Glossary of Latin Legal terms compiled by: Aureal

Busgano (ENPE 104 N2)

A
1)​Ad hoc​ (to/for the): Generally signifies a solution designed for a specific
problem or task, non-generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted
to other purposes.
Example:
"...creating an ​Ad Hoc​ Committee to investigate the case against petitioner.
Appointed to the Committee were respondent City Councilor …"
(G.R. No. 141427 Ramonito Tantoy Sr. vs Court of Appeals, 2001)

2)​Amicus Curiae (friend of court): A person who offers information to a

court regarding a case before it.
Example:
"...A lawyer shall not decline, except for a serious and sufficient cause, an
appointment as counsel de oficio or an ​amicus curiae​…"
(G.R. Nos. 154297-300 Public Attorney's Office , Maximos B. Usita JR, Wilfredo
C. Andres vs. The Hon. Sandiganbayan Special Division, 2008)

B
3)​Bona Fide(good faith): Implies sincere good intention regardless of
outcome.
Example:
"...the subject land under a " ​bona fide​" claim of ownership.."
(G.R. No. 176022 Republic of the Philippines vs Cecilia Grace L. Roasa, 2015)
 C
4)​Caveat Emptor​ (Let the buyer beware) : In addition to the general warning,
also refers to a legal doctrine wherein a buyer could not get relief from a seller
for defects present on property which rendered it unfit for use.
Example:
"...Mega Prime, as buyer, bought the shares of stock