Topics of Presentation

 Overview of Turbine

 Concept of Governing System

 Functioning of EHC Circuits

 Turbine Start Up Procedure

 TSI & TSC System

 Turbine Protection System

Turbine Block Diagram
 Turbine Extractions
Ext. Source Of Extraction Destination Equipments
No

1 13th stage of HPT HPH-8

2 CRH HPH-7

3 3rd stage of IPT HPH-6 *

3 3rd stage of IPT TDBFP

4 6th stage of IPT DEAERATOR

5 8th stage of IPT LPH-4

6 11th stage of IPT LPH-3

7 2nd stage of LPT LPH-2

8 4th stage of LPT LPH-1

 Turbine Components

 Turbine: HPT, IPT, LPT1 and LPT2

 Turbine Bearings: 08
 Generator / Exciter Bearings: 04
 Turbine Stop Valves: 04 (HPSV-1&2, IPSV-1&2)
 Turbine Control Valves: 08 (4 HPCV & 4 IPCV)
 CRH Check Valves: 02 ( With Bypass lines for warm up)
 Motor driven Shut Off valve in non-stabilized oil line to
Check Valve
 Motor driven warm up Shut Off valves for HPCV-3 & 4
 Governing Box
Overview of Governing Box
 Governing Box Components

 Motor operated Control Gear to generate resetting /

protection oil & control oil for S.V./ Summators

 Two Manual trip devices

 Two Over Speed Governor Slide valves (110 % & 111 %)

 Two Remote Trip Solenoids

 Slide Valve for ATT with two solenoids

 Governing System
 Combination of throttle & nozzle governing

 IP Turbine has throttle governing – all four control valves

open simultaneously

 HP Turbine has nozzle governing – all four control valves

open in preset sequence

 Resetting of Turbine is done by Control Gear operation

 Operation of Stop & Control Valves and CRH Check Valves

are done by spring type hydraulic servomotors

 Servomotors are closed by spring action during loss of oil

pressure
 Governing System

 HPT control valves open only after achieving preset load

(12% of 660 MW)
 Opening time of control valve is 1.5 sec
 Closing time of Stop valve in case of operation of
protection is 0.3 sec
 Turbine maximum speed is restricted to 108% in case of
generator disconnected from grid
 Over speed protection system stops steam supply in
HPC in < 0.5s
 Speed Controller Droop is adjustable from 2.5% to 8%
(with dead band of 0.04%)
Resetting of Turbine
 Resetting of Turbine
 Stabilized oil pressure of 50 Ksc is supplied to Control
Gear

 The control gear (AE001) is moved from closed position

(0 degree) to open position (90 deg)

 Oil is first supplied to reset the over speed governor slide

valves

 Subsequently Protection Oil is generated and supplied to

protection devices

 Finally, Control Oil for Stop Valves servomotors &

Control Oil for EHC-summators are generated
Operation of Stop Valve
 Operation of Stop & Control Valves
 Control Oil pressure in S.V. servomotor moves up slide valve,
providing Header Pressure Oil under the piston for S.V. opening

 Header Pressure Oil is supplied to C.V. valve servomotors via

locking pilot valve & traction/bush arrangements. Opening of C.V.
is governed by Control Oil from EHC-Summator

 During loss of Header Pressure Oil, the servomotors are closed by

spring action

 During loss of Control Oil pressure, Bush & Traction of Pilot valve
travels up shutting off head pressure oil supply to C.V.
servomotors, resulting control valve closing

 During S.V. ATT, bush & Traction do not travel up due to slide
valve downward movement by ATT motor
 Components of EHC

EHC comprises of following controllers:

1. Speed Controller

2. Pressure Controller

3. Load Controller

4. Position Controller
 Selection of Controls
 EHC can be kept in Manual / Auto Mode as per
operator’s choice
 Manual mode can be selected only when Generator is
connected to grid

