ACI STR Title no, 92-827 URAL JOURNA MeN ees al Analytical Model for Cyclic Compressive Behavior of Brick Masonry a J >< by Kolluru V. L. Subramaniam and S. N. Sinha A simple mathematical model using polynomial functions is presented for uniaxial eylic behavior of clay brick masonry under compressive loading. The proposed model predicts the reloading and unloading stress-strain ‘urves at different values of plastic (residual) strains, for both cases of loading, ie, loading perpendicular to the bed joint and loading parallel to ‘the bed joint. The model transfers the reloading and unloading curves 1.4 normalized stress-strain coordinate system on which the reloading and unloading curves plot within a narrow range. A parent polynomial is then developed 10 fit the curves on this coontinate system, The individual ‘reloading and unloading curves can then be produced by transferring the parent equation to the stress-strain coordinate system. Comparison Detween the experimental and computed stress-strain curves shows good correspondence Keywords: bricks; clays: compressive strength; yeti loads; masonry; stress-strain relationships: structural analysis, Several studies have been reported on the behavior of con- ‘crete under uniaxial cyclic compressive loading.” Some an- alytical models have also been reported to predict this behavior.'* Most of the work done on cyclic loading of concrete block masonry has been on inplane loading in rela- tion to seismic design of buildings." Experimental investi- gations into the behavior of solid clay brick masonry subjected to uniaxial cyclic compressive loading have been reported only in the last decade."""!? Understanding of the re- sponse of brick masonry to cyclic compressive loading is particularly applicable to the design of brick, masonry struc- tures having a large live load-to-dead load ratio. The cyclic stress-strain curve is essential for evaluating the behavior of a structure after it has deteriorated with time and has accu- ‘mulated plastic deformation, causing material degradation. Cyclie compressive tests! on brick masonry prisms sub- jected to varying amounts of sustained and alternating stress levels indicate a reduction in the compressive strength as large as 30 percent of the static compressive strength. Exper- imental studies on the behavior of brick masonry tested un- der uniaxial cyclic compressive loading have also been reported previously, and its stress-strain characteristics have been established. 288 ‘Two models for obtaining the reloading and unloading stress-strain curves of brick masonry tested under uniaxial cyclic compressive loading have been reported previous- ly." In the mathematical model,!? analytical expressions using exponential functions are proposed for the reloading and unloading curves. Itis shown that the reloading curves can be represented mathematically by a family of parabolas, and the unloading curves can similarly be represented by a family of straight lines. The equations of a parent parabola ‘and a parent straight line are used to generate the family of parabolas and the family of straight lines, respectively. The family of parabolas and the family of straight lines are then used to compute the reloading and the unloading curves, re- spectively. In the geometrical model,"* a geometrical formu- lation of pieced linear stress-strain curves is presented. The model determines a set of focal points that govern the pieced linear branches of the reloading and the unloading curves. This model facilitates reproduction of these curves without any computation. In this paper, a simplified analytical model for obtaining the reloading and the unloading stress-strain curves of brick ‘masonry is presented for both cases of loading, ic., loading perpendicular to the bed joint and loading parallel to the bed joint. The model uses simple polynomial functions and is ‘easy to compute. It transfers the reloading and the unloading curves to a normalized coordinate system on which all the curves plot within a narrow range. A parent polynomial is then developed to fit the curves on this coordinate system, The individual reloading and unloading curves can then be produced by transferring the parent equation to the stress- strain coordinate system. Comparison between the experi- ACI SracrralJoumal, V-92, No, 3, May-Sane 1995, Received Dec 27,1993 and reviewed unr Institute publication ptces. Copy: Py Aneran