LEARNING HOW TO LEARN - Notes

Learning How to Learn: Powerful mental
tools to help you master tough subjects

by McMaster University & University of California San Diego
Terrence Sejnowski and Barbara Oakley
What is Learning?
Although living brains are very complex, this module uses metaphor and analogy to help simplify
matters. You will discover several fundamentally different modes of thinking, and how you can use
these modes to improve your learning. You will also be introduced to a tool for tackling
procrastination, be given some practical information about memory, and discover surprisingly useful
insights about learning and sleep.
Introduction to the Focused and Diffuse Modes

It turns out, though, that if you understand just a little bit of some of the basics about how your brain
works, you can learn more easily.
Researchers have found that we have two fundamentally different modes of thinking.
Here, I'll call them the Focused and the Diffuse modes.
Diffuse thinking is more relaxed thinking style, related to a set of neural resting states.
If you haven't thought that thought before, you don't even know how that pattern feels or where it is.
To get to this new thought pattern, you need a different way of thinking, by the diffuse mode.
In this diffuse mode of thinking, you can look at things broadly from a very different, big-picture
perspective. You can make new neural connections traveling along new pathways. You can't focus
in as tightly as you often need to, to finalize any kind of problem solving. Or understand the finest
aspects of a concept. But you can at least get to the initial place you need to be in to home in on a
solution.
Now as far as neuroscientists know right now, you're either in the focused mode or the diffuse mode
of thinking. It seems you can't be in both thinking modes at the same time. It's kind of like a coin.
We can see either one side, or the other side of the coin. But not both sides at the same time.
Being in one mode seems to limit your access to the other mode's way of thinking.
Check the statements that fit best to the diffuse (as opposed to the focused) mode of thinking:
Using a different analogy from the video, the diffuse mode could be thought of as a flashlight set so that
it casts its light very broadly, but not very strongly in any one area. (As opposed to the focused mode,
which would have its light cast very strongly in a single area, but very weakly everywhere else.)
Notice too that you can use very different kinds of analogies/methaphors to describe the processes you
are trying to understand.
The type of thinking you need to do when you are trying to understand something new.
Yes--the neural resting states that underlie the diffuse mode seem to allow you to be able to cast your
thinking much more broadly.
Select the true options related to the focused and diffuse modes.
The diffuse mode only turns on when you aren’t thinking of anything in particular, so you can’t just
concentrate and turn it on, like you can with the focused mode.
Correct
Bravo, exactly correct!
The diffuse mode only turns on when you aren’t thinking of anything in particular, so you can’t just
concentrate and turn it on, like you can with the focused mode.
is selected.This is correct.
When you’re concentrating intently on something and you find yourself growing frustrated, the best
thing you can do is often to get your concentration OFF what you’re trying to understand.
Correct
When you’re concentrating intently on something and you find yourself growing frustrated, the best thing
you can do is often to get your concentration OFFwhat you’re trying to understand.
The diffuse mode helps us make intuitive leaps—connections between new ideas you didn’t realize were
connected.
Correct
The diffuse modehelps us make intuitive leaps—connections between new ideas you didn’t realize were
connected.
When you focus on something, your mind is in receiving mode. Information is pouring in. When you’re
in diffusemode, your brain is “turning around,” so to speak, and placing the new information in other parts of
your brain—organizing and making sense of the new material.
Correct
When youfocuson something, your mind is in receiving mode. Information is pouring in. When you’re
in diffusemode, your brain is “turning around,” so to speak, and placing the new information in other parts of
your brain—organizing and making sense of the new material.
The focused mode helps us make intuitive leaps—connections between new ideas you didn’t realize
were connected.
Un-selected is correct
fiend noun 1. an evil spirit or demon
INFORMAL
an enthusiast or devotee of a particular thing. "a football fiend"
Using the Focused and Diffuse Modes--Or, a Little Dali will do You
(When Edison/Dali would fall asleep, after snoozing in their chair, the ball bearings/keys would drop
and clatter to the ground, and it would wake them up, and off they'd go with their ideas from
the diffuse mode ready to take them into the focus mode and build on them.)
When you're learning something new, especially something that's a little more difficult,
your mind needs to be able to go back and forth between the two different learning modes.
That's what helps you learn effectively.
to build neural structure, you need to do a little work every day, gradually allowing yourself to grow a
neuro-scaffold (скеле) to hang your thinking on a little bit, every day, and that's the trick.
learning something difficult can take time.
Scaffolding is a process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and
then step back, offering support as needed. The theory is that when students are given the
support they need while learning something new, they stand a better chance of using that
knowledge independently.
What is Learning?
This brain weighs three pounds, but it consumes ten times more energy by weight than the rest of
the body, a very expensive organ. It is the most complex device in the known universe. All of your
thoughts, your hopes, your fears are in the neurons in this brain.
We prize our abilities to do chess and math, but it takes years of practice to acquire these
skills. And digital computers are much better at it than we are.
It came as a surprise to discover that what we do so well and take for granted, like seeing,
hearing, reaching, running, are all much more complex problems than we thought and way beyond
the capability of the world's fastest digital computers.
What this illustrates is that we are not consciously aware of how our brains work. Brains evolved to
help us navigate complex environments, and most of the heavy lifting is done below our level of
consciousness. And we don't need to know how it's done in order to survive.
Psychologists who study the unconscious mind have found that its influences include thought
processes, memory, emotions and motivation. We are only aware of a very small fraction of all of the
activity in the brain, so we need to rely on brain imaging techniques to guide us.
Here is the activity map of someone's brain who was asked to lie still, at rest, in a brain imaging
scanner. On the left is the side view of the brain and on the right is the view from the midline.
The colors indicate brain areas whose activities were highly correlated, as shown by the time
courses below, color-coded to the brain areas. The blue areas are highly active when the subject
interacts with the world, but turn off in a resting state.
The red-orange areas are most active in the resting state and are called the default mode network.
Other brain areas are also more active when you are resting, and these areas can be further divided
into groups of areas that have common patterns of activity.
This is a new and intense area of research, and it will take time to sort out all the resting states and
their functions. There are a million billion synapses in your brain where memories are stored.
The old view of the brain is that once it matures, the strengths of synapses can be adjusted by
learning, but the pattern of connectivity does not change much unless there is brain damage.
But now we know that brain connectivity is dynamic and remains so even after it matures.
With new optical techniques for imaging single connections between neurons called synapses, we
can see constant turnover, with new synapses being formed and others disappearing.
This raises a puzzle.
In the face of so much turnover, how do memories stay stable over so many years?
This is a picture of one dendritic branch on a neuron which receives inputs from other
neurons. The synapses are on the spiny knobs coming off the dendrite. On the top, the dendrite was
imaged before learning. The same dendrite is shown below after learning and after sleep.
Multiple synapses that are newly formed together on the same branch are indicated by the white
arrowheads. You are looking down into the brain of a live
Synapses are less than a micron in diameter. In comparison, a human hair is around 20 microns in
diameter.
This new technique allows us to see how learning changes the structure of the brain with a
resolution that is near the limit of light microscopy.
This illustrates that, intriguingly, that you are not the same person you were after a night's sleep or
even a nap. It is if you went to bed with one brain and woke up with an upgrade. This is a better deal
than you can get from Microsoft.
Shakespeare, the great English poet, already knew this.Here is Macbeth lamenting his insomnia.
Sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care, the death of each day's life,
sore labor's bath, balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course, chief nourisher in life's feast.
Here Shakespeare is making an analogy between knitted clothes and sleep that knits up the
loose threads of experience and concerns during the day and weaves them into the tapestry of your
life story.
You will learn in this first week how to take advantage of your unconscious mind, and also sleep, to
make it easier to learn new things and solve problems.
A good place to find out more about your brain is the website brainfacts.org. You will find a
wealth of interesting things about brains and behavior, and in particular about learning and memory.
A Procrastination Preview
When you look at something that you really rather not do, it seems that you activate the areas of
your brain associated with pain
Practice Makes Permanent
Introduction to Memory
Spaced repetition" is good because it (select the single best answer)

-Builds stronger neural structures by repeating them over a number of days
Extending your practice over several days does make a difference. Research has shown that if you
try to glue things into your memory by repeating something 20 times in one evening for example,
it won't stick nearly as well as if you practice it the same number of times over several days.
Working memory is the part of memory that has to do with what you're immediately and consciously
processing in your mind
Your working memory is centered out of the prefrontal cortex although as we'll see later, there are
also connections to other parts of your brain so you can access long-term memories. Researchers
used to think that our working memory could hold around seven items or chunks, but now it's widely
believed that the working memory holds only about four chunks of information. We tend to
automatically group memory items into chunks so it seems our working memory is bigger than it
actually is.
Repetitions needed so that your metabolic vampires that is natural dissipating processes don't suck
those memories away. You may find yourself shutting your eyes to keep any other items from
intruding into the limited slots of your working memory as you concentrate.
long term memory is wide a storage warehouse, distributed over a big area. Different kinds of long-
term memories are stored in different regions of the brain. Research has shown that when you first
try to put an item of information in long-term memory, you need to revisit it at least a few times to
increase the chances that you'll be able to find it later when you might need it.
When you encounter something new, you often use your working memory to handle it. If you want to
move that information into your long-term memory, it often takes time and practice. To help with this
process, use a technique called spaced repetition. This technique involves repeating what you're
trying to retain, but what you want to do is a space this repetition out.
The Importance of Sleep in Learning
You might be surprised to learn that just plain being awake creates toxic products in your brain.
How does the brain get rid of these poisons? Turns out that when you sleep, your brain cells shrink.
This causes an increase in the space between your brain cells. It's like unblocking a stream.
Fluid can flow past these cells and wash the toxins out.
Sleep (check all that apply)

