MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO IoT

CONTENTS
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

THINGS” IN THE INTERNET OF THINGS

The “things” in the Internet of Things can be anything from farming

equipment (a tractor, an irrigation system, a drone) to the
thermostat on your wall, to your “connected car,” to a freight
container with a connected temperature sensor within it that sends
data to a logistics coordinator.

The Value of Connected “Things” in Healthcare, Logistics and

Agriculture
1. IoT for Healthcare: Our Bodies as “Things” connected to the Internet
2. IoT for Logistics: Packages and Containers As “Things” Connected to
the Internet
3. IoT for Agriculture: “Things” as Tractors, Soil Sensors and Irrigation
Systems

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qeUEmslIbCjTFLcWTmG3
ClB0a09ZPMQ_/view?usp=sharing
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

The Value of Connected “Things” in Healthcare, Logistics and

Agriculture
1. IoT for Healthcare: Our Bodies as “Things” connected to the
Internet

• “Things” in IoT can also be “wearables” that serve medical purposes.

Devices that monitor your bodily functions and systems daily and make
that data available to your doctors can function as an early warning
system for health issues and a way for you to keep yourself
accountable to your health goals.
• With streaming information, preventive care can reduce hospitalization
and reduce the cost of acute care significantly
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

The Value of Connected “Things” in Healthcare, Logistics and

Agriculture
2. IoT for Logistics: Packages and Containers As “Things”
Connected to the Internet
Logistics and Supply Chain Management are all about moving
things from point A to point B. Keeping tracking of those things in an ideal
world isn’t terribly difficult. You send shipment X from warehouse Y to
customer Z, and you know everything will work out, right? Wrong! 
 Everything from weather
disasters to piracy can affect
global shipping lanes and
cause delays and financial
losses. And sometimes it’s
merely naturally built-in
inefficiencies that cause losses
and delays.
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

The Value of Connected “Things” in Healthcare, Logistics and

Agriculture
3. IoT for Agriculture: “Things” as Tractors, Soil Sensors and
Irrigation Systems

• IoT is enabling a whole range of agricultural innovations.

• Farmers are starting to use IoT, drones and AI to “increase the quantity and
quality of products while optimizing the human labor required by production.”
CropX represents a “thing”
in the Internet of Things.
It’s a thing that you can
embed in your fields, and
since it’s connected to the
internet, you can gather
insights from it about
what’s going on in the soil
feeding your crops—
remotely and at massive
scale, even from the
comfort of your farmhouse
living room!
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

How IoT works?

 The Internet of Things (IoT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet

of Everything (IoE), consists of all the web-enabled devices that
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their surrounding
environments using embedded sensors, processors and
communication hardware.
 These devices, often called "connected" or "smart" devices, can
sometimes talk to other related devices, a process called machine-to-
machine (M2M) communication, and act on the information they get
from one another.
 Humans can interact with the gadgets to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data, but the devices do most of the work on
their own without human intervention.
 Their existence has been made possible by all the tiny mobile
components that are available these days, as well as the alwaysonline
nature of our home and business networks.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qeUEmslIbCjTFLcWTmG3
ClB0a09ZPMQ_/view?usp=sharing
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

How its work

Lecture link

https://drive.google.com/file/d/15ctb7I17NAoCG0sTzksBTZ2qvT4fy72/view?usp=sharing
7
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

• M2M
The term Machine to Machine (M2M)
has been in use for more than a
decade, and is well-known in the
Telecoms sector. M2M communication
had initially been a one-to-one
connection, linking one machine to
another.
But today’s explosion of mobile
connectivity means that data can now
be more easily transmitted, via a system
of IP networks, to a much wider range
of devices.

8
How its works?? 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_r3ZFtFiYkCQcka9VlNiliPJdUse9icQ/view?usp=sharing
9
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

How its work

 Data ingestion is the process of obtaining and importing data for
immediate use or storage in a database. To ingest something is to
"take something in or absorb something.“

 Data transmission is a means of transmitting digital or analog

data over a communication medium to one or more devices. It
allows the transmission and communication of devices in different
environments: point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, or multipoint-to-
multipoint.

 Data processing is the collecting and manipulation of data into

the usable and desired form. The manipulation is nothing but
processing, which is carried either manually or automatically in a
predefined sequence of operations.

