TOPIC-INTERNET OF THINGS

MENTOR PROJECT ASSOCIATE

ADITYA SETH
PROF. MOHIT SAINI PRITY KUMARI
APOORVA DWIVEDI
"Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects , linked through wired
and wireless networks.
" And the concept came to be known as Internet of things.
A simple example of this can be understood through our daily lives, Whenever
we don't understand the meaning of anything, we earlier used dictionaries but
now we simply google it. And this is internet of things.
-The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the internetworking of computing
devices, machines, objects and more, that are embedded with unique
identifiers and have the ability to transfer data over a network.
 HISTORY OF INTERNET OF THINGS.

 The term internet of things is 16 years old. But the actual idea of the concept of internet of
things is 70 years older and it was called embedded internet or pervasive computing.
 However, This term called internet of things was coined by "Kevin Ashton" to describe the
network connecting objects in the physical world to the internet and this is the reason why he
came to be known as Father of internet.
 The first IOT device was toaster which was connected to the computer. And the most important
point to be noted in this aspect is that IOT was invented in 1999 during Ashton's work at proctar
and gamble.
 However world's first IOT device was invented in the early 1980s at the Carnegie Melon
University where a group of students created their own way.
 SENSORS- Sensors or devices collect data from the surrounding environment. Device can always
have multiple sensors that can bundle together to do more than just sense things.
 For example- our phone has multiple sensors. The most complex step is always to collect data from
the environment.
 CONNECTIVITY- The data collected is sent to cloud infrastructure but it needs medium for
transport. Sensors can be connected to cloud through various medium of
communications such as cellular networks, satellite networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and so on.
Every option has some specifications.
 DATA PROCESSING- Once the data is collected and stored in the cloud , the software performs the
processing on the acquired data. This can range from something very simple, such as checking
that the temperature reading on devices such as AC or heaters is within an acceptable range. It can
sometimes also be very complex, such as identifying objects (such as intruders in your house) using
computer vision on video.
 USER INTERFACE- Finally the information is made available to the end user in some way.
 For example, a user has a camera installed in his house, he might want to check the video
recordings and all the feeds through a web server. For example, if a user detects some
changes in the refrigerator, the user can remotely adjust the temperature via their phone.
The most important point to be noted in this aspect is that IOT enables human to human ,
machine to machine and human to machine interactions. Therefore, As far as the real world is
concerned let's start with our daily lives , weather it be studying , cooking , or operation of any
new device IOT is required.
 Secondly IOT has helped to build industrial internet. And the logic behind this is indeed simple
that machines are more accurate and consistent than humans in communicating through data. IOT
enabled smart retail , smartphones became the medium for retailers to stay connected with
customers.
IOT helped in the development of smart cities, by installing sensors and web applications citizens
can find free available parking lots across the city. Not only in the industrial sector, it is also
required in the agricultural sector. Farmers are using advanced techniques to raise production.
Sensing for soil moisture and nutrients, controlling water usage for plant growth and determining
custom fertilizer are some simple uses of IoT. It is also required in health care. Research shows IoT
in healthcare will be massive in coming years. IoT in healthcare is aimed at empowering people to
live healthier life by wearing connected devices.
 SCOPE OF
IOT

 If we talk about scope of IOT, then it's clearly understood that it's an indispensable part of
human life in today's era.
 Human life will cease to exist without internet, starting from simple household work to big
multinational companies.
 The future of IoT is virtually unlimited due to advances in technology and consumers desire to
integrate devices such as smart phones with household machines. A Networking and
connectivity protocol has made it possible to connect people and machines on all platforms.
Also, there is so much data travelling from device to device. Security is another key concern will
need to be addressed to keep up with demands. 
 Thus , starting from earning a livelihood, it has become the part of basic human life and it's
scope can be understood by a simple quote" We are all now connected by the internet, like
neurons in the giant brain."
 Aspect of INTERNET OF THINGS

 IoT infrastructure requirement-The first thought that strikes anyone’s mind when it comes to IoT
implementation is what infrastructure is a prerequisite for IoT. The question – whether it will need
smart devices or will it merge with an existing system – becomes a decision factor in the adoption
of this advanced technology.
 Data collection-Data collection and processing may seem like a complex task, which would require
connecting sensors to all the devices to make them “connected”. Once the devices are connected
with a common network, it will require collecting data from all those devices at a central location,
and processing the data to convert it into something meaningful.
 Device monitoring and management-Even though device monitoring and management are
important aspects to ensure a smooth operation, it’s not possible to keep an eye on assets
continuously. Continuous monitoring with IoT becomes easy as connected devices allow
businesses to dig deeper in case of technical issues and get to the root of the problem.
 IoT isn’t here to challenge humans-A lot of people tend to think that the Internet of Things will
endanger their jobs or will reduce the requirement of skilled workers, but in fact, it’s the other
way around. Even after IoT implementation, enterprises will need skilled workers who can analyze
data and take suitable actions for the betterment of a business.
 HOW IoT HELPS IN REAL LIFE SCENERIO?