-allows the brain to wash away metabolic toxins.
-allows your brain to strengthen important parts of memories even as it erases less important
memories
-allows your brain a chance to rehearse difficult material--going over and over the tougher aspects of
what you are trying to learn
-makes a remarkable difference in your ability to figure out difficult problems and to understand what
you are trying to learn.
Interview with Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
I, I'm a firm believer in learning by doing, and learning by osmosis from people who are experts. you
- you learn more by active engagement rather than passive listening.
waylay verb = stop or interrupt (someone) and detain them in conversation or trouble them in
some other way. "he waylaid me on the stairs" Similar:ambush,hold up
That in the absence of an enriched environment exercise will also increase the number of new
neurons that are being born and survive. And, so I, am very, avid at running. I've already mentioned
that I get lots of good ideas when I run, but I also, know, that my brain is, helping me remember
things, because of the fact that I have new neurons being born, and surviving in my hippocampus.
onslaught noun a fierce or destructive attack. "a series of onslaughts on the citadel"
Similar: assault, attack, offensive, onrush, storming, thrust, onset
an overwhelmingly large number of people or things.
"in some parks the onslaught of cars and people far exceeds capacity"
noun
1. juriš
2. snažan napad
1.Question 1
It's quite common to get stuck on a problem--often because you have initial ideas about what the
solution should be that block your ability to see the real solution.
Which of the following are a good next best step to take when you've already spent time reanalyzing the
problem by focusing intently, and you find that you are simply stuck? (Check all that apply)
Take a little break. You can focus on something different, or even just relax and not focus on
anything at all, perhaps going out for a walk.
Correct Taking a little break is a good idea. Taking your attention off of what you want to solve helps
allow other neural modes to have access to the material. You won't be conscious of your brain
continuing to work in the background on the problem--but it is!
Stare intently--it is your focused mode that will provide the big picture perspective you need to
solve the problem.
Mentally rethink the problem yet again from where you started, following each step carefully to
look for where you may have gone wrong. If you do this enough times without taking a break, the
answer will come to you.
1 / 1 point
2.Question 2
Select any true statements regarding the Pomodoro technique.
The Pomodoro technique involves setting a timer and working intently, without interruption, often
for a period of 25 minutes.
CorrectTrue.
Multitasking while doing a Pomodoro—for example, having your cell phone turned on so you can
catch critical messages, is okay. The main thing is not to worry about the distractions and to return to
work immediately after you might be distracted.
Immediately after finishing a Pomodoro you should do another Pomodoro, and another, as long as
you possibly can with no breaks or rewards. This helps build your mental stamina.
When you are doing a "Pomodoro," you want to set out as large a task as possible to be completed.
For example, you might decide that you want to finish an entire homework set during your Pomodoro,
even though the homework set might ordinarily take half a day or more. By imagining that you will
complete a big task, you will do far more than you would ordinarily be able to do.
1 / 1 point
3.Question 3
In the __________ mode, the brain makes random connections in a relaxed fashion.
diffuse spread out focused weight-lifting

Correct
1 / 1 point
4.Question 4
Select the following true statements regarding procrastination.
While you are "doing a Pomodoro" session, it's all right to take a quick look at other less urgent
things such as instant messages or emails.
When you don't want to work on something, a sense of neural discomfort arises. However,
researchers have found that not long after you might start working on something that you find
unpleasant, that neural discomfort disappears. So an important aspect of tackling procrastination is to
just get yourself through that initial period of discomfort. The Pomodoro technique helps you do that.
Correct
True After you "do a Pomodoro" session, a reward isn't very important.
Everybody has some issues with procrastination.
Correct
True. Even if you keep right on task by prioritizing and working on the most important things, you are
still procrastinating on whatever you are not working on. But if you are properly prioritizing your work--
and also allowing for a little relaxation time in your life!--your problems with procrastination can be
minimized.
1 / 1 point
5.Question 5
One of the first videos described the difference between the focused mode and the diffuse mode.
According to this video, the focused mode is affiliated with (check all that apply to the concept
of focusedmode only):
A direct approach to solving problems that you are rather familiar with.
Correct
The type of intense concentration you need to work through a problem, step-by-step.
Correct
A way of pretending to understand used by Shakespearean actors, as one of the videos discussed in
detail.
A pinball machine that has bumpers which are very far apart, so the pinball (the thought) can go a
long ways before bumping into a bumper.
1 / 1 point
6.Question 6
Select the following true statements about sleep, according to this module's videos.
It's better to go without sleep and cram what you can into your brain--you can usually rely on short-
term adrenaline to help propel you through a test.
Taking a test without getting enough sleep means you are operating with a brain that’s got
metabolic toxins floating around in it—poisons that make it so you can’t think very clearly.
Correct
True.
Sleep has been shown to make a remarkable difference in your ability to figure out difficult
problems and to understand what you are trying to learn.
Correct
True
Dreaming about something doesn't improve your ability to understand it.
When you sleep, your brain cells shrink, which allows toxins to be more easily washed away.
Correct
True.
1 / 1 point
7.Question 7
It takes time and practice to move new information from the working memory to the long term
memory. To help with this process, use a technique called _______________________.
Neurothoughtpatterns
Einstellung
Focused mode
Spaced repetition
Diffuse mode
Correct
Correct! Spaced repetition is repeating what you want to retain over a number of days. Practice over
several days makes a difference. Research has shown that if you repeat something in the same evening
it would not stick nearly as much as when you space it out over a number of days, even if it is done the
same number of times.
1 / 1 point
8.Question 8
Which of the following sentences do you think is the best advice for someone who is struggling to learn
abstract concepts, such as mathematical ideas?
If you are not “naturally good” at mathematics, you should consider studying something more in
line with your natural abilities. People should only do what they are naturally good at.
You should study very intensively for one day a module, as this is the best way to create strong
neural connections. After a very intense session of study you will have already learned that concept, and
you won't need to study it again.
You should practice regularly, as practice strengthens the neural connections you make during the
learning process. The concepts you are studying might seem abstract, but strong neural connections are
real and concrete.
You should use the diffuse mode of thinking, as the diffuse mode is the one that processes abstract
ideas.
Correct
Practice makes permanent! Even if you are not “naturally good” at something, that shouldn't prevent
you from learning it. Instead of studying very intensively for a short period, the best way to create
strong neural connections is to practice regularly during an extended period. If you study for an
extended period you are not only using the focused mode, but also the diffuse mode when you change
your attention to other subjects. Moreover, among other benefits, sleep between study sessions allows
you to fix effectively new concepts.
1 / 1 point
9.Question 9
Check the activities below that would be more apt to arouse the diffuse (rather than focused) mode:
Giving step-by-step directions for how to get to your friend's apartment, which you've been to
several times before.
Take a shower.
Correct
This is more likely to arouse the diffuse mode.
Calculating the tip for your waiter in a restaurant.
Getting some form of exercise while not concentrating on anything in particular.
Correct
This is more likely to arouse the diffuse mode.
Working a familiar type of multiplication problem.
Go for a walk.
Correct
This is more likely to arouse the diffuse mode.1 / 1 point
10.Question 10
Exercise (check all that are true):
Research is showing that exercise seems to be just as important as an enriched environment in
allowing the brain to grow new neurons and remain healthy.CorrectTrue.
Is NOT a time for diffuse type thinking.
Has been removed from schools, and it's a good thing, because it allows more time for learning
activities.
Helps improve your ability to learn and remember.
Correct
True.1 / 1 point
11.Question 11
This module's videos have tried to make some important points about your ability to learn. Which of the
following points do you think were among those being made?
Keep yourself open to new things, but make sure these new things are within the "family" of things
you know you have a talent for. This will help you get better at what you are already good at.
You can improve your natural ability in any discipline still further by learning how to learn. Learning
how to learn also can reduce your frustration level in difficult subjects.
Correct
Yes, this was indeed one of the points of this module's videos.
It's important to follow your career passions and not try to be what you don't have a natural talent
for.
We ordinarily think of learning as something we do when we sit down to study a book. But actually,
being able to learn more easily and deeply involves many important facets--including not only periods of
focused concentration, but also periods of relaxation, and even times when the body is simply out
getting exercise. Your brain can be busy figuring things out during times when you have absolutely no
conscious awareness of it.
Correct
Yes, this was indeed one of the points of this module's videos.
1 / 1 point
12.Question 12
The __________ mode involves a direct approach to solving problems using rational, sequential,
analytical approaches. It is associated with the concentrating abilities of the brain’s prefrontal cortex,
located right behind your forehead.
focused diffuse Dali

13.Question 13
Which of the following statements is true about our current scientific understanding of the brain?
As we get older our brains only deteriorate and there’s nothing we can do about it.
Isolating ourselves and focusing completely on our studies is the only path to success.
We're born with a set number of neurons--no new neurons can be born in our brains after infancy.
An enriched environment (surrounding ourselves with creative, supportive people) supports neural
health.
Correct
For many years the scientific view of the brain was that once our brain was mature the neurons we had
could be strengthened with learning but new neurons couldn’t develop as we aged. A lot of people still
believe this is true, which creates a pretty bleak outlook as they get older. But now scientists have better
methods of watching the brain in action and they can see that our brains develop new neurons while we
sleep, when we surround ourselves with stimulating environments and people - and when we exercise!
Interestingly, even if we don't have a stimulating environment exercise still assists our brains in growing
new neurons.
Even if we don’t have an enriched environment, our brains will also continue to grow new neurons
if we exercise.
Correct
new neurons.
Our brains do not stay the same as we grow older. New synapses are constantly being created
whilst others actually disappear.
Correct
new neurons.
1 / 1 point
14.Question 14
Select the true statements about the human brain.
Learning changes the structure of the brain.
Correct
Yes! Learning does change brain structure.
Brain connectivity is static, not dynamic.
Sleep makes it easier to learn new things and solve problems.
Correct
Yes! Sleep helps our brain.
Adult brains can't form new synapses.
1 / 1 point
Introduction to Chunking
What is a Chunk?
That scintillating neural loop is one memory trace, which is connected, of course, to many other
related memory traces.
How to Form a Chunk - Part 1
One concern about using worked-out examples to help you in starting to form chunks is that it can
be all too easy to focus too much on why an individual step works and not on the connection
between steps—that is, on why this particular step is the next thing you should do.
How to Form a Chunk - Part 2
The third step to chunking is gaining context, so you can see not just how, but also when to use this
chunk and when not to use it.
As you can see from this top down, bottom up illustration,
learning takes place in two ways. There's a bottom up chunking process, where practice and
repetition can help you both build and strengthen each chunk, so you can easily access it whenever
you need to. And there's also a, a sort of a top down big picture process that allows you to see what
you're learning and where it fits in. Both processes are vital in gaining mastery over the material.
Context is where bottom up and top down learning meet. To clarify here, chunking may involve
your learning how to use a certain problem-solving technique. Context means learning when to use
that technique instead of some other technique.
Learn the major concepts or points first. Once you have this done, fill in the details.
One common mistake that learners make is to