 In Manual Mode, operator can directly open / close the

control valves

 Controllers can be selected in auto mode through P.B

provided on operators console or through interlocks

 Controller output in auto mode depends on set point and

actual value
 Speed Control Circuit
+
R Speed Speed
Set Point Rate Logic - O/P
L Controller

Logic - 2
Logic-1
Actual Speed
Speed Set (Mv3)
Point = 0
Logic 1: Turbine protection operated / 2v4 stop valves closed / 2v3 speed
measuring channels faulty / Deviation between actual speed and set point
during run-up exceeded allowable value*
Logic 2: Speed gradient is controlled by minimum of TSE margin &
gradient from selected Start up curve, given by the Turbine Manufacturer

Contd….
 Rolling Speed Gradient Curve
Speed gradients as per Manufacturer’s start up curve are as follows:
Rolling Condition Target Speed Preset Time Min. Halt Time

3 - 500 rpm 150 sec 300 sec

Cold Startup 1200 rpm* 550 sec 300 sec

( > 72 H )
3000 rpm 630 sec --------

3 - 500 rpm 75 sec 120 sec

Between 36H – 72H
3000 rpm 240 sec --------

Between 8H – 36H 3 - 3000 rpm 360 sec --------

3 - 3000 rpm 300 sec --------

Between 2H – 8H
 Speed Control Circuit
 Speed Controller will be switched on automatically in
case generator breaker opens (with Turbine controller
on auto) or Turbine trips
 Turbine speed measurement is be done by using 3
sensors (eddy current type)
 The mean* of the three sensors is taken as actual
speed
 Incase of one sensor fault, maximum of rest two
sensors will come in service
 Incase of two sensor fault, Turbine trip signal is
generated to trip the turbine
 Speed Control Circuit

 Speed Ref Tracking:

After Synchronization, with other controller in
service, the speed controller tracks the actual
speed between 49HZ to 51HZ (adjustable)

 Islanding Mode:
If actual speed exceeds speed reference by a
preset limit under Generator Breaker in
closed condition, Islanding mode occurs –
Transferring Turbine to Speed Control mode
 Load Control Circuit
 Load Control On: Load Controller will be switched on
automatically if Turbine controller is kept on auto and
connected to the grid under “Turbine Latched” condition.

 Load Control Off: Load controller will be switched off

under following conditions:
1. Manual control mode is switched on
2. The Generator has disconnected from the grid
3. The grid frequency has gone beyond allowable limits
4. Load Measurement faulty (2/3 sensors faulty)
5. M.S. Pres. measurement faulty (2V3 sensors faulty)
6. Unit is in Pressure Control mode
 Load Control Circuit
R STOP
3
L Delay Element Correction O/P
Load Ref +
C.K.T -
Fast
Tracking
Freq. Corr Actual Load
2 5 Press. Corr
1
Max.Load Lim. Min.Load Lim. 6
Logic - 4

Logic-1: CMC ON, when load ref. will come from CMC circuit, where TSC
Margin calculation controls the gradient
Logic-2: The Load reference tracks actual load for bump less transfer
once it is connected to the grid.
Contd…
 Load Control Circuit
Logic-3: Load Reference will be stopped under the following
Conditions:
1. TSC Margin is less than permissible value*
2. The difference between the actual and reference value is
not in allowable range

Logic-4: Maximum and minimum load set points, set by the Operator

Logic-5: External Frequency Influence ON - actual frequency will be

tracked at a predefined delayed rate, with an adjustable droop to
help in loading and unloading of the machine within a band of
frequency
Contd…
 Load Control Circuit
Logic – 6: The Pressure correction is divided into two Parts:
1. Before the “HPC On” is generated, the pressure
correction will be calculated with R.H. pressure
2.After “HPC On” is generated, the pressure correction
will be calculated with M.S pressure

HPC On: The point at which the HP Control Valves starts Opening
(12% of full load)