10
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

How its work

 Data visualization is the graphic representation of data. It

involves producing images that communicate relationships among
the represented data to viewers of the images.

 Predictive analytics is the use of data, statistical algorithms and

machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of future
outcomes based on historical data.

Video Link https://drive.google.com/file/d/18yEd6BLUpvU3nqEbeS9

3FzuPO7jeKWJ5/view?usp=sharing
For better https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZrnAQq1szGVkfjg-w5rv
understanding: MqY6jseD6Tby/view?usp=sharing
11
1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT
1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT
1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT
1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT
1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fKdtN0WTlbzrGA
YTwSe1W2-XAiMgkzIs/view?usp=sharing
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

WHAT ARE SMARTS OBJECTS IN IoT

• The concept of smart in IoT is used for physical objects that are
active, digital, networked, can operate to some extent
autonomously, reconfigurable and has local control of the resources.
• The smart objects need energy, data storage, etc.
• A smart object is an object that enhances the interaction with other
smart objects as well as with people also.
• The world of IoT is the network of interconnected heterogeneous
objects (such as smart devices, smart objects, sensors, actuators,
RFID, embedded computers, etc.) uniquely addressable and based
on standard communication protocols.
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

WHAT ARE SMARTS OBJECTS IN IoT

• In a day to day life, people have a lot of object with internet or
wireless or wired connection. Such as:
• Smartphone
• Tablets
• TV computer
 1.2 ABOUT THINGS/OBJECTS IN IoT

WHAT ARE SMARTS OBJECTS IN IoT

• In a day to day life, people have a lot of object with internet or
wireless or wired connection. Such as:
• Smartphone
• Tablets
• TV computer
1.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEEDED CAPABILITIES

IoT Design Principles that includes:

 Purpose & Requirements Specification

 Process Specification
 Domain Model Specification
 Information Model Specification
 Service Specifications
 IoT Level Specification
 Functional View Specification
 Operational View Specification
 Device & Component Integration
 Application Development
1.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEEDED CAPABILITIES
1.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEEDED CAPABILITIES

Step 1:
Purpose & Requirements Specification
 The first step in IoT system design methodology is to define the purpose
and requirements of the system.
In this step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements (such as data
collection requirements, data analysis requirements, system management
requirements, data privacy and security requirements, user interface
requirements, ...) are captured.

Step 2:
Process Specification
 The second step in the IoT design methodology is to define the process
specification.
In this step, the use cases of the IoT system are formally described based
on and derived from the purpose and requirement specifications.
1.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEEDED CAPABILITIES

Step 3:
Domain Model Specification
 To define the Domain Model.
 It describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the domain of IoT
system to be designed.
 It defines the attributes of the objects and relationships between objects.
 It provides an abstract representation of the concepts, objects and entities
in the IoT domain, independent of any specific technology or platform.
 The IoT system designers can get an understanding of the IoT domain for
which the system is to be designed.
Step 4:
Information Model Specification
 To define the Information Model.
 It defines the structure of all the information in the IoT system,
 for example, attributes of Virtual Entities, relations, etc. Information model
does not describe the specifics of how the information is represented or
stored.
 To define the information model, we first list the Virtual Entities defined in
the Domain Model. Information model adds more details to the Virtual
Entities by defining their attributes and relations.
 1.5 Design Principles And Needed Capabilities

Step 5:
Service Specifications
 The fifth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the service
specifications.
 Service specifications define the services in the IoT system, service types,
service inputs/output, service endpoints, service schedules, service
preconditions and service effects.

Step 6:
IoT Level Specification
 The sixth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the IoT level for
the system. .
 1.5 Design Principles And Needed Capabilities

Step 7:
Functional View Specification
 The seventh step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Functional
View. The Functional View (FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems
grouped into various Functional Groups (FGs).
 Each Functional Group either provides functionalities for interacting with
instances of concepts defined in the Domain Model or provides information
related to these concepts.

Step 8:
Operational View Specification
 The eighth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Operational
View Specifications.
 In this step, various options pertaining to the IoT system deployment and
operation are defined, such as, service hosting options, storage options,
device options, application hosting options, etc
 1.5 Design Principles And Needed Capabilities

Step 9:
Device & Component Integration

 The ninth step in the IoT design methodology is the integration of the
devices and components.

Step 10:
Application Development

 The final step in the IoT design methodology is to develop the IoT
application.