Cre nt Al ire nage man ‘of copies unless persion sind frm the Soph popcorsRetnen dig “ston wll Be plished inthe Marh-Apal 1996 ACY Stara Jorma eceved yaw 11985 ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1995“Rotana VL. Subramaniam obi ix B Teck degree from indian Tsiae of Tech rolgy Delhi India Hes preset working toward hs MS degre at the University (pf Toledo, Ohio, His esearch interest i sractaral engineering. '.N.Sinha is Profesor of Cl Engineering tthe Indian Instn of Technology He ‘has athored mamerous papers on reinforced concrete, rick mason plts, and {olied pate ructre. ‘mental and the computed stress-strain curves shows good correspondence. ‘The comparison of the normalized stress-strain envelope curve reported in Reference 12 has been made with other en- velope curves proposed by Powell and Hodgkinson.'* The comparison is good. EXPERIMENTAL CURVES In this paper, cyclic stress-strain curves reported in Refer- ences 12 and 13 have been used for developing analytical ex- pressions of the reloading/unloading curves. The cyclic stress-strain curves have been presented in the normalized coordinate system. The normalized stress coordinate frepre- sents the ratio O/6,,, where & represents stress and 0, repre- sents the failure (peak) stress of each specimen, respectively, and the normalized strain coordinate e represents the strain ratio e/€, Where € represents axial strain, and €, represents axial strain corresponding to peak stress. For the experimen- tal curves of brick masonry loaded perpendicular to the bed joint (References 12 and 13), the mean failure stress 6, Was 5.4 Nim: with a standard deviation of 0.25 N/mm?, and the mean value of €,, was 6.1 x 10° with a standard deviation of 3.4x 104, For specimens loaded parallel to the bed joint, the ‘mean failure stress 6,, Was 5.8 N/mm? with a standard devi- ation of 0.30 N/mm, and the mean value of €, was 6.0.x 10 with a standard deviation of 4.0 x 10+. RELOADING CURVES ‘The experimental reloading stress-strain curves of brick masonry tested under uniaxial cyclic compressive loadings perpendicular and parallel to the bed joint are shown in Fig, 1. These curves are presented on the normalized stress-strain coordinate system (e versus f). Each reloading curve starts at a particular value of normalized plastic strain ratio and ter- rminates where it coincides with the envelope stress-strain curve obtained from the monotonic tests. The normalized plastic strain e, is defined as the ratio of permanent strain Ep, and strain cortesponding to failure (peak) stress €,, The te- loading curves have a double curvature, and therefore poly- nomials of degree greater than 2 would have to be used t0 ‘model these curves using polynomial functions. The degree of curvature of these curves increases with an increase in the level of plastic strain, suggesting that plastic strain is an im- portant parameter in determining the reloading curves. ‘The analytical expressions for the reloading curves have been developed by plotting all the reloading curves from a ‘common origin, by transferring all the curves from the e ver- sus f coordinate system to the (e-¢,) versus f coordinate sys- tem, as shown in Fig. 2. It is observed that the inclination of these curves decreases as the plastic strain ratio increases, ‘These curves have further been transferred on the coordinate system wherein (e-e,) coordinate is normalized with respect ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1995, Theoretical Experimental Theoretical — Experimental 19) (>) « Fig. I—Reloading curves: (a) load perpendicular o bed joint; (6) load parallel to bed joint 10 (eyay-e,), and the f coordinate is normalized with respect 10 fnar FOF €ACH CUIVE. (Cpay-€p) ANG fnay COTTESON tO the maximum values of (e-e,) and f for each curve where it co- incides with the envelope curve. On the normalized coordinate system, each curve origi- nates from (0,0) and terminates at (1,1). On transferring all the reloading curves to the normalized coordinate system, (e- ep)n Versus f, (Fig. 3), the reloading curves plot within two distinctive narrow bands of points. It is observed that the re- loading curves starting from plastic strain ratio ¢, less than 0.2 exhibit lesser degree of curvature, for loading normal to bed joint. For loading parallel to bed joint, reloading curves starting from e, less than 0.1 exhibit lesser curvature. Least-squares method was used to