MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO IoT

CONTENTS
 1.1 - INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS IoT? - The Internet of Things (IoT)

The network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which
enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/18yEd6BLUpvU3nqEbeS93FzuPO7jeKWJ5/view?usp=sharing
 1.1 - INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A ‘THING’?
A “Thing” in the context of the Internet of things(IoT), is an entity or
physical object that has a Unique identifier, an embedded system and the
ability to transfer data over a network.

• Heart monitoring implants

• Biochip transponders on farm animals
• Automobiles with built-in sensors
• DNA analysis devices & other Wearbles etc.

These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies
and then autonomously flow the data between other devices.
 1.1 - INTRODUCTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

1. Dynamic & Self-Adapting

2. Self-Configuring
3. Interoperable
Communication Protocols
4. Unique Identity CHARAC
5. Integrated into Information TERISTIC
Network S OF IoT

https://
drive.google.com/file/d/1XgU1kQ
wXYfYnRe1KZFpqCWjczEE1zgU
E/view?usp=sharing
 1.1 - INTRODUCTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT
 Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT device and system may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take
actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or
sensed environment.
 Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self- configuring capability,
allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide
certain functionality(such as weather monitoring).
 Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may
support a number of interoperable communication protocols and
communicate with other such devices and also with the
infrastructure.
 Unique identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a
unique identifier(such as an IP address)
 Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are usually
integrated into the information network that allows them to
communicate.
 1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT

IoT - THE FIRST TIME

Kevin Ashton,
The Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was the first to
describe the Internet of Things in
1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT
1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT
 1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT

 The first website actually came online in 1991.

 By 1995, multiple websites and systems came online.

Entertainment by means of bulletin board systems began to be
seen
 The term “internet of things” or “IoT” is also not a new one. It’s
frequently used and has been so for years, but in a survey it was
revealed that even those who work in it every day are not at all
conversant with the history of the IoT. 
 In 1998, the real IoT was touched by Mark Weiser, who developed
a water fountain that was amazing and delightful to everyone who
saw it. It rose and fell respectively according to the pricing trends
and the volume of stock on the NYSE.

9
 1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT

 1999 - Neil Gross, speaking to Business Week commented, "In

the next century, planet earth will done an electronic skin.

 it will use the Internet as a scaffold to support and transmit its

sensations.

 This skin is already being stitched together.

 It consists of millions of embedded electronic measuring

devices: thermostats, pressure gauges, pollution detectors,
cameras, microphones, glucose sensors,
EKGs(Electrocardiogram - A recording of electrical activity of
the heart), Electroencephalographs(A test or record of brain).

 These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species,

the atmosphere, our ships, highways and fleets of trucks, our
conversations, our bodies--even our dreams."
10
 1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT

 Kevin Ashton was laying the base in early 2000 for what would
become the loT at MIT’s AutoID lab.

 He was the pioneer, who imagined this idea while searching for
different ways that Proctor & Gamble(is an American multi-
national consumer goods corporation) could enhance its
business by linking RFID information to the Internet.

 However, it is also true that the concept was extremely simple,

but powerful too.
 1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT

 There have been visions of machines communicating with one another

since the early 1800s.
 Machines have been providing direct communications since the
telegraph (the first landline) was developed in the 1830s and 1840s.
 “Wireless Telegraphy,” the first radio voice transmission took place on
June 3, 1900, providing another necessary component for developing
the Internet of Things.
 The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as
part of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in 1962,
and evolved into ARPANET in 1969.
 In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting public use
of ARPANET, allowing it to evolve into our modern Internet.
 Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993, with
the Department of Defense providing a stable, highly functional system
of 24 satellites.
1.1
1.2- History
HISTORY of OF
IoT IoT
 1.1 - HISTORY OF IoT

Worl
d 6.3 Billion 6.8 Billion 7.2 Billion 7.7
Population Billion
Connected 500 Million 12.5 Billion 20 Billion 30 Billion

Devices

More
connected
devices
than
Connected 0.08 people 1.84 2.77 3.5
Devices
Per Person
2003 2010 2015 2020
 #IoT2020

1.11.2
- HISTORY
History ofOF
IoTIoT

30 2013 to 2020: Fron half as

25
many to twice as many –
Internet of
20
Things growth pf IoT devices
15
relative to traditional
connected devices.
10
Traditional
5
connected
0 devices
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