refuse to move on in their reading until they
fully understand the material in the book in
front of them. But sometimes skipping ahead
can help. Which one of the following learning
practices might help prevent getting bogged
down by petty details before you begin to see
the bigger picture? -Try taking a "picture
walk" through the material to gain big picture
context before diving into the details.
There is a bottom-up chunking process where

practice and repetition can help you both build
O and strengthen each chunk, so you can easily
gain access to it when needed.
There is a top-down “big picture” process that
allows you to see where what you are learning
fits in.
Both bottom-up chunking processes and top-
down "big picture" processes are vital in gaining
mastery over the material.
Chunking may involve your learning how to use
a certain problem-solving technique. Context
means learning when to use that technique
instead of some other technique.
Illusions of Competence
Recall. After you've read the material, simply look away, and see what you can recall from the
material you've just read.
It's almost as if the recall process helps build in little neural hooks, that we can hang our thinking
on.
mad tangle of connections between the four slots of working memory. As you begin to chunk the
concept, you will feel it connecting more easily and smoothly in your mind.
Once the concept is chunked, it takes up only one slot in working memory
Retrieval Practice
TOTAL POINTS 5
1.Question 1
As discussed on this week's videos, which TWO of the following four options have been shown by
research to be generally NOT as effective a method for studying--that is, which two methods are
more likely to produce illusions of competence in learning?
testing yourself
concept mapping
Correct
Although concept mapping can have its place, research has shown that it's less effective than
another powerful technique--simple recall. Remember, connecting concepts isn't going to help if you
don't have the concepts already well-embedded in the brain. It's like trying to learn higher strategy in
chess without having learned the basics about how the pieces move.
deliberate practice
rereading the text
Correct
When the text is open right in front of you, it fools you into thinking that you know the material. But
you only really know that material for certain when you can recall the material--or at least the key
ideas--WITHOUT the text open in front of you.
1 / 1 point
2.Question 2
Which of the following statements are true about chunks and/or chunking?
Chunks can help you understand new concepts. This is because when you grasp one chunk,
you will find that that chunk can be related in surprising ways to similar chunks not only in that field,
but also in very different fields.
Correct
Only punks chunk.
Improvising a new sentence in a new language you are learning involves the ability to creatively
mix together various complex minichunks and chunks (sounds and words) that you have mastered in
the new language.
Correct
One of the first steps toward gaining expertise in academic topics is to create conceptual
chunks—mental leaps that unite scattered bits of information through meaning.
Correct
Chunks are NOT relevant to understanding the "big picture."
As the videos explained, chunking is a result of the brain's inability to work smoothly between
the two hemispheres.
1 / 1 point
3.Question 3
The videos used the analogy of an octopus to help you understand how the focused mode reaches
through the slots of working memory to make connections in various parts of the brain. Which of the
following observations related to the "octopus of attention" analogy are true?
When you are stressed, your "attentional octopus" begins to lose the ability to make
connections. This is why your brain doesn‟t seem to work right when you‟re angry, stressed, or
afraid.
Correct
The diffuse mode involves the use of the "octopus of attention," which makes intentional
connections between various parts of the brain.
Multi-tasking is not as bad as people say, because your "octopus of attention" can just grow an
extra limb to accommodate the additional information your brain is attempting to access.
Focusing your "octopus of attention" to connect parts of the brain to tie together ideas is an
important part of the focused mode of learning. It is also often what helps get you started in creating
a chunk.
Correct
1 / 1 point
4.Question 4
Select the following true statements regarding the concept of "understanding."
Understanding is like a superglue that helps hold the underlying memory traces together.
Correct
Can you create a chunk if you don‟t understand? Yes, but it‟s often a useless chunk that won‟t fit
in with or relate to other material you are learning.
Correct
Understanding alone is generally enough to create a chunk.
A counter-intuitive finding is that it is important to avoid trying to understand what's going on
when you're first starting to chunk something.
1 / 1 point
5.Question 5
Select which methods can help when trying to learn something new.
Metaphor
Correct
Get stressed
Use focused and diffused modes at the SAME TIME
Analogy
Correct
Bash your brain against the wall
Seeing the Bigger Picture
What Motivates You?

Dopamine is in the business of predicting future rewards and not just the immediate reward. This
can motivate you to do something that may not be rewarding right now but will lead to a much
better reward in the future.
The amygdala an almond shaped structure shown here,

nestled down at the base of the brain is one of the major centers where cognition and emotion are
effectively integrated. The amygdala is part of the limbic system which together with hippocampus
is involved in processing memory and decision making as well as regulating emotional reactions.
You will want to keep your amygdala happy to be an effective learner. The emotions and your
neuromodulatory systems are slower than perception and action but are no less important for
successful learning.
Acetylcholine affects focused learning and attention
Dopamine signals in relation to unexpected rewards
Serotonin affects social life and risk taking behavior

The Value of a Library of Chunks
Sequential thinking, where each small step leads deliberately towards a solution, involves the
focused mode. Intuition on the other hand often seems to require this creative diffuse mode linking
of several seemingly different focused mode thoughts. Most difficult problems and concepts are
grasped through intuition, because these new ideas make a leap away from what you're familiar
with. Keep in mind that the diffuse mode's semi-random way of making connections means that
the solutions they provide should be very carefully verified using the focused mode. Intuitive
insights aren't always correct
Overlearning, Choking, Einstellung, and Interleaving
Einstellung
It can sometimes be all-too-easy to take a wrong approach about problem solving or understanding
a concept, because sometimes your initial intuition about what‟s happening or what you need to be
doing is misleading.
In Einstellung, your simple initial thought, an idea you already have in mind, or a neural pattern
you‟ve already developed and strengthened, may prevent a better idea or solution from being found.
Summary for Module 2
Chunks are pieces of information that are bound together through use and often through meaning.
They can be large and complex, but still take up only one slot in your working memory. Chunks are
best built with focused attention, understanding and practice.
The three different neurons
- Acetylcholine - focused learning
-Dopamine - unexpected rewards, decision-making
-Serotonin - difuse neuromodulatory sistem affecting social life
amygdala - emotions and their cognitive power
more chunks the better
transfer - one concept/field into another