Load Measurement: Three Transducers with mean* value selection

Incase of one of the transducer failed, maximum of rest two.will be
selected
 Pressure Control Circuit
 Pressure Control is switched ON by the operator or
automatically through Turbine Control on auto when HPC is in
operation

 Pressure Controller is automatically deactivated under the

following conditions:

1. GCB Open
2. The frequency is more than allowable value*
3. M.S. pressure transducers failed (2V3)
4. Manual Control switched on
5. Load control is On
6. HPC is out of operation
 Pressure Control
Actual Pr. Value + PI
Adder Block MIN MAX O/P
- Controller
M. S. Pr. Set Point

Minimum Control Stage Max

Pr. Pr. Controller
Controller
• M.S. pressure set point is dictated by Boiler Master

•Limitation of pressure drop to impermissible value is ensured by

minimum pressure controller

• Limitation of pressure rise to impermissible value is ensured by a

protective control stage maximum steam pressure controller, which
comes into operation through maximum value selector
 Position Control Circuit
O/P- (0-150mA)
+
Control Signal From TC
+
MIN TO I/H
Posn. F/B - 1 PI +
- CONVERTOR
Posn. F/B - 2 MV2

Limiter Biasing Current 0.8 to 1A

• A PI controller is used to generate the signal to the current amplifiers

through Limiter
• Command to HP control valves extends under “HPC ON” condition
• Loss of current signal to I/H Converter results in closing of the C.V.
Operation of I/H Converter
 Operation of I/H Converter
 I/H Converters control the opening and closing of the
corresponding control valves
 Individual I/H converters get command from Turbine
controller
 50 Ksc Header Pressure Oil holds the piston (2) up
against spring action
 As the slide valve (1) moves as per I/H converter, 35 Ksc
control oil output is regulated for C.V. servomotor
operation
 When 50 KSC Governing oil pressure collapses, piston
(2) travels down due to spring action – thus draining the
oil line of C.V. servomotor
Control Valve Opening Curve
 Turbine Start Up Sequence
 Start Turbine rolling with Speed Control on from barring
speed to 500 rpm
 After achieving desired criteria, raise speed set point to 1200
rpm* and subsequently to 3000 rpm
 After synchronization Load Controller gets switched On –
raise load > 80MW when “HPC ON” signal is generated
 Turbine Pressure Control will be automatically switched On
 After HPCV demand crosses 80%, switch ON Position
controller to hold 80% as the o/p to control valves for raising
pressure to rated value
 Switch ON Pres. Controller to raise load to rated value
 Switch ON Load Control after load reaches the rated value
START UP CURVES OF TURBINE AFTER SHUTDOWN OF THE UNIT
 Start Up Curves Nomenclature
 To – S.H Live steam temperature.
 Trh – R.H steam temperature
 Po – S.H outlet steam pressure
 Prh – R.H. steam pressure
 Go – Electrical Load of TG
 Ne – Live steam flow from boiler
 N – Turbine rotor speed
 A – Steam Admission
 B – Synchronization
 C – HPC switch on
 D – HPCV open with 20% Throttle reserve & Loading with
constant HPCV position & HP heaters charged
 E – HPCV no-3 opening. Throttle pressure reduced
 F – Full Load
START UP CURVES OF TURBINE AFTER SHUTDOWN OF THE UNIT
START UP CURVES OF TURBINE AFTER SHUTDOWN OF THE UNIT
 Turbovisory Instruments
 Turbo Generator consists of 12 bearings – 8 for Turbine
& 2 for Generator & 2 for Exciter

 For Bearing no. 1-10, abs. brg. vibration is measured in

3 components (Horizontal, Vertical & Horizontal axial)

 For Bearing no. 11 & 12, abs. brg. vibration is measured

in 2 components (Horizontal & Vertical)

 Absolute shell vibration is measured for all the bearings

in 2 components (Horizontal & Vertical)
 Turbovisory Instruments
 Rotor Relative Vibration is measured in all the bearings in
2 components