 Fighting breast cancer-Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. While
screening and treatments have improved survival rates, traditional mammography may not detect
a tumor until the disease is advanced. The iTBra, developed by Cyrcadia Health, could help doctors
diagnose breast cancer much faster. It consists of two breast patches with embedded sensors that
track temperature changes in breast tissue over time. The data is transmitted wirelessly to the
user's mobile phone and shared securely with her healthcare provider. By applying machine
learning and predictive analytics to this data, doctors could identify abnormal patterns indicative of
early stage breast cancer. Cyrcadia is beginning to test the product in Asia, where breast cancer
rates are exceptionally high, but the technology holds promise for women across the globe.
 Cutting food waste-Around one third of all food produced for human consumption every year is
lost or wasted somewhere along the supply chain, according to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. That's 1.4 billion tons of lost nutrition for a growing planet. The
Internet of Things can minimize crop losses and increase productivity.
 Smarter agriculture-From massive agribusiness players like Cargill to small organic farmers,
growers all over the world are using the Internet of Things to reduce their consumption of water
and fertilizers, cut waste and improve the quality or yield of their products. Examples range from
tracking microclimates across cropland, to closely monitoring temperature changes and humidity
levels as perishable goods move from field to warehouse to store in order to extend their shelf life
and eliminate waste.
 FORECAST OF ADVANCEMENT OF IoT

The future of IoT has the potential to be limitless. Advances to the industrial internet will be
accelerated through increased network agility, integrated artificial intelligence (AI) and the capacity
to deploy, automate, orchestrate and secure diverse use cases at hyper scale. The potential is not
just in enabling billions of devices simultaneously but leveraging the huge volumes of actionable
data which can automate diverse business processes. As networks and IoT platforms evolve to
overcome these challenges, through increased capacity and AI, service providers will edge
furthermore into IT and web scale markets – opening entire new streams of revenue.
 Today's IoT: Breaking with the Past, But The Present Is Here

• The Past-In the early days of the internet, researchers connected computers through simple
packet switching networks to allow them to communicate. With research, this grew into new
protocols that provide the basic capabilities that we have today—the web through HTTP, mail
through SMTP/POP3, etc. But in the early 1980s, a graduate student at Carnegie Mellon
connected a soda machine—using sensors for the status lights—to their computer gateway so
that students—using the ‘finger’ protocol—could remotely know if drinks were available. This was
the first known “thing” connected to the internet—or at that time, what was called the ARPANET,
a pre-cursor of today’s internet—but it demonstrated the power of attaching more than just
processing nodes to a network. The CMU device illustrated the concept and value of the Internet
of Things (IoT) in a simple way and inspired what is today a market of over 18 billion internet-
connected devices.
• The Present-One of the key ideas in IoT is decentralization. Rather than centralizing compute and
storage resources in a single place, they are distributed to where it makes sense. This
decentralization was fueled by small low-power microprocessors that could handle the compute
needs at the edges of the internet and NAND-based devices which provide fast high-capacity
storage in a small space. Examples of these include the Raspberry Pi zero—an ARM-based IoT
solution which includes Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy connectivity—and the Greenliant Flash
Drive, which offers 8GB of mSATA storage. Given the massive growth of IoT devices, new
architectures for IoT solutions have begun to emerge.
 Challenges in World Of IoT

• scalability:-Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network, large volumes of

data are needed to be processed. The system that stores, analyses the data from these IoT
devices needs to be scalable. In present, the era of IoT evolution everyday objects are connected
with each other via Internet. The raw data obtained from these devices need big data analytics
and cloud storage for interpretation of useful data.
• Interoperability:-Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These technologies
need to be converged. Which would help us in establishing a common framework and the
standard for the IoT devices. As the standardization process is still lacking, interoperability of IoT
with legacy devices should be considered critical. This lack of interoperability is preventing us to
move towards the vision of truly connected everyday interoperable smart objects.
• Security And Personal Privacy:-There has been no research in security vulnerabilities and its
improvements. It should ensure Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability of personal data of
patient.
• Design Based Challenge:-With the development in technology design challenges are increasing at
a faster rate. There have been issues regarding design like limited computation power, limited
energy and limited memory which need to be sorted out.
 Pros & cons of IoT.

PROs

• Automation-Automation leads to uniformity in tasks, quality of service and control of day-to-day

tasks without human intervention. Machine-to-machine communication also helps maintain
transparency throughout the process.
• Efficiency-Machine-to-machine interaction provides for better efficiency, enabling people to focus
on other jobs.
• Cost Savings-In addition to the optimal utilization of energy and resources, the IoT helps alleviate
the problems associated with bottlenecks, breakdowns and system damages.
• Communication-IoT allows physical devices to stay connected and better communicate, which
creates greater quality control.
• Instant Data Access-More available information helps simplify the decision making process,
making life easier to manage.
 CONs

• Privacy and Security-As many of our everyday appliances, machines and services become
connected to the internet, much more information is readily available. It makes it harder to keep
confidential information out of the hands of hackers and other unauthorized users.
• Compatibility-Currently, there is not international standard of compatibility for the IoT which can
make it hard for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.
• Complexity-Because the IoT is such a vast, diverse network, a single failure in either the software
or hardware can have disastrous consequences.
• Less Jobs-As IoT brings in more consistent automation, we could see a decline in the need for
unskilled employees in the workplace.
• Technologically Dependent Life-As our lives become more and more dependent on technology,
basic human interaction skills will be reduced across society.
 CONCLUSION

The IoT has already become a huge part of everyday life, without many
of us even realizing it. As technology continues to grow and develop, so
too will the use of IoT for many of our basic interactions. It is up to us
to decide how much of our daily lives are we willing to be controlled by
technology. If done correctly though, it will automatically adapt to our
needs and benefit society as a whole.