law of serendipity - try it again
sequential thinking and intuition
compaction - compressing more compactly
overlearning (automaticity)
chocking
einstellung -stuck by blockage of old ideas/solutions
interleaving -different approaches -> creativity
illusions of competence
1.Question 1
[Select the word that belongs in the blank space.] "_________" is the idea that a chunk you’ve mastered
in one area can often help you much more easily learn chunks of information in different areas that can
share surprising commonalities.
chunking transfer recall overlearning interleaving Correct
2.Question 2
Three steps were mentioned as being vitally important in making a chunk. Pick those three things out
from the list below.
Understanding of the basic idea Correct
Practice to help you gain mastery and a sense of the big-picture context Correct
Simple memorization
Focused attention Correct
Physical activity Spending time away from the material
3.Question 3
Which statement best describes "deliberate practice"?
Using the "generation effect" of recall of a body of material instead of re-reading the material.
Focusing intently on the parts of the problem that are more difficult to you.
Actively reviewing material when you are doing something else.
Varying your learning by switching between types of problems or taking a break.
Correct Deliberate practice is continuing to focus of the material you find hardest and is important to
productive studying.
4.Question 4
Select which of the following statements are true about chunking:
Concepts and problem-solving methods you might learn for physics can be very similar to chunked
concepts in business. Correct
As you gain more experience in chunking in any particular subject, you will see that the chunks you
are able to create are bigger—in some sense, the ribbons are longer. Correct
When you are trying to figure something out, if you have a good library of chunks, you can more
easily skip to the right solution by—metaphorically speaking—“listening” to whispers from your diffuse
mode. Your diffuse mode can help you connect two or more chunks together in new ways to solve novel
problems. Correct
"Chunking" involves compressing information more compactly--this is part of why it is easier to
draw a "chunked" idea or concept into mind. Correct
5.Question 5
Select the following true statements about learning, as discussed on this module's videos.
Interleaving your studies—making a point to review for a test, for example, by skipping around
through problems in the different chapters and materials—can sometimes seem to make your learning
more difficult. But in reality, it helps you learn more deeply.Correct
Although practice and repetition are important in helping build solid neural patterns to draw on, it’s
interleaving that starts building flexibility and creativity. It’s where you leave the world of practice and
repetition and begin thinking more independently. Correct
Once you’ve got the basic idea down during a session, continuing to hammer away at it during the
same session doesn’t strengthen the kinds of long-term memory connections you want to have
strengthened. Worse yet, focusing on one technique is a little like learning carpentry by only practicing
with a hammer. After a while, you think you can fix anything by just bashing it. Correct
One significant mistake students sometimes make in learning is jumping into the water before they
learn to swim. In other words, they blindly start working on homework without reading the textbook,
attending lectures, viewing online lessons, or speaking with someone knowledgeable. It’s like randomly
allowing a thought to pop off in the focused-mode pinball machine without paying any real attention to
where the solution truly lies.Correct
6.Question 6
The neuromodulators acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin were mentioned as affecting specific
areas in Dr. Sejnowski's video. Select the three true statements below, based on Dr. Sejnowski's video,
about which areas these neurotransmitters affect.
Acetylcholine affects unexpected reward
Serotonin signals in relation to focused learning and attention
Acetylcholine affects focused learning and attention Correct
Dopamine signals in relation to focused learning and attention
Serotonin affects social life and risk-taking behavior Correct
Dopamine signals in relation to unexpected reward Correct
1.Question 1
Which of the following successful study techniques would help you to avoid illusions of competence?
Writing your own notes in your own words which synthesize the key concepts you are trying to
learn. Correct
Illusions of competencies can result when you are using excessive highlighting or concept maps without
properly understanding the material. You are just carrying out robotic motions which can trick you into
thinking that you understand the material. When the text is open right in front of you, it fools you into
thinking that you know the material. When you use the recall technique and create your own notes, and
test yourself away from the material, then you would really exercise your brain to promote long-term
understanding and learning.
Reading through a book once and closing the book and having a good memory of what you just
read. If you read the entire book in one sitting and then close the book you are guaranteed to
become a master in no time!
Highlighting everything on a page. If you highlight everything, that means you have read it all,
and highlighting it would make certain that you remember it all.
Using recall and testing yourself regularly. Correct
Illusions of competencies can result when you are using excessive highlighting or concept maps without
properly understanding the material. You are just carrying out robotic motions which can trick you into
thinking that you understand the material. When the text is open right in front of you, it fools you into
thinking that you know the material. When you use the recall technique and create your own notes, and
test yourself away from the material, then you would really exercise your brain to promote long-term
understanding and learning.
Not taking notes when you are going through new material. If you take notes and try to put what
you learn into your own words, you would get confused. You should just memorize word for word what
you are reading as the author knows how you would understand it better than anyone.
3.Question 3
Chunking is an example of an illusion of competence in learning
The best chunks are ones that are so well-ingrained that you don’t have to consciously think about
connecting the neural pattern together. That, actually, is the point of making complex ideas, movements
or reactions into a single chunk. Correct True.
As the videos explained, chunking is a result of the brain's inability to work smoothly between the
two hemispheres.
When we retrieve knowledge, we’re not being mindless robots—the retrieval process itself
enhances deep learning and helps us begin forming chunks. Correct True.
Chunking interferes with learning and is a technique that experts try to avoid.
Chunking helps your brain run more efficiently. Once you chunk an idea, concept, or action, you
don’t need to remember all the little underlying details; you’ve got the main idea—the chunk—and
that’s enough. Correct True
4.Question 4
The diffuse mode involves the use of the "octopus of attention," which makes
intentional connections between various parts of the brain.
Multi-tasking is not as bad as people say, because your "octopus of attention" can just grow an
extra limb to accomodate the additional information your brain is attempting to access.
Focusing your "octopus of attention" to connect parts of the brain to tie together ideas is an
important part of the focused mode of learning. It is also often what helps get you started in creating
a chunk.Correct
When you are stressed, your "attentional octopus" begins to lose the ability to make
connections. This is why your brain doesn‟t seem to work right when you‟re angry, stressed, or
afraid.Correct
5.Question 5
Three steps were mentioned as being vitally important in making a chunk. Pick those three things out
from the list below.
Spending time away from the material Simple memorization Exercise
Understanding of the basic idea. Correct "Understanding" was one of the three vital steps.
Practice to help you gain mastery and a sense of the big-picture context.
Correct "Practice" was indeed one of the three vital steps.
Focused attention. Correct "Focused attention" was one of the three vital steps.
6.Question 6
[Select the word that belongs in the blank space.] "_______ practice" is when you apply special extra
attention in practicing the material that you find to be the most difficult. This is the type of practice that
experts use to speed up their knowledge gain.
Intentional Repeated Over Deliberate Chunking Correct
7.Question 7
Just understanding how a problem was solved does NOT necessarily create a chunk that you can
easily call to mind later. (That’s part of why you can grasp an idea when a teacher presents it in class,
but if you don’t review it fairly soon after you’ve first learned it, it can seem incomprehensible when it
comes time to prepare for a test.) Correct True.
Understanding is unrelated to chunking.
An important insight from research is that it is important to avoid trying to understand what's going
on when you're first starting to chunk something.
You often realize the first time you truly understand something is when you can actually do it
yourself. Correct True.
8.Question 8
When you are trying to figure something out, if you have a good library of chunks, you can more
easily skip to the right solution by—metaphorically speaking—“listening” to whispers from your diffuse
mode. Your diffuse mode can help you connect two or more chunks together in new ways to solve novel
problems. Correct
"Chunking" involves compressing information more compactly--this is part of why it is easier to
draw a "chunked" idea or concept into mind. Correct
Concepts and problem-solving methods you might learn for physics can be very similar to chunked
concepts in business. Correct
As you gain more experience in chunking in any particular subject, you will see that the chunks you
are able to create are bigger—in some sense, the ribbons are longer.Correct
9.Question 9
Select the following true statements about learning, as discussed on this week's videos.
repetition and begin thinking more independently. Correct
As emphasized repeatedly in the videos, learning is something that only highly intelligent people
should try to do.
Mastering a new subject means learning not only the basic chunks, but also learning how to select
and use different chunks. Correct
Sometimes you have to unlearn your erroneous older ideas or approaches even while you’re
learning new ones. Correct
10.Question 10
"___________" is when your initial thought, an idea you already have in mind, or a neural pattern
you’ve already developed and strengthened, prevents a better idea or solution from being found, or
keeps you from being flexible enough to accept new, better, or more appropriate solutions.
Einstellung Overlearning Blocking Interleaving Chunking
Choking Illusions of competence Correct
12.Question 12
It's quite common to get stuck on a problem--often because you have initial ideas about what the
solution should be that block your ability to see the real solution. What is a next best step to take when
you've already spent time reanalyzing the problem by focusing intently, and you find that you are simply
stuck?
If it is toward the end of the day and you are already tired, go to sleep and try again in the morning.
Mentally rethink the problem yet again from where you started, following each step carefully to
look for where you may have gone wrong. If you do this enough times without taking a break, the
answer will come to you.
Stare intently--it is your focused mode that will provide the big picture perspective you need to
solve the problem.
Keep working away on the problem--the solution will come as long as you keep your focus on it.
Correct
Sleep is a very good idea. Taking your attention off of what you want to solve helps allow other neural
modes to have access to the material. You won't be conscious of your brain continuing to work in the
background on the problem--but it is! Sleep in particular appears to be a powerful time for subconscious
problem-solving.
Chunking
LATEST SUBMISSION GRADE
100%
1.Question 1
In order to learn more efficiently and effectively, you want to avoid illusions of competence (that is,
cheating yourself into thinking that you have already learned some material when you haven't). Bearing
this in mind, which TWO of the following study methods are the best to prevent you from falling into
illusions of competence
Test yourself to evaluate how well are you doing in your study process. Correct
Testing yourself is a good method for avoiding illusions of competence and has been proven to be a very
effective way to study.
Highlight or underline everything that you consider interesting in a text. As discussed in the videos,
highlighting and underlining a lot are powerful tools for memorization.
Reread a text as many times as you need to make sure that you memorize it well.
Recall the main ideas of a text.
Correct Recalling the information of a text without looking at it is a very effective way to study and
avoids illusions of competence.
Just look at the solution to a problem—this will give you enough to understand the answer and do
well on any related test questions your teacher might give you.
3.Question 3
The best chunks are ones that are so well-ingrained that you don’t have to consciously think about
connecting the neural pattern together. That, actually, is the point of making complex ideas, movements
or reactions into a single chunk. Correct True.
Chunking helps your brain run more efficiently. Once you chunk an idea, concept, or action, you
don’t need to remember all the little underlying details; you’ve got the main idea—the chunk—and
that’s enough.Correct True
Chunking interferes with learning and is a technique that experts try to avoid.
Chunking is an example of an illusion of competence in learning
When we retrieve knowledge, we’re not being mindless robots—the retrieval process itself
enhances deep learning and helps us begin forming chunks. Correct True.
As the videos explained, chunking is a result of the brain's inability to work smoothly between the
two hemispheres.
4.Question 4
The intentional, focused mode connections of the "octopus of attention" analogy are quite different
from the random connections of the diffuse mode. Correct True.
As one of the videos stated, the “octopus of attention” is a metaphor related to the slippery skin of
the octopus--that's why we can forget so easily.
The diffuse mode involves the use of the "octopus of attention," which makes intentional
connections between various parts of the brain.
When you are focusing your attention on something, it’s almost as if you have an octopus—the
“octopus of attention”—that slips its tentacles through those four slots of working memory when
necessary, to help you make connections to information you might have in various parts of your brain.
Correct True.
5.Question 5
Select good approaches that can assist you in forming a mental “chunk.”
Gain context for how and when to use this chunk by practicing.
Correct Practicing when and how to use the chunk will help embed it in your mind.
Understand the basic idea or concept you are trying to chunk. Correct Focus on the main concept
and try to understand the main idea of what you are trying to chunk.
Draw concept maps instead of testing yourself.
Avoid practicing—that kills your creativity.
Keep rereading what you are trying to chunk—avoid recall.
Focus on the information you want to chunk. Correct You need to use your focused attention
when forming a chunk.
7.Question 7
Understanding is like a superglue that helps hold the underlying memory traces together.
Correct True.
An important insight from research is that it is important to avoid trying to understand what's going
on when you're first starting to chunk something.
Can you create a chunk if you don’t understand? Yes, but it’s often a useless chunk that won’t fit in
with or relate to other material you are learning. Correct True.
Understanding alone is generally enough to create a chunk.
8.Question 8
Chunks can help you understand new concepts. This is because when you grasp one chunk, you will
find that that chunk can be related in surprising ways to similar chunks not only in that field, but also in
very different fields.CorrectTrue.
Basically, what people do to enhance their knowledge and gain expertise is to gradually build the
number of chunks in their mind—valuable bits of information that they can piece together in new and
creative ways.CorrectTrue.
Chunking isn’t all you need to develop creative flexibility in your learning—but it’s an important
component.Correct True.
The bigger and more well-practiced your chunked mental library—whatever the subject you are
learning—the more easily you will be able to solve problems and figure out solutions.
Correct True.
The ability to combine chunks in new and original ways underlies a lot of historical innovation.
Correct
Correct! Bill Gates and other industry leaders set aside extended, modulelong reading periods so that
they can hold many and varied ideas in mind during one time. This helps generate their own innovative
thinking by allowing fresh-in-mind, not-yet-forgotten ideas to network among themselves.
9.Question 9
Select the following true statements about learning, as discussed on this week's videos.
Sometimes you have to unlearn your erroneous older ideas or approaches even while you’re
learning new ones.Correct
As emphasized repeatedly in the videos, learning is something that only highly intelligent people
should try to do.
repetition and begin thinking more independently.Correct
and use different chunks. Correct
Discussions Forums week 1
Favorite places to study, and helpful study apps - May 04, 2020
I love working atmospheres - along other people busy doing something else, while I study. As a
student, I used to study in the dining room/kitchen, while my mother was preparing dinner.
I haven't used any apps, apart from Duolingo for studying languages. May 4, 2020
The unexpected assets from your past--and breaking through initial feelings of
incompetence - May 04, 2020
something from my own experience: I have been working as an electrical engineer and suddenly I
got an opportunity to work as a scriptwriter for a children's series. For e.g., my previous background
as an engineer helped me a lot in developing the story structure. May 4, 2020
Discussions Forums week 2

