
behaviour and facial indicators can interact to ensure safe driving by activating
warning systems or directly controlling the vehicle
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IoT Applications : Transportation

Scenario: Transportation

− Cars are sensors and actuators in V2V networks

Active networked safety alerts
Autonomous navigation
− Future Transportation Systems
Incorporate both single person and mass transportation vehicles, air and ground
transportations.
Achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and optimization.

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Life in IoT Era

− ITU has described the scene of IoT era as follows
− The car will generate alarm automatically if the driver has
made any mistake during the operation;
− The bag will send out reminder message if the owner forgot
bring something;
− The cloth will tell the washing-machine about its
requirement for the water temperature;
− Life will be changed completely with the technology
of IoT

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Related domain
− Cyber-Physical systems, smart devices, sensors and actuators
− Key applications, protocols and architectures
− Networks and Communications (Wireless Multi-hop Networks
(WMN), Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN))
− Reliability, Security, Privacy and Trust issues and solutions

− Software platforms and services

− Intelligent Data Processing and Semantic technologies
− Connecting things to the Web
− Applications, system models, Standards, and Physical-Cyber-
Social systems

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open source software tools for developing IoT

applications

DeviceHive
− The free open source machine to machine communication
(M2M) framework was launched in 2012 and continues to
be one of the leading development platforms for
IoT applications.
Kaa
− Kaa is backed by Cybervision and is aimed at providing
end-to-end support for connected devices across a large
cloud. The multipurpose middleware allows developers to
create IoT solutions, connected applications, and all manner
of smart products.

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Arduino Devicehub.net
− Arduino is one of the better known platforms, due in part − Device Hub is an integrated solution for IoT project
to the fact that it offers both hardware and software. The development, the service combines business intelligence
development kit allows users to code in the Arduino and cloud integration in order to synthesise hardware and
language using an integrated development environment web technologies
(IDE).
Home Assistant
− Home Assistant is predominantly geared towards home
automation, as the name suggests, and operates on a
Python based coding system that can be controlled with
both mobile and desktop browsers.

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SMART VIDEO SURVEILLANCE OVER IOT

NETWORKS
RESEARCH DISCUSSION

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V. Jelicic, M. Magno, D. Brunelli, V. Bilas And L. Benini, "Benefits Of Wake-up

To implement a low power consuming smart video Radio In Energy-efficient Multimodal Surveillance Wireless Sensor Network," In
IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 14, No. 9, Pp. 3210-3220, Sept. 2014. Doi:
surveillance over IoT networks. 10.1109/Jsen.2014.2326799

To reduce the detrimental power consumption in video
surveillance system
To decline the latency due to cloud computing
To optimize between centralized and distributed
computing.
A novel power management technique that integrates
 multimodal sensing
 wake-up radio.
• Prolong lifetime of energy-hungry nodes and to reduce response latency.
• Deployment methodology for high-consuming sensors in a two-tier
network architecture with low-consuming sensors as triggers.
• Wake up radios with out addressing mechanism causes undesired nodes to
wake up thus increasing energy consumption.

Parameters – PIR sensor - 0.63mW, camera sensor - 48.3mW

For 50 events/hour camera node with WUR is comparable to 10% WOR (19 hours)
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Soham Jayesh Desai,mohammed Shoaib And Arijit Raychowdhury, “An Ultra-low R. Bhatt and R. Datta, ``A two-tier strategy for priority based critical event
Power, “Always-on” Camera Front-end For Posture Detection In Body Worn surveillance with wireless multimedia sensors,'' wireless netw., Vol. 22, no. 1, pp.
Cameras Using Restricted Boltzman Machines”,IEEE Transaction On Multi-scale 267_284, jan. 2016. [Online]. Available : http://dx.Doi.Org/10.1007/s11276-015-
Computing Systems,vol.1,no.4, 2016, Pp.187-194. 0971-7.

 Body worn camera is designed with restricted Boltzmann machine for pattern  Audio sensors and Rotational and Directional sensors are used together to record
matching. On successful matching trigger signal is send to camera’s backend for videos. At the initial stage, dense deployed audio sensor is used for preliminary
further processing. detection on detection, audio sensors triggers the sparsely implemented video
 Supports smart front end edge technology. nodes to capture video.
 Data deluge is reduced.  The location of motion is sent by the audio sensor to Rotational and Directional
 Neural networks are well suited for image processing and low power operations. sensor.
 The always on operation of the camera affects the battery performance to some  Based on the location information rotational and directional sensor revolve and
extent. move the video node to a particular direction and angle to capture the videos.
 Useful videos may be lost due to latency.  Coverage and connectivity of network are the limitations of this work.
 Video information are not present locally.  Low delay is followed only for critical events.

Parameters – Power consumption of about 19.18 mW [excluding signal acquisition Parameters – Power consumption of audio processor & sensor in active state is 41.6
unit and background subtraction unit (27.88 µW/pixel)]. 77 mW, Power consumption of video processor & sensor in active state is 260 mW.
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Tenager Mekonnen, Erkki Harjula, Timo Koskela And Mika Ylianttila,

S. K. Sharma And X. Wang, "Live Data Analytics With Collaborative Edge “Sleepycam: Power Management Mechanism For Wireless Video-surveillance
And Cloud Processing In Wireless IoT Networks," In IEEE Access, Vol. 5, Pp. Cameras,” In Proc.2017 IEEE International Conference On Communications
4621-4635, 2017. Doi: 10.1109/Access.2017.2682640 Workshops, 2017,pp 91-96.