compute two parent polynomial curves to fit the two bands of points observed in 289a (e-ep) 12 08 04 ° (b) Fig. 2—Reloading curves plotted from common origin: (a) load perpendicular to bed joint; (b) load parallel to bed Joint each case of loading. The equations of these polynomials are given as follows: For loading perpendicular to bed joint for ¢,<0.2 Sn = 0.8375(6 = &p)y = 0.2918(€ = &p)? + (la) 1.7163(€ - ¢), = 1.2722(e - ep) for e,>02 290 1.0 05 1.0 08 ‘ty 0.6 04 02 ° 02 04 06 O08 10 12 (b) (e-ep)n Fig. 3—Reloading curves plotted on normalized coordi- nate system: (a) load perpendicular to bed joint; (b) load parallel to bed joint In =0.614(6 - ep)q ~ 0.44076 - ep)? + (iby 2.8884(¢ - epg - 2.0703(e - ep) For loading parallel to bed joint: for e,<0.1 fn =0.7032(e - €,)q - 0.7605(€ - €,),? +0.4576(e - ep), (2a) 2 for e,>0.1 = 0.5462(¢ - ep)q ~ 0.2051(€ - ep)y + (2b) 2458(e - ep) - 1.8022(€ - eit where (=n (€- epMEnax ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1995tn = Aina ‘The parent polynomial function can now be used to gener- ate individual reloading stress-strain curves. To transfer the parent equation in the (e-e,), coordinate system to the e-fco- ordinate system, the values Of éua, M4 fu for a given value of ¢, must be known, ‘The value of éyac Varies for each reloading curve starting from a particular value of ,- By plotting éya, against ¢, as shown in Fig. 4, the relationship between ea. and ¢, is ob- served to be parabolic. Least-squares method was used to compute second-degree polynomial to fit the experimental data for both cases of loading, The equations are given as fol- lows: For loading perpendicular to bed joint max = 0.1835 + 3¢,- 2e7 @) For loading parallel to bed joint 2 nay = 0.25 + 2.5¢ - Ile? 4 Using the equation of envelope curve in the e-f coordinate system, proposed in Reference 12, the relationship between eax AN fg CaN be expressed as max = &max* &P (1 ~ eas) (5) ‘The reloading curves are now obtained using the follow- ing steps: 1. For the given value of plastic strain ratio €,, émari8 eval- uated using Eq. (3) or (4). 2. For the computed value of ean the Vale Of fxg Can be computed using Eq. (5) 3. The values of f, can be evaluated for different values of ¢ on the reloading curve originating from the given e, and terminating at éygq Using Eq. (1) or Eq. (2). 4, The values of f corresponding to a value of e is evaluat- ed by multiplying f, by fas- ‘The computed reloading curves are shown along with the experimental reloading curves in Fig. 1. The comparison be- tween the experimental and computed reloading stress-strain curves shows good correspondence. UNLOADING CURVES ‘The experimental unloading stress-strain curves of brick masonry tested under uniaxial cyclic compressive loadings perpendicular and parallel to the bed joint are shown on the normalized stress-strain coordinate system (¢ versus f), in Fig. 5. Each unloading curve starts from the envelope curve (Cmax) And terminates at a particular value of ¢,, ‘The un- loading curves exhibit single curvature and the degree of curvature of these curves is found to increase as the stress is decreased. This softening response exhibited by the unload- ing curves at low stress levels is more pronounced the larger the envelope strain at which unloading begins, ‘The procedure adopted for developing analytical expres- sions for the unloading curves is the same as that adopted for the reloading curves. The unloading curves have been plot- ted from a common origin by transferring the unloading ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1995 16 max Lp ° 02 0. 06 08 tb) * Fig. 4Relationship benveen eax and ey: (a) load per- pendicular to bed joint; (b) load parallel 10 bed joint curves from the e versus f coordinate system to the (e - ¢,) versus f coordinate system, as shown in Fig. 6. The inclina- tion of these curves is observed to decrease as the value of nex . These curves have further been transferred to the coordinate system wherein (e-e,) coordinate is normal- ized with respect t0 (énax-ép)« and the f coordinate is normal- ized with respect t0 fgg, for each curve. On the normalized ‘coordinate system, each curve originates from (0,0) and ter- minates at (1,1). On the normalized coordinate system [(e- ey Versus fy} all the curves plot within two narrow bands of points, as shown in Fig. 7. It is observed that the unloading curves terminating at plastic strain