Your challenge I hope to find a new inspiration or come back to some passions I used to pursue earlier.
May 7, 2020
Overcoming cognitive distortions
For e.g., I keep procrastinating 1-2 things that I believe are of the most important value. It's all or
nothing for me. Perhaps, that is why I was attracted to this course - that I might be inspired for a
happy mindshift. Maybe, into a greater life perspective this experience will open some understanding
that I just cannot foresee it now. May, 13 2020
Week 3
In this module, we talk about two intimately connected ideas—procrastination and memory. Building
solid chunks in long term memory--chunks that are easily accessible by your short term memory—
takes time. This is why learning to handle procrastination is so important. Finally, we talk about some
of the best ways to access your brain’s most powerful long term memory systems.
Introduction to Procrastination and Memory
Procrastination and memory. The two topics are intimately related. Why? Because building solid
chunks of long term memory, chunks that are easily accessible by your short term memory, takes
time.
Tackling Procrastination - It is Easier, and More Valuable, Than You

Think
Procrastination can be a single monumentally important keystone bad habit, a habit in other words
that influences many important areas of your life. If you improve your abilities in this area many
other positive changes will gradually begin to unfold
Zombies Everywhere
habits
Surf is Up: Process Versus Product
Congratulations! You passed!
TO PASS 70% or higher
Keep Learning
GRADE
100%
Retrieval Practice
TOTAL POINTS 6
1.Question 1
The videos described habits as having four parts. Which are the four parts?
The belief The reward The cue The routine
2.Question 2
/
\ It is perfectly normal to start with a few negative feelings about beginning a learning session—
even when it‟s a subject you ordinarily like. It‟s how you handle those feelings that matters. Correct
To prevent procrastination, you want to avoid concentrating on product. Instead, your attention
should be on building processes. Processes relate to simple habits—habits that coincidentally allow
you to do the unpleasant tasks that need to be done.Correct
The PROCESS, not the product, is what triggers the pain that causes you to procrastinate.
Good learners always begin their learning sessions with excitement and enthusiasm for what
they are about to do. (Think about this one--it's a bit tricky!)
3.Question 3
Select the following true statements about task lists and planner journals, according to this week's
videos:
Planning your quitting time is as important as planning your working time. Correct
A quitting time isn't important--the longer you work, the more work you will accomplish.
It's good to make notes in your planner/journal about what works and what doesn‟t.Correct
You should put as many things as possible on your daily task list in order to motivate yourself to
accomplish more.
4.Question 4
Choose all statements that are true of procrastination.
Procrastination often gets an incorrect bad reputation. Instead, as explained in this week's
videos, it can often lead to a more fulfilling life.
Procrastination shares characteristics with addiction.Correct
Procrastination can be triggered by feelings of discomfort involving something you'd rather not
be doing--discomfort that can actually show up in the brain as feelings of physical pain.Correct
As this week's videos explained, it's best to avoid procrastination by applying willpower at only
one small point--your reaction to a procrastination cue. This is because willpower is actually a
valuable mental resource and you don't want to be using it up unnecessarily.Correct
Procrastination is the key to success for famous tech leaders like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs.
5.Question 5
In the videos related to procrastination, a careful distinction was made between "process" and
"product." Select the following true statements related to "process" and "product."
Process means the flow of time and the habits and actions associated with that flow of time—as
in, “I‟m going to spend twenty minutes working.”Correct
As stated in one of this week's videos, you want to avoid focusing on a process because
thinking about a process is frequently what triggers the pain that causes you to procrastinate.
The word "product" refers to the flow of time involved in completing an activity, not an actual
task, such as completion of a homework set.
As stated in one of the videos, to avoid procrastination you want to avoid focusing on a product,
because thinking about completing a product is frequently what triggers the pain that causes you to
procrastinate.Correct
6.Question 6
Select good examples of what you could do to reduce the effects of cues that can cause you to
procrastinate.
Set yourself up with plenty of distractions so that you build your willpower to help ignore these
procrastination cues.
Distractions sometimes arise despite our best efforts. In that case, it's best to not get annoyed by
the distraction, but to instead just let it drift by and get right back to your work.Correct
As the videos specifically discussed, play very loud music to help block other sounds out.
Use noise-muffling ear blockers to help reduce distracting sounds. Correct
What is a concept you're trying to learn in class, or a concept or series of ideas you've always simply
wanted to be able to remember? Can you think of an image that could help you to encapsulate the
concept or ideas in memory so that you can more readily call them to mind? Write your thoughts in the
box below.
In this photo of the cortex, the astrocytes are staying green and the neurons are blue. The intricate
arms of the astrocytes wrap around the neurons, each embracing thousands of synapses. A recent
experiment suggest that these astrocytes may also have an important role in learning.
Select the true statements below in relation to memory

One way to memorize more easily is to create meaningful groups that simplify the material.
Long term memory is like a poor blackboard that quickly erases itself.
Long term memory is like a storage warehouse
Working memory is like a poor blackboard that quickly erases itself.
Working memory is like a storage warehouse
The funnier and more evocative the images you make related to what you are trying to remember,
the better.
Congratulations! You passed! GRADE 100% Retrieval Practice
1.Question 1
Which of the following are good study habits to develop?
Do all your studying in a single, lengthy session right before a major test.
Keep practicing the easy material instead of focusing on the harder material because it's more
comfortable to do this, and it will help you to enjoy your learning more.
Start early to allow plenty of time to master the subject material and to give yourself extra time on
harder concepts.Correct
Interleave your learning by alternating your practice with different types of problems so you clearly
see the differences between problem-solving techniques.Correct
2.Question 2
Choose all of the true statements about good working/studying methods, procrastination and how to
overcome procrastination.
Making a task list is best done at night, right before you go to sleep. Research shows that this helps
your zombies (subconscious processes) to process the list overnight, making it easier to work on your
tasks the next day.Correct
Pay attention for procrastination cues and remove yourself from environments that contain many
distractions and procrastination cues.Correct
Make sure to put yourself in an environment with many distractions to help train yourself to
overcome your procrastination urges.
Keep a planner journal and keep track of the methods and techniques that work best for you.
Correct
3.Question 3
Select the following true statements, in accordance with what you've learned from the videos, about
memory.
You don't want to use many different senses to help you remember--trying to remember something
by seeing it and also by repeating it out loud so that you hear it, for example, will just lead to confusion.
To begin tapping into your visual memory system, try making a very memorable visual image
representing one key item you want to remember. Correct
Handwriting appears to help you to more deeply encode (that is, convert into neural memory
structures) what you are trying to learn. Correct
Creating flashcards is a useful technique to help you remember. By increasing your spacing as you
become more certain of mastery, you will lock the material more firmly into place Correct
4.Question 4
The memory palace technique is useful for helping you to move information into your long-term
memory. Which of these statements about the technique are true?
It can help you create a meaningful (if sometimes memorably strange!) group from otherwise
unrelated items Correct
It uses your motor skills to move items into long-term memory palace
It allows you to tap into your visual and spatial memory abilities Correct
It is only useful for the four or fewer items contained in your working memory
It only works for artistic types of people.
5.Question 5
Long term memories for facts and events:
Are subject to modification by a process called "reconsolidation."Correct
Whenever you reactivate a memory, the memory changes, a process called reconsolidation. It is even
possible to implant false memories, indistinguishable from old ones, by suggestion and imagination,
especially in children who have vivid imaginations.
Have nothing to do with the hippocampus.
Are changed through a process that Dr. Sejnowski termed "inebriation."
Are living parts of your brain that are changing all the time Correct
especially in children who have vivid imaginations. Congratulations!
GRADE 100% Procrastination and Memory