 Edge processing is implemented in front haul links.(devices-to-IoT gateway)  The controller basically performs two tasks
 Cloud processing is implemented in back haul links.(IoT gateway-to- Core (1) motion detection using a PIR sensor and
network) (2) powering-up RPi when motion is detected.
 Has the advantages of both cloud and edge processing.  Does not consume any energy during the waiting time.
 Latency is avoided.  High Boot up time.
 Computational rate.
 Processor speed. Parameters
Power consumption in Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C
Parameters – Can be evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, throughput,
computational efficiency, end to end latency. Waiting Time 1423.6mW 2162.9mW 5.4mW

Recording time 1854mW 1937.5mW 2140.5mW

Total 3277.6mW 4100.4mW 2145.9mW

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T. Mekonnen, P. Porambage, E. Harjula And M. Ylianttila, "Energy

Consumption Analysis Of High Quality Multi-tier Wireless Multimedia Sensor Z. Shao, J. Cai and Z. Wang, "smart monitoring cameras driven intelligent
Network," In IEEE Access, Vol. 5, Pp. 15848-15858, 2017. Doi: processing to big surveillance video data," in IEEE transactions on big data,
10.1109/Access.2017.2737078 vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 105-116, march 1 2018. Doi: 10.1109/tbdata.2017.2715815

 The network architecture is designed with multi tier.

 Motion sensor is connected in tier 1 and camera node is connected in tier 2.
 Waspmote controller and Bluetooth is used for switching between the tiers.
 Multi-tier architecture is found to consume less power.
 All detected movements are processed which may also include some worthless
videos and thus leading to data deluge.
 Due to multi-tier implementation latency is caused.
 Video information are not present locally.
Parameters
Power Consumption in Single –tier
Idle time 1209.9 mW
The surveillance architecture is divided into three parts
• The intelligent pre-alarming for abnormal events
• smart storage for surveillance video
• rapid retrieval for evidence videos.
 Danger alarming before an event
 High-efficiency storage during an event
 Rapid evidence retrieval after an event.
 Difficulties in collaborating Multi site data.
Multi –tier Parameters – Can reliably pre-alarm security risk events, substantially reduce
storage space and speed up video retrieval of suspected events.
101.2 mW

Streaming time 2251 mW 2484.2 mW

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LIST OF CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED

SUMMARY
 Undesired nodes to wake up thus increasing energy consumption.
 ‘Always- On’ camera affects the battery performance.
S.No Year Challenges identified
1 2014  Wake up radios with out addressing mechanism causes undesired nodes to  Useful videos may be lost due to latency.
wake up thus increasing energy consumption.
2 2016  The always on operation of the camera affects the battery performance to
 Video information are not present locally.
some extent.
 Limitations in coverage and connectivity of network.
 Useful videos may be lost due to latency.
 Video information are not present locally.  Low delay is followed only for critical events.
3 2016  Coverage and connectivity of network are the limitations of this work.
 Low delay is followed only for critical events.  Computational rate.
4 2017  Computational rate.
 Processor speed.  Power consumption.
5 2017  High Boot up time.  Processor speed.
6 2017  All detected movements are processed which may also include some
worthless videos and thus leading to data deluge.  High Boot up time.
 Due to multi-tier implementation latency is caused.
 Video information are not present locally.  All detected movements are processed which may also include some
7 2018  Difficulties in collaborating Multi site data. worthless videos and thus leading to data deluge.
 Latency caused due to multi-tier implementation.
 Difficulties in collaborating Multi site data.
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Need for Energy-efficient In IoT

Network
✓ To attain a high level of energy efficiency, both elements and layers of
IoT network are to be considered.
✓ IoT devices are battery operated - efficient energy utilization is the
AN ENERGY EFFICIENT SENSOR major challenge in low power IoT networks to improve the lifetime of
NODES BASED ON IoT IoT devices.
✓ When a wearable sensor node is energy inefficient, it possibly causes
reduced lifetime of sensor nodes, frequent charging or battery
replacement, interruption of monitoring activities thus leading to a
reduction in accuracy.