ratio less than 0.2 exhibit alesser degree of curvature, for both cases of loading, ‘The least-squares method was used to compute two parent polynomial curves to fit the two bands of points observed in 291Theoretical 10r experimental os} 06 ou 02} Theoretical — Experimental o8| 06 ou 02] (e) « Fig. 5—Unloading curves: (a) load perpendicular to bed Joint; (b) load parallel to bed joint each case of loading. The equation of these polynomials are given as follow: For loading perpendicular to bed joint: for e, < 0.2 Sy=0379(€ - ey + 0.6145(e -€p)2 (6a) for e,>0.2 fy = 04221 (€ - ep) 0.3752(€ - €p)z + 0.9451(e - ep), (6D) For loading parallel to bed joint: for e, < 0.2 292 ( (e-ep) ae ° OF On Os (e-ep) () “se Fig. 6—Unloading curves: (a) load perpendicular to bed int; (b) load parallel to bed joint 6425(€ - &p)y - O.4488(€ - ep), + 0.797(€ - &p),s (Ta) fore, > 0.2 Sy = NABTS(€ ~ &p)y ~ 1.1S28(€ - ep) ~ 2.0197(€ - epg? (7D) + 1,7069(e - e,)¢ where (e = ep)y=(€- &p)/ (Cmax ~ ep) In= Mma ‘The parent polynomial functions can now be used to gen- crate individual unloading curves. To transfer the parent ‘equation in the (e-e,):f, coordinate system to the e-f coordi- nate system, the values Of €, and fag for a given Value Of eae ACI Structural Journal / May-June 19951a (wy (e-epn Fig. 7—Unloading curves plotted on normalized coordinate system: (a) load perpendicular to bed joint; (b) load parallel 10 bed joint must be known. The value of ¢, varies for each unloading curve starting at a particular value of éax By plotting ¢, against énae aS shown in Fig. 8, the relationship between ¢, and €nax Was found to be approximated by a second-degree polynomial. The equations of the second-degree polynomi als computed using least-squares method are given as fol- lows. For loading perpendicular to bed joint -0.0077 + 0.20805¢)nax + 0.2556€ 3,4 (8) For loading parallel to bed joint 0.012 + 0.218 az + 0.2774€ yay (9) The relationship between énax aNd fas i8 given by the ‘equation of the envelope curve [Eq. (5)] ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1995 fa) max 06 02 ° (b) max Fig. 8—Relationship between ey and emax: (a) load per- pendicular to bed joint; (b) load parallel to bed joint ‘The unloading curves can now be computed using the fol- owing steps: 1. For the given value of envelope strain éygysthe value of ¢, is evaluated using Eq, (8) or (9). 2. For the given value of éyuays the ValU€ Of fg, Can be com- puted using Eq. (5). 3. The values of f, can be computed for different values of ¢ on the unloading curve starting from (eax fas) and termi- nating at ¢, using Bq, (6) of (7). 4. The value of f corresponding to a particular value of e is evaluated by multiplying f, bY far ‘The computed unloading curves are shown along with the ‘experimental unloading curves in Fig. 5. The comparison be~ tween the experimental and computed unloading curves shows good correspondence. The proposed methodology has been applied to test results of solid clay brick masonry. It can also be applied to brick 293masonry constructed with other types of units and mortar, CONCLUSIONS {A simple mathematical model for the uniaxial eyclic com. pressive behavior of brick masonry is presented, The model Preiitates the reproduction of the reloading and unloading Rurese-strain curves for both cases of loading, i.e. loading perpendicular tothe bed joint and loading parallel tothe bed Join. The algorithm of the model is simple and it can be ompuited easily."The comparison between the mode! predic, Some and the experimental stress-strain curves show good correspondence. ox mine NOTATION nial stress and axa strain, espestively peak ire) stess and axa stein coresponing 0 peak ondimensional stress and strain ratios respectively ‘pondimensional plastic strain rronaimensona stain rato for points on reloading oF unload ing curve wher it coincides with the envelope curve ine mensionel tes ratio for points on envelope CUTE Cor. responding © max normalized value of + normalized value off REFERENCES 1 Karsan, 1. D., and Sirs, J, 0, "Behavior of Concrete under Compress sive Lantngs." Journal ofthe Structural Division, ASC 1 V. 95, No. 12. Dee, 1969, pp. 2543-2563, 2. Oka vo: Shiomi, and Yamabe, K., "Earthquake Resistance of Praineaed Concrete Structures.” Proceedigs, Anal Convention, APSi- {ectural Institute of Japan, 1976, pp. 1251-1282 gpoone, D.C, and Doug JW. 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