1.Question 1
The videos described habits as having four parts. Which are the four parts?
The reward The cue The routine The belief
2.Question 2
Select the following true statements about learning and procrastination, according to this week's videos.
Good learners always begin their learning sessions with excitement and enthusiasm for what they
are about to do. (Think about this one--it's a bit tricky!)
To help avoid procrastination, concentrate on the product, not the process.
It is perfectly normal to start with a few negative feelings about beginning a learning session—even
when it’s a subject you ordinarily like. It’s how you handle those feelings that matters. Correct
When procrastination is an issue, your challenge sometimes is to avoid focusing on the product. The
PRODUCT is what triggers the pain that causes you to procrastinate. Correct
3.Question 3
Select the following true statements about task lists and planner journals, according to this week's
videos:
A quitting time isn't important--the longer you work, the more work you will accomplish.
You should put as many things as possible on your daily task list in order to motivate yourself to
accomplish more.
Planning your quitting time is as important as planning your working time.Correct
It's good to make notes in your planner/journal about what works and what doesn’t.Correct
4.Question 4
Which of the following are good study habits to develop?
Keep practicing the easy material instead of focusing on the harder material because it's more
comfortable to do this, and it will help you to enjoy your learning more.
Do all your studying in a single, lengthy session right before a major test.
Interleave your learning by alternating your practice with different types of problems--don't waste
study time by simply repeating the same technique over and over again. Correct
Start early to allow plenty of time to master the subject material and to give yourself extra time on
harder concepts. Correct
5.Question 5
Choose all statements that are true of procrastination.
Procrastination shares characteristics with addiction.Correct
General habits of procrastination can negatively impact many aspects of your life.Correct
As this week's videos explained, willpower is very easy to get if you just use the right approach. So
you want to use willpower all the time to keep yourself from procrastinating. As the videos reiterated,
constant determination and constant use of willpower is the best approach to avoiding procrastination.
As the videos explained, procrastination often involves shifting your focus away from something
you find uncomfortable.Correct
Procrastination often gets an incorrect bad reputation. Instead, as explained in this week's videos, it
can often lead to a more fulfilling life.
6.Question 6
In this week's videos, what was the term "zombie mode” used to refer to?
The mode your brain uses when you are fighting zombies.
The tired state you feel when you've been working for many hours.
It refers to the relaxed state your mind enters when you are performing common and habitual
tasks. Examples of zombie states and habitual behavior include riding a bike, getting dressed in the
morning, and being able to back your car out of a driveway (if you are familiar and comfortable with
driving).
Your ability to survive the Zombie Apocalypse (just like "The Walking Dead")!
7.Question 7
In the videos related to procrastination, a careful distinction was made between "process" and
"product." Select the following true statements related to "process" and "product."
As stated in one of the videos, to avoid procrastination you want to avoid focusing on a product,
because thinking about completing a product is frequently what triggers the pain that causes you to
procrastinate. Correct
Process means the flow of time and the habits and actions associated with that flow of time—as in,
“I’m going to spend twenty minutes working.” Correct
The word "product" refers to the flow of time involved in completing an activity, not an actual task,
such as completion of a homework set.
As stated in one of this week's videos, you want to avoid focusing on a process because thinking
about a process is frequently what triggers the pain that causes you to procrastinate.
8.Question 8
Choose all of the true statements about good working/studying methods, procrastination and how to
overcome procrastination.
Split up your time into tackling small challenges. At the end of completing each small challenge, give
yourself a little reward. Correct
As emphasized in the videos, task lists are only for forgetful people.
It’s best to try to work on an unpleasant task first thing in the morning--at least just for a little while.
This was referred to in the videos as "eating your frogs first." Correct
List-making and planning can work for any age group and any subject. Correct
9.Question 9
Select good examples of what you could do to reduce the effects of cues that can cause you to
procrastinate.
As the videos specifically discussed, play very loud music to help block other sounds out.
Distractions sometimes arise despite our best efforts. In that case, it's best to not get annoyed by
the distraction, but to instead just let it drift by and get right back to your work.Correct
Use noise-muffling ear blockers to help reduce distracting sounds.Correct
Set yourself up with plenty of distractions so that you build your willpower to help ignore these
procrastination cues.
10.Question 10
Select the following true statements, in accordance with what you've learned from the videos, about
memory.
The more neural hooks you can build by evoking the senses, the easier it will be for you to recall the
concept and what it means.Correct
As the videos emphasized, whichever part of the brain is used to eat and enjoy cake is the best part
of the brain to use for anything else – including memory!
Repetition is important; even when you make something memorable, repetition helps get that
memorable item firmly lodged in long term memory. Remember to repeat—not a bunch of times in one
day, but sporadically over several days.Correct
Cramming at the last minute is the best way to put a concept into long term memory.
11.Question 11
Which of the techniques below were mentioned in the videos as being beneficial in helping you to
remember?
Remember lists by creating meaningful groups that simplify the ideas. Correct
Remember numbers by associating them with memorable events, like the year a relative might
have been born in, or associating them with something you are familiar with, such as running times or
the numbers of knitting stitches that you might use when knitting a hat. Correct
As the videos mentioned, the best way to remember a list is to repeat it to yourself exactly eight
times in a row.
As the videos mentioned, just keep repeating what you want to remember over and over in one
session. The more you repeat all in one session, the better you will remember.
12.Question 12
Long term memories for facts and events:
Are permanent and are not changed when you might access them again at a later date.
Have nothing to do with the hippocampus.
Are subject to modification by a process called "reconsolidation."Correct
especially in children who have vivid imaginations.
Take time to consolidate. Correct
The process of consolidation takes a brain state in active memory and stores it in long-term memory by
modifying synapses on the dendrites of neurons. This takes time to do.
13.Question 13
Remembering back to week 1, those videos emphasized some important points about your ability to
learn. Which of the following points were among those being made?
Don't just blindly follow your passions--also work to broaden your passions by keeping yourself
open to learning new things, even if you feel you don't have a talent for them. Correct
Yes, this was indeed one of the points of week 1's videos.
You cannot change your natural talents--if you're not good at something, you should avoid it.
We ordinarily think of learning as something we do when we sit down to study a book. But actually,
being able to learn more easily and deeply involves many important facets--including not only periods of
focused concentration, but also periods of relaxation, and even times when the body is simply out
getting exercise, or even when it's sleeping. Your brain can be busy figuring things out during times
when you have absolutely no conscious awareness of it. Correct
Yes, this was indeed one of the points of week 1's videos.
Keep yourself open to new things, but make sure these new things are within the "family" of things
you know you have a talent for. This will help you get better at what you are already good at.
14.Question 14
Select good approaches that can assist you in forming a mental “chunk.”
Focus on the information you want to chunk.Correct
Correct! You need to use your focused attention when forming a chunk.
Keep rereading what you are trying to chunk—avoid recall.
Draw concept maps instead of testing yourself.
Gain context for how and when to use this chunk by practicing.Correct
Correct! Practicing when and how to use the chunk will help embed it in your mind.
Week 4
In this module we’re going to talk more about important ideas and techniques that will enhance your
ability to learn. You’ll also discover how to more profitably interact with fellow learners, how to
recognize your own strengths, and how to avoid the “imposter syndrome.” Fighter pilots and
surgeons use checklists to help them with their critical duties—you can use a similar checklist to help
you prepare for tests. Ultimately, you will learn more about the joys of living a life filled with learning!
How to Become a Better Learner
brainfacts.org
We once thought that all of the neurons in your brain were already
present at birth, but we now know that in a few places, new neurons are born every day. One of
these places is in your Hippocampus, a brain area that is very important for learning new things
old neurons shown in blue and newly

generated neurons in red. As the rat learns the task, these new neurons are recruited to help
perform better pattern separation between the two pictures.
There is a slight shift between the
images in the two eyes and your brain interprets this slight shift as difference in depth. Not
everyone, however, can see this. Over 5% of the population is stereo blind.
the part that makes plans, as well as in their language areas. Learning,
planning, language
What behaviors do the prefrontal cortex influence?
-People's ability to do complex analysis.

-Human social behavior.
-People's ability to make decisions.
-People's ability to plan.
Your brain develops over a long period of time, but different parts of your brain reach maturation at
different times. Select the true statements based on Dr. Sejnowski's lecture:
-The visual cortex reaches maturation in childhood.
-The prefrontal cortex is the last part of the cortex to mature. This is correct! Actually, the prefrontal
cortex reaches maturation in early adulthood.
Introduction to Renaissance Learning and Unlocking Your Potential
Sometimes you hit a wall in constructing your understanding. Things that made sense before can
suddenly seem confusing. This type of knowledge collapse seems to occur when your mind is
restructuring it's understanding, building a more solid foundation.
Create a Lively Visual Metaphor of Analogy