 Absolute Rotor Vibration is derived from Absolute Bearing

Shell Vibration and Rotor Relative Vibration for all the
bearings

 Axial Shift measurement is done in Bearing no. 3

 Eccentricity measurement is done in Bearing no. 1

 Turbine Speed sensors and Key phasor are Installed in

Bearing no. 1
 Turbovisory Instruments
Brg. No. Abs. Brg. Vib. Abs.Shel Rel.Rotor Ang. Dis. Casing Rotor
Vib. Vib. Brg. Exp. Exp.
3 Comp 2 cmp (2Comp) (2 Comp) Shell
(2 Comp)

1 Y N Y Y N Y (HPC) Y
2 Y N Y Y N
3 Y N Y Y N
4 Y N Y Y Y Y (IPC) Y
5 Y N Y Y Y
6 Y N Y Y Y Y (LPC-1) Y
7 Y N Y Y Y
8 Y N Y Y Y Y (LPC-2) Y
9 Y N Y Y Y
10 Y N Y Y N
11 N Y Y Y N
12 N Y Y Y N
 TSC System
 The Stress Margin of the Turbine is
calculated by measuring the temperatures of
following components:

1. HPC Rotor and Outer Casing

2. IPC Rotor and Outer Casing
3. 2 HP Stop Valves
4. 2 IP Stop Valves
5. 4 HP Control Valves
6. 4 IP Control Valves
 Turbine Protection System
Turbine protection system consists of Two
Independent channels, each operating the
corresponding solenoid (220V DC) to trip the Turbine
in case of actuation of remote protection

Hydraulic Protection: Apart from the Electrical Trip,

Turbine is equipped with the following Hydraulic
Protections:

1. Local Manual Trip (1V2)

2. Over speed Trip #1 at 110% of rated speed
3. Over speed Trip #2 at 111% of rated speed
4. Governing oil pressure < 20 Ksc

Contd..
Turbine Protection System

Contd…
 Turbine Protection System
 Axial shift Very High (2V3) [-1.7mm, +1.2mm]

 Turbine bearing vibration : Very High (2V10 including X & Y

directions)* >11.2mm/sec (Td=2 sec)

 Lube oil tank level very Low (2V3)* Td=3sec (Arming with two
stop valves open)

 Lub oil pressure Very Low (2V3) < 0.3 Ksc; Td =3 sec (Arming
with two stop valves open)

 Condenser pressure Very High (2V3) > - 0.7ksc

(Arming with condenser press < 0.15 ksc Abs)

Contd..
 Turbine Protection System
 M.S. temp Very Low (2V3) < 470 deg C (arming > 512 deg
C)*

 M.S. temp Very High (2V3) > 565 deg C*

 HRH temp Very Low (2V3) < 500deg C (arming > 535 deg
C)*

 HRH temp Very High (2V3) > 593deg C*

 HPT outlet temperature Very High (2V4) > 420 deg C

Contd…
 Turbine Protection System
 Gen seal oil level of any seal oil tank Very Low (2V3)* <
0 mm;Td=15 sec (Arming with any two stop valves
open)
 All Generator seal oil pumps OFF (3V3)* Td: 9 sec
(Arming with any two stop valves open)
 Generator Stator winding flow Very Low (2v3) < 17.3
m3/hr; Td =120 sec (Arming with any two stop valves
open)
 Generator hot gas coolers flow Very LOW (2V3)* :
<180m3/hr; Td=300sec(Arming with any two stop
valves open)
 Generator cooler hot gas temp. Very High(2V4) > 85
deg (Td = 300sec

Contd…
 Turbine Protection System
 MFT operated: (2V3)

 Deareator level Very High (2V3) > 3400 mm*

 HP heater level protection operated (2V3)*

 Generator Electrical protection operated (2V3)

 Turbine over speed protection operated (114%)

 Turbine Controller failure protection operated (2V3)

Contd…