CELL DIVISION : MITOSIS/meiosis

CELL TYPES CELL TYPES

CYTOKINESIS
based on function based on chromosome number
23
a. Somatic cell chromosome number N

2N diploid 23
- from the body of organisms N
- maintain life processes - specific for each organism
b. Reproductive cell Humans = 2N = 46
46
- production of offspring
2N
- animals : gametes N haploid
(eggs & sperm)

CELL TYPES
based

on chromosome number Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Stages
Interphase
a. Diploid cell b. Haploid cell

somatic cells , 2N reproductive cells, N Gap 1 (G1)

-from its origin in the division of parent cell until its S (synthesis) phase
own division into two cells Gap 2 (G2)
Gap 0 (GO)
-cyclic interaction between mitosis & interphase MitoEc phase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

Meristems in Plant
producEon of geneEcally idenEcal
daughter cellsbasis for producing Where does cell division (mitosis) happen in
new cells

plants and animals?

In plants: meristematic region

In animals: embryonic cells, stem cells and

production of cells with half the
genetic content of parent cells,
actively dividing cells etc.
basis for forming sexually-
reproducing organisms
 Human Embryonic Stem Cells

ProkaryoEc cells divide asexually

– possess a single
circular chromosome,
containing about 1000 genes

– Chromosome is replicated

– Cell then divides into two
cells,
a process called binary fission

Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle A cell cycle is composed

• Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes of Mitotic phase and an

Interphase

1. EukaryoEc contain far more DNA
2. DNA is packaged differently INTERPHASE
3. It is in linear chromosomes compacted with M-PHASE.
1. mitosis 1.  G1 ist gap phase
proteins
2. Cytokinesis
4. Some eukaryotes also make exact copies 2. S synthesis stage
of themselves via asexual reproducEon
3. G2 2nd Gap phase
e.g amoeba

G1 Phase – First Gap Phase S – Synthesis Phase S – Synthesis Phase

•  Synthesis of nucleo>de Endoreduplication = repeated cycles of DNA replication
resulting to many copies of each gene.
•  nucleo>des are §  The genes in the nucleus are
monomer of nucleic acid, replicated.
§ Chromosomes
•  consists of a nitrogenous doubled
bases a sugar, and a § Two types of gene duplica>on:
phosphate group endoreduplica,on and
amplifica,on
 Application of Endoreduplication CHROMOSOME STRUCTURECentromere –

Gene amplifica>on = repeated cycles of DNA replicaEon, but few • primary constriction in the
chromosomes
genes are repeatedly replicated.
• binding sites of DNA binding protein

Kinetochore –
• Button-like structures on the outer
surface of centromere
• Attachment of microtubules and
chromosome motility

hWp://www.rv-orchidworks.com/

early prophase Cyclins

G2 Phase- Gap 2 Phase
the centrosomes move toward
opposite poles of the cell, •  Proteins that help the cell to advance thru the cell cycle
Synthesis of :
organizing the spindle microtubules
•  With specific CDK’s
1.  protein for processing
between them. 1.Cyclin D: G1 to S
chromosomes Animal cell
2.Cyclin A: S to G2
2. enzymes for nuclear
PLANT CELL CENTROSOME: 3. Cyclin B: G2 to M
breakdown
Plant cells have centrosomes that function much like animal cell

3. alpha and beta tubulins for
centrosomes. However, unlike centrosomes in animal cells, they do * check points
mito>c spindles not have centrioles

Gap 0
•  cell will leave the cycle and quit Prophase
dividing Stage of chromosome shortening and
•  may be temporary resting period thickening – “condensation”
or more permanent
•  Example: a cell that has reached
an end stage of development and Chromosomes coil so much that is why
will no longer divide (e.g. neuron-
animal cell, epidermal outgrowth “The sister chromatids become visible
– plant cell) in the nucleus as they condense”.
 In late prophase,
1. the nuclear membrane breaks
metaphase.
down Cell in the metaphase stage
“chromosome
Late Prophase 2. some of the spindle alignment”
microtubules attach to the The chromatids remain
Prometaphase: sister chromatids. lined up between the poles
The microtubules pull the of the cell during
chromatid pairs to the What do you call the plane
alignment of chromosomes?
midline of the cell, or Do you see the
metaphase plate nucleolus?

separation is controlled by:

ANAPHASE
SeparaEon and Movement of chromosomes away from
Stage of chromosome separation 1.  Spindle checkpoint – ensures that all each other is due to :
chromosomes are aligned at
Anaphase metaphase plate prior to anaphase 1.  Division of the centromere
2.  Shortening of the kinetochore spindle fibers
splitting and movement of sister 3.  elongaEon of polar spindle fibers
chromatids towards opposite poles. 2.  APC – anaphase promoting complex-
destroys securin and activates
Initiated by the APC (anaphase separase
promoting complex)
The separated chromatids are now Securin is an inhibitor of anaphase
called chromosomes, and move
Anaphase toward the poles of the cell.

What is the ploidy of the new chromosomes?

Division of the cytoplasmic

Telophase components is called
“Stage of nuclear cytokinesis.
reconstitution”
Cell in telophase stage
What is a cell plate?
1.  Chromosomes reach respective poles It is formed by spindle fibers, vesicles,
2.  Reorganization of nucleus and other phragmoplast and primary cell wall
What are the products of
organelles
mitosis? What about the ploidy
3.  Disassemble of mitotic spindles of new cells?
4.  Dispersion of chromosomes (back into
chromatin threads)