Select the following true statements about using metaphors and analogies and related techniques to
help you learn:
One of the best things you can do to not only remember but understand concepts is to create a
metaphor or analogy for it. Correct
Metaphors and visualization—being able to see something in your mind’s eye—have been
especially helpful, not only in art and literature, but also in allowing the scientific and engineering world
to make progress. Correct
It’s often helpful to pretend you are the concept you are trying to understand. Correct
metaphors and analogies are useful for getting people out of Einstellung—being blocked by thinking
about a problem in the wrong way. Correct
Metaphors and analogies are only useful in art--not in science.
Un-selected is correct
No Need for Genius Envy
Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life
Retrieval Practice GRADE 100%
1.Question 1
Select the following true statements in relation to metaphor and analogy.
-Metaphors and analogies, as well as stories, can sometimes be useful for getting people out of
Einstellung—being blocked by thinking about a problem in the wrong way. -Correct
-It’s often helpful to pretend YOU are the concept you are trying to understand. -Correct
-Metaphors and visualization—being able to see something in your mind’s eye—have been especially
helpful, not only in art and literature, but also in allowing the scientific and engineering world to make
progress. -Correct
-As the videos emphasized, using sophisticated words like "metaphor" and "analogy" makes you feel
smarter and improves your confidence, which leads to better study outcomes.
2.Question 2
As Dr. Sejnowski mentioned in one of his videos, new neurons are born in your hippocampus every day.
These neurons can survive and help you remember things if you (check all that apply):
- Allow yourself to get bored by repeating something you already know well over and over again.
- Exercise Correct
Two experiences that help your neurons to grow and survive are exercise and exposure to new
environments or ideas.
- Learn a new skill, like how to fix the plumbing in your sink. Correct
- Explore a little bit by trying a new route to get to work. Correct
3.Question 3
Choose the statements below that best describe the “Imposter Syndrome.”
-Imposter syndrome involves frequent feelings of inadequacy. Correct
-Getting a good grade on a test but being convinced that it was luck and that you are sure to fail the next
test and be exposed as a fraud, is a good example of the impostor syndrome. Correct
-The imposter syndrome is a very rare condition.
-The "imposter syndrome" involves an old psychological theory involving acting out your fears.
Researchers have recently debunked the theory.
4.Question 4
Santiago Ramon y Cajal felt that the key to his success was his ____________, which he called "the
virtue of the less brilliant." (Select the appropriate word to fill in the blank.)
-happiness
-"street smarts"
-ability to dream
-perseverance Correct
Retrieval Practice
TOTAL POINTS 6
1.Question 1
Select all true statements about teamwork.
One of the videos emphasized that you should NOT look the material over before you arrive and
meet with your study group.
It's okay to start study sessions ten to fifteen minutes late, but no more than that.
The best study sessions with others start on time, stay on task and contain a bare minimum of
small talk in order to focus on the purpose for the gathering. The time for play is after the work is
done. Correct
Sometimes you can blindly believe you‟ve got everything nailed down intellectually, but you
haven‟t. This is one reason it is sometimes good to study with others.
You didn’t select all the correct answers . Correct
2.Question 2
Select all of the true statements about including "mini tests" in your regular study sessions
Testing yourself during study sessions is not beneficial to most students because it adds too
much stress and anxiety and will inhibit learning.
As one of the videos asserted, you will learn and retain more in one hour of testing than you
would if you spent one hour studying.Correct
As one of the videos mentioned, testing yourself during studying is only effective for language
studies.
Tests during study sessions are good for concentrating the mind.Correct
1 / 1 point
3.Question 3
Select all of the questions that come from Dr. Richard Felder's "test checklist." Do whatever it takes
to answer yes to most of the questions on this list.
Did you get a reasonable night‟s sleep before the test? Correct
Did you attempt to outline each homework question before discussing it with classmates?
Correct
Did you go over the study guide and problems with classmates and quiz one another? Correct
Did you understand all of your homework problem solutions before the assignment was handed
in?Correct
Did you do the great bulk of your studying only 48 hours before the test, in order to maximize the
amount you retain prior to taking the test?
Did you make a genuine effort to get the test questions and answers at least a week in advance
from the teaching assistant?
Did you attempt to outline lots of problem solutions quickly without spending time doing the
algebra? Correct
1 / 1 point
4.Question 4
Choose all of the true statements about the "hard start, jump to easy" test taking technique.
In order for this technique to work, you must do a lot of exercise before taking the test—without
the exercise, the technique is MUCH less effective.
This method is helpful only if you have already spent time preparing for the test. Correct
This method involves starting with the easiest problems in order to build up your confidence for
the harder test questions later.
It is best to first try this technique during your study sessions before a test in order to determine
if it is right for you and to get a feel for how it will work. Correct
1 / 1 point
5.Question 5
Select all of the true statements about pre-test stress.
As one of the videos mentioned, if you are a naturally anxious person you should just accept the
fact that you're doomed—you will always suffer on tests. By realizing this, you relax into it.
As one of the videos mentioned, when stressed, your body produces cortisol which can give you
sweaty palms and a racing heart. Correct
When stressed before a test, you should turn your attention to your breathing. Taking deep
breaths can control your stress level and fight the "fight or flight" instinct. Correct
There is no way to fight stress, embrace the panic; it will subside on its own… eventually.
1 / 1 point
6.Question 6
Select test taking tips that were mentioned in the videos.
During the test, try to momentarily shift your attention away from the test questions and then go
back through the questions with a „big picture‟ perspective. Correct
A good tip for test taking, as mentioned in one of the videos, is to quietly tap your knee while you
are taking the test.
Pinching yourself repeatedly, as mentioned in one of the videos, is a great way to bring urgency
and allow you to solve difficult problems.
One way to look in a fresh way at what you have done during a test is to check your answers
from back to front. Correct
Congratulations! You passed!

TO PASS 70% or higher
Keep Learning
GRADE
100%
Final
LATEST SUBMISSION GRADE
100%
1.Question 1
Select the following true statements about sleep (according to the video lectures).
During sleep, your brain assumes a very quiescent state where nothing much is going on
neurologically speaking. No changes in cell size are observed, although some changes in cells'
flexibility have been seen. This flexibility change is what allows you to dream your way towards
solutions.
Sleep, which can sometimes seem like SUCH a waste of time—is actually your brain‟s way of
keeping itself clean and healthy.
Correct
True.
As mentioned in the videos, sleeping is simply an evolutionary means of taking things easy.
Taking a test without getting enough sleep means you are operating with a brain that‟s got metabolic
toxins floating around in it—poisons that make it so you can‟t think very clearly. It‟s kind of like trying
to drive a car that‟s got sugar in its gas tank—doesn‟t work too well!
Correct
True.
1 / 1 point
2.Question 2
You are sitting down to do your homework. You work along, successfully solving the problems. But
you then come across a problem that is more difficult. After spending fifteen minutes working on it,
you begin to find yourself growing frustrated. What is the single most reasonable next option for you
to take in order for you to make progress towards the solution?
Do something to switch your attention away from the problem you are trying to solve.
Keep focusing on the problem harder and harder—you will eventually figure it out if you keep your
attention on it.
Avoid doing active exercise, which can interfere with your thought processes and actually make it
more difficult to solve the problem.
Repeat the question soundlessly to yourself.
Correct
That's right! Switching your attention from your focused to a more diffuse way of analyzing the
problem can help you retrench and tackle what you are doing in new and better ways.
1 / 1 point
3.Question 3
Select the following true statements about memory according to the information provided in the
videos.
Repetition is needed so your metabolic vampires—natural dissipating processes—don‟t suck the

memories away.
Correct
True.
When you encounter something new, you often use your working memory to handle it. If you want to
move that information into your long term memory, it often takes time and practice.
Correct
True.
Pinch yourself or apply some minor pain while trying to consciously trying to remember an item, it
will help lodge it more firmly in memory.
Working memory is the part of memory that has to do with what you are immediately and
consciously processing in your mind.
Correct
True.
1 / 1 point
4.Question 4
The following actions help enable the focused mode (check all that apply):
Turning off all interruptions, as for example, your cell phone.
Correct
That's right—this enhances your ability to use the focused mode.
Avoiding distractions of any sort by taking yourself to a quiet area of the library.
Correct
That's right--this enhances your ability to use the focused mode.
Daydreaming while looking at something.
Relaxing while taking a shower.