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Tuan Nguyen Gia, Victor Kathan Sarker, Igor Tcarenko, Amir M. Rahmani, Tomi
Westerlund, Pasi Liljeberg, Hannu Tenhunen, “Energy efficient wearable sensor
node for IoT-based fall detection systems Microprocessors and Microsystems”,
Volume 56, February 2018, Pages 34 – 46.
Concept
• A high level of energy efficiency is achieved by minimum number of
components.
• The gateway with Fog layer helps to attain energy efficiency at sensor
nodes.
• Low-power MEMS Accelerometers and Smart gateway - Bluetooth Low
Energy.
Parameters
• Sampling rate, Communication bus interface and Transmission rate.
Cont…d
X. Fafoutis, L. Marchegiani, A. Elsts, J. Pope, R. Piechocki and I. Craddock,
"Extending the battery lifetime of wearable sensors with embedded machine
learning," 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Singapore,
2018, pp. 269-274. doi: 10.1109/WF-IoT.2018.8355116
Concept
• The sensing systems generate raw data that is processed into knowledge by
reasoning and machine learning algorithms.
• Accelerometer-based wearable sensor and Smart gateway - Bluetooth Low
Energy.
• Investigates the benefits of using machine learning as a means of extending the
battery of severely energy constrained embedded systems.
• Examines the optimization of data flow and moving the knowledge extraction in
the embedded device takes place.
Parameters
• Sampling frequency , Resolution.

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Cont…d Cont…d
N. Kaur and S. K. Sood, "An Energy-Efficient Architecture for the Internet of P. Verma and S. K. Sood, "Fog Assisted-IoT Enabled Patient Health
Things (IoT)," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 796-805, June Monitoring in Smart Homes," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5,
2017.doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2015.2469676 no. 3, pp. 1789-1796, June 2018.doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2803201

Concept
• An Energy-Efficient Architecture design allows the sensors to switch
to sleep mode under three scenarios:
1. when it is not necessary to sense the target in a given period of time.
2. coverage area can be compromised for battery life.
3. battery level is critically low.
• Investigates the mechanism for the efficient energy utilization of
elements of IoT systems.
Parameters
Amount of Energy consumed, Traffic rate and Node density.
Concept
• The systems uses fog centric IoT technology and Event triggering mechanism to
monitor patients in smart home environment requiring intensive care.
 Fog computing based event classification for real-time response.
 Event triggering mechanism to monitor patient health data at cloud layer.
 Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) classifier is used to classify the patient
event data as abnormal or normal.
Parameters
 Event Prediction Attributes: Environmental attributes, health attributes.
 Data sets: health related datasets, Environment and behavior related datasets.
 Parameters :physiological and environmental parameters.

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Cont…d
SUMMARY
T.Nguyen Gia et al., "Low-cost fog-assisted health-care IoT system with Year Title of the paper Challenges
energy-efficient sensor nodes," 2017 13th International Wireless 2015 An Energy-Efficient Architecture for the  Energy saved by the PA is more than the extra energy
Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia, Internet of Things (IoT) consumed by the system due to state transition.
2017, pp. 1765-1770.  Sleep interval is increased by lowering the quality of
information.
Concept 2018 Energy efficient wearable sensor node  Several SPI buses simultaneously incurs energy
• A complete remote health monitoring system based on IoT and fog services to for IoT-based fall detection systems inefficiency.
 Reduces quality of service if prone to high power
improve the quality of health-care service. consumption.
• Adoption of energy efficient sensor nodes based on the customized nRF protocol.  Latency arises if complex algorithms run at sensor
• Low transmission data rate is preferred for reducing energy consumption of the node.
 Minimum distance coverage area.
sensor node.
2017 Low-cost fog-assisted health-care IoT  Quality of data reduces if components are connected
Advanced services system with energy-efficient sensor through SPI
 Data analysis and data processing nodes  More difficult the issues get in terms of data
 Decision making categorization and verification.
 Local data storage
 Channel conflicting arises between nrf channels.
2018 Extending the Battery Lifetime of  Overall improvement is indeed small.
Wearable Sensors with Embedded  Sacrificed the versatility on the maintenance cost of
Parameters Machine Learning severely constrained devices that are used for long-
Bio-signals and contextual data. term monitoring.
2018 Fog Assisted-IoT Enabled Patient  Fails to predict fall detection and daily activities in
Health Monitoring in Smart Homes smart homes.

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Challenges Faced By IoT Networks Pre-requisites before start …..

 Energy inefficiency for sensor nodes
 Expect you are familiar with hardware systems.
 Enhanced Quality of Service (QoS)
 Expect you know about basic communication and
 Latency Reduction
networking.
 Data privacy and security
 Expect you have a knowledge of the object
 Interoperability
oriented programming.
 Reliability
 Network bandwidth constraints

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Road is Difficult, but Future is Bright REFERENCES

 http://www.houshasen-pref-ibaraki.jp/present/result01.html

 http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata

 Zanella, Andrea; Bui, Nicola; Castellani, Angelo; Vangelista, Lorenzo & Zorzi,

Michele. "Internet of Things for Smart Cities". IEEE Internet of Things Journal, VOL. 1,

NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2014.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

 Any TIME  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-07-23/how-berlin-s-futuristic-

 Any PLACE
 Any THING
airport-became-a-6-billion-embarrassment

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 V. Jelicic, M. Magno, D. Brunelli, V. Bilas And L. Benini, "Benefits Of Wake-up
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Queries
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 Tenager Mekonnen, Erkki Harjula, Timo Koskela And Mika Ylianttila, “Sleepycam:
Power Management Mechanism For Wireless Video-surveillance Cameras”, In
Proc.2017 IEEE International Conference On Communications Workshops, 2017,pp 91-
96.
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