By 2020 in Silicon Valley…

In 2020 the world consists of

Nearly 30 billion devices Over 7.7 billion people

Connected
devices

Over 3.5
per every human on the planet
Source: BI Intelligence, US Census Bureau, Silicon Valley Index, A.T. Kearney
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

 The structure of IoT

The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting of networks of devices
and computers connected through a series of intermediate technologies where
numerous technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as enablers of this
connectivity.
• Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs
• Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the
environment.
• Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the
ability of smaller things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart
devices.”
• Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has
formed the network connection to the Internet. It can make the “things” realizing
the intelligent control.

https://
drive.google.com/file/d/1Xczv1hjKxJbevKH-CfIYFADmNbrxF-3g/view?usp=sha
ring
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF IoT

https://
drive.google.com/file/d/1Xczv1hjKxJbevKH-CfIYFADmNbrxF-3g/view?usp=sha
ring
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

Components of IoT

Video Link:
https://
drive.google.com/file/d/1TF8uVG7xABU8L7GBZ_KJVMFgG23jquzs/view?usp=s 18
haring
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https
://drive.google.com/file/d/1IivnMjyZjthkVEDN7YxOKm1Qx
1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW
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Architecture Ways
– Three Tire Architecture
• Edge layer
• Platform layer
• Enterprise layer

– Gateway Mediated Edge Architecture

• Sensors / Actuators
• Edge driver Gateway
• Wide Area Network

– Layered Database Pattern

• Smart Machine
• System of System
• Industrial Internet
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

1. DEVICE LAYER
The device layer consists of the physical
devices (or things) involved in an
industrial operation.
• Equipment
• Sensors
• Actuators
• Processors
• Controllers etc.
These can also be referred to as “edge
devices” which indicates that they reside
on the edge of the industrial network.

https
://drive.google.com/file/d/1MrbJoZwQPxiBP53XD4_YDr_HctTRVotR/vi
ew?usp=sharing
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

• Within the device layer, there can be smart devices and legacy
devices.
• Smart devices are newer and have built-in networking capabilities
typically with an Ethernet interface.
• Legacy devices generally are older, do not have networking
capabilities, and usually connect through a serial interface.
• All of the devices within an industrial operation hold the key to the
IIoT, data.
• The challenge and the sole intent of the IIoT is enabling the use of
this data.

https://
pages.moxa.com/Achieving-Interoperability-for-the-Ind
ustrial-IoT.html
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

DEVICE LAYER

 Provides a user interface for using IoT.

 Different applications for various sectors like Transportation,
 Healthcare, Agriculture, Supply chains, Government, Retail etc.
 Devices and sensors used are:
 GPS
 Gyroscope
 Accelerometer
 Wi-Fi
 Ethernet
 Bluetooth
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

2. CONNECTIVITY LAYER
• The purpose of the connectivity layer is to enable direct connections
between devices to extract and transmit the data to an access
network.
• As mentioned above, there can be an abundance of smart and
legacy devices within an operation that have different connection
interfaces and to add to the complexity, there is rarely a common
machine language (or protocol) that all of these devices speak in.
• The connectivity layer brings everything together and enables
communication and data transmission between devices.
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

Of the connectivity layer there are two main networks that work together

• The Proximity Network enables the data flow from the edge devices
to the connectivity layer. This is essentially the network that extracts
the data from the devices. 

• The Access Network enables the data flow (transmission) between

the connectivity and application layer.
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

NETWORK LAYER

 Robust and High performance network infrastructure

 Supports the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or
security
 Allows multiple organizations to share and use the same network
independently
 Encryption,signal processing,LTE,Wifi,Sim Module,GSM,Micro
controller,Embedded-os etc…are used in network layer.
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

SERVICE LAYER

 Also termed as Application service Layer.

 Capturing of periodic sensory data .
 Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information from massive amount of
raw data).
 Streaming Analytics (Process real time data).
 Ensures security and privacy of data.
 1.1 - ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

3. APPLICATION LAYER
 The application layer is where the power of the Industrial IoT comes
into play.
 It typically comprises of a central data repository, data
processing and analytics, as well as front end enterprise
applications.
 Lowest Abstraction Layer.
 With sensors we are creating digital nervous system.
 Incorporated to measure physical quantities.
 Interconnects the physical and digital world.
 Collects and process the real time information.
 Transportation, Health care, Tracing people, Climatic conditions etc
comes under application layer.
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https://
prateekvjoshi.com/2016/06/07/understanding-the-industrial-IoT-te
chnology-stack
/