1 / 1 point
5.Question 5
You can create a solid chunk by just looking at the solution in a solution manual—it's not necessary
to work the solution yourself.
and use different chunks.
Correct
True.
Only skunks chunk.
Basically, as outlined in this course, a chunk means a network of neurons that are used to firing
together, so you can think a thought or perform an action smoothly and effectively.
Correct
True.
1 / 1 point
6.Question 6
Select the following true statements about thinking and learning:
Exercise isn't related to your ability to learn.
"Spaced repetition" is an effective learning technique.
Correct
True
Being puzzled by new concepts and problems when we first see them is common—we often need to
step away from what we are learning in order to see it with the new perspective that we need to
understand what we're trying to learn.
Correct
True.
To learn most effectively, all you need to do is understand the basic concept. Practice and repetition
kills your creativity, so it's best avoided.
1 / 1 point
7.Question 7
Select the following true statements, as taught in this course, regarding the concept of
"understanding."
Understanding alone is in general enough to create a chunk.
Can you create a chunk if you don‟t understand? Yes, but it‟s often a useless chunk that won‟t fit in
with or relate to other material you are learning.
Correct
True
Understanding is unrelated to chunking.
You often realize the first time you truly understand something is when you can actually do it
yourself.
Correct
True.
1 / 1 point
8.Question 8
Check the following true statements regarding illusions of competence in learning, as described in
the videos.
Rereading is a more effective study method than recall, that is, simply looking away from the
material and attempting to recall the main ideas.
You can spend a LOT of time studying the material, but if you aren't using effective study
techniques, you can end up not learning very much.
Correct
True.
Recall—simply looking away from the material and attempting to recall the main ideas—is a more
effective study technique than concept mapping.
Correct
True.
Highlighting is a more effective study method than recall, that is, simply looking away from the
material and attempting to recall the main ideas.
1 / 1 point
9.Question 9
Check the following true statements regarding the concept of recall.
A helpful way to make sure you‟re learning, and not fooling yourself with illusions of competence, is
to TEST yourself on what you‟re learning. In some sense, that‟s what recall is actually doing—
allowing you to see whether or not you really grasped an idea.
Correct
True.
Recall is best done where you originally learned the material because repeating in the same room is
the best way to deepen your neural structures so that you perform well on tests.
Using recall—mental retrieval of the key ideas—rather than passive rereading will make your study
time more focused and effective
Correct
True.
Recalling when you are sitting in a lower position in the room can help you better remember the
foundations ("the lower parts") of what you are studying.
1 / 1 point
10.Question 10
Select the true statements below regarding the concept of overlearning:
You should focus on overlearning whenever you sit down to study.
Automaticity can indeed be helpful in times of nervousness. But be wary of repetitive overlearning
during a single session—research has shown it can be a waste of valuable learning time.
Correct
True.
Continuing to study or practice after you‟ve mastered what you can in the session is
called overlearning.
Correct
True.
Overlearning what you are learning is one of the best ways to avoid Einstellung.
1 / 1 point
11.Question 11
Select the correct answers here with relation to procrastination, according to the videos.
It is best to try to focus on product, not process, because the process is often what triggers the
pain that causes you to procrastinate.
One of the easiest ways to focus on process is to focus on doing a Pomodoro—a twenty-five-
minute timed work session. (Do NOT focus on completing a task.)
Correct
By focusing on process rather than product, you allow yourself to back away from judging yourself
(Am I getting closer to finishing? ) and allow yourself to relax into the flow of the work.
Correct
By focusing on product rather than process, you allow yourself to back away from judging yourself
(Am I getting closer to finishing? ) and allow yourself to relax into the flow of the work.
1 / 1 point
12.Question 12
Select all options that are good study and learning methods that can be used to remember
something well.
Make sure you have lots of people around you when you are studying so you don‟t work too hard
and can develop your networking skills.
As the one video with Dr. Oakley upside down revealed, studying upside down is an effective
method for remembering.
Repeat key concepts several times over several days, gradually increasing the time between each
subsequent repetition as you master the material.
Correct
This is an excellent approach towards remembering something.
Study material before you go to sleep at night to let your subconscious mind work on and process
the material as you sleep.
Correct
During sleep, your brain tidies up ideas and concepts you are thinking about and learning—it erases
the less important parts of memories and simultaneously strengthens areas that you need or want to
remember. During sleep, your brain also rehearses some of the tougher parts of whatever you are
trying to learn—going over and over neural patterns to deepen and strengthen them.
1 / 1 point
13.Question 13
Choose all of the true statements about using memorizing techniques such as a "memory palace."
Memory techniques such as the memory palace allow you to develop and use your creativity
because you are using such unexpected and unusual scenarios for internal connections later on.
Correct
True.
You must always have a partner to help you employ a memory palace so that you can help each
other practice and sharpen your skills in a group setting.
The first few times you try these techniques it will be difficult and more time consuming, but the
longer you use it the easier and quicker you will be able to employ these techniques.
Correct
True.
You should eat lots of cheese while using these memory techniques as the lactose has been shown
to increase mental acuity.
1 / 1 point
14.Question 14
What are the four categories of cues that were explained in the video as causing people to fall into a
habitual reaction (what might be thought of as a "zombie" response mode)?
Location, identification, indentation, subliminal (either internal or external)
Location, time, how you feel, reaction (either to other people or to something that just happened)
A man, a plan, a canal, Panama
Identify, define, optimize, verify
Correct
1 / 1 point
15.Question 15
Check the four components of habit (as described in the videos) from the list of words given below.
belief
Correct
reward
Correct
cue
Correct
redundancy
deliberate
routine
Correct
1 / 1 point
16.Question 16
Select all of the true statements about the purpose and benefits of writing a list of the tasks you
want to perform.
It is better to make a task list before you go to sleep, so your subconscious, "diffuse" thinking
processes can have a chance to help assist you in actually accomplishing the tasks the next day.
Correct
As discussed in several of the videos, making a task list allows you to raise your self-esteem, which
allows you to do better at the tasks.
Task lists free up working memory because they transfer some of the ideas to paper (or smart
phone, or computer). All you have to do is remember to check your task list instead of trying to keep
in mind all the many things you want to do. The "zombie task list" on one of the videos helped
reinforce this idea.
Correct
Making a task list and then throwing it away, as described in one of the videos, is one of the most
effective ways of using a task list.
1 / 1 point
17.Question 17
Select the following true statements in relation to metaphor and analogy.
Metaphors and analogies are only useful when you are doing creative writing exercises.
It‟s often helpful to pretend YOU are the concept you are trying to understand.
Correct
Metaphors and analogies, as well as stories, can sometimes be useful for getting people out of
Einstellung—being blocked by thinking about a problem in the wrong way
Correct
One of the best things you can do not only to remember, but to better understand a concept is to
create a metaphor or analogy for it, often the more visual, the better.
Correct
1 / 1 point
18.Question 18
As Dr. Sejnowski mentioned in one of his videos, new neurons are born in your hippocampus every
day. These neurons can survive and help you remember things if you (check all that apply):
Procrastinate.
Read a book about a new subject area
Correct
environments or ideas. Reading about something new is definitely exposing yourself to new ideas!
Travel to an exotic foreign country and experience new and different ways of doing things.
Correct
environments or ideas. Travel to new places is definitely exposure to a new environment!
Learn a new dance movement
Correct
environments or ideas. Learning something new, like dance, is definitely exposing yourself to new
ideas!
1 / 1 point
19.Question 19
Choose the statements below that best describe the “Imposter Syndrome.”
The "imposter syndrome" involves an old psychological theory involving acting out your fears.
Researchers have recently debunked the theory.
Imposter syndrome involves frequent feelings of inadequacy.
Correct
The imposter syndrome is a very rare condition.
Getting a good grade on a test but being convinced that it was luck and that you are sure to fail the
next test and be exposed as a fraud, is a good example of the imposter syndrome.
Correct
1 / 1 point
20.Question 20
Santiago Ramon y Cajal felt that the key to his success was his ____________, which he called "the
virtue of the less brilliant." (Select the appropriate word to fill in the blank.)
perseverance
untested but undeniable high IQ
sense of humor
vision
Correct
1 / 1 point
21.Question 21
Select all true statements about teamwork.
One of the videos emphasized that you should NOT look the material over before you arrive and
meet with your study group.
As one of the videos mentioned, spending lots of time talking about subjects not related to what you
are studying can be a valuable addition to your study session, and should be encouraged.
Study groups are a good way to bounce ideas and concepts off of another brain in order to look at
ideas from different view-points and further cement study material in your memory.
Correct
By making it a point to do some of your studying with friends, you can more easily catch where your
thinking has gone astray.
Correct
1 / 1 point
22.Question 22
Select all of the true statements about including "mini tests" in your regular study sessions
As one of the videos mentioned, testing yourself during studying is only effective for engineering and
disciplines that are heavily mathematics-oriented.
Incorporating testing within your study sessions is most productive only in the morning when your
mind is fresh.
A benefit of testing yourself during your studying is that the testing process becomes routine and a
natural extension of the learning process. This can ease anxiety and improve your performance for
actual examinations.
Correct
Research has shown that testing yourself during your studies is one of the best ways to understand
and retain information.
Correct
1 / 1 point
23.Question 23
Select all of the questions that come from Dr. Richard Felder's "test checklist." Do whatever it takes
to answer yes to most of the questions on this list.
Did you do the great bulk of your studying only 48 hours before the test, in order to maximize the
amount you retain prior to taking the test?
Did you go over the study guide and problems with classmates and quiz one another?
Correct
Did you attempt to outline each homework question before discussing it with classmates?
Correct
Did you understand all of your homework problem solutions before the assignment was handed in?
Correct
Did you get a reasonable night‟s sleep before the test?

Correct
Did you make a genuine effort to get the test questions and answers at least a week in advance from
the teaching assistant?
Did you attempt to outline lots of problem solutions quickly without spending time doing the algebra?
Correct
1 / 1 point
24.Question 24
Choose all of the true statements about the "hard start, jump to easy" test taking technique.
In order for this technique to work, you must do a lot of exercise before taking the test—without the
exercise, the technique is MUCH less effective.
It is best to first try this technique during your study sessions before a test in order to determine if it
is right for you and to get a feel for how it will work.
Correct
This method may make more efficient use of your brain because it may allow different parts of your
brain to work simultaneously on different problems.
Correct
This method involves starting with the easiest problems in order to build up your confidence for the
harder test questions later.
1 / 1 point
25.Question 25
Select all of the true statements about pre-test stress and how to overcome it.
When stressed before a test, you should turn your attention to your breathing. Taking deep breaths
can control your stress level and fight the "fight or flight" instinct.
Correct
There is no way to fight stress, embrace the panic; it will subside on its own… eventually.
As one of the videos mentioned, if you are a naturally anxious person you should just accept the fact
that you're doomed—you will always suffer on tests. By realizing this, you relax into it.
As one of the videos mentioned, when stressed, your body produces cortisol which can give you
sweaty palms and a racing heart.
Correct
1 / 1 point
26.Question 26
Select test taking tips that were mentioned in the videos.
A good tip for test taking, as mentioned in one of the videos, is to quietly tap your knee while you are
taking the test.
When answering multiple choice questions, cover the answers and try to recall the answer on your
own.
Correct
Know the difference between good worry, which is the source of motivation, and bad worry which is
the root of fear and only serves to waste energy.
Correct
As one of the videos suggested, you should try staring with crossed eyes at the examination, which
will activate the hippocampus and allow you to remember the material more easily.
1 / 1 point
27.Question 27
Which of the following options have been shown by research to be generally NOT as effective a
method for studying—that is, which methods are more likely to be used by those suffering
from illusions of competence in learning?
Rereading the text
Correct
When the text is open right in front of you, it fools you into thinking that you know the material. But
you only really know that material for certain when you can recall the material--or at least the key
ideas--WITHOUT the text open in front of you.
Recall
Testing yourself
Highlighting more than one or so sentence in a paragraph
Correct
With highlighting, the fact that your hand is moving can fool you into thinking you're putting
something into your brain, when you're not.

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LEARNING HOW TO LEARN - Notes

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Learning How to Learn: Powerful mental

tools to help you master tough subjects

Terrence Sejnowski and Barbara Oakley

Introduction to the Focused and Diffuse Modes

Spaced repetition" is good because it (select the single best answer)

Sleep (check all that apply)

Interview with Dr. Terrence Sejnowski

diffuse spread out focused weight-lifting

focused diffuse Dali

How to Form a Chunk - Part 1

How to Form a Chunk - Part 2

One common mistake that learners make is to

There is a bottom-up chunking process where

Seeing the Bigger Picture

What Motivates You?

The amygdala an almond shaped structure shown here,

Acetylcholine affects focused learning and attention

Dopamine signals in relation to unexpected rewards

Serotonin affects social life and risk taking behavior

Summary for Module 2

more chunks the better

transfer - one concept/field into another

Discussions Forums week 2

Introduction to Procrastination and Memory

Tackling Procrastination - It is Easier, and More Valuable, Than You

Select the true statements below in relation to memory

GRADE 100% Procrastination and Memory

How to Become a Better Learner

old neurons shown in blue and newly

-People's ability to do complex analysis.

Introduction to Renaissance Learning and Unlocking Your Potential

Create a Lively Visual Metaphor of Analogy

No Need for Genius Envy

Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life

Retrieval Practice GRADE 100%

Congratulations! You passed!

Repeat the question soundlessly to yourself.

Repetition is needed so your metabolic vampires—natural dissipating processes—don‟t suck the

Turning off all interruptions, as for example, your cell phone.

Daydreaming while looking at something.

Relaxing while taking a shower.

Only skunks chunk.

Exercise isn't related to your ability to learn.

"Spaced repetition" is an effective learning technique.

Understanding alone is in general enough to create a chunk.

Understanding is unrelated to chunking.

You should focus on overlearning whenever you sit down to study.

Location, identification, indentation, subliminal (either internal or external)

A man, a plan, a canal, Panama

Identify, define, optimize, verify

Read a book about a new subject area

Learn a new dance movement

Imposter syndrome involves frequent feelings of inadequacy.

The imposter syndrome is a very rare condition.

untested but undeniable high IQ

Did you get a reasonable night‟s sleep before the test?

Rereading the text

Highlighting more than one or so sentence in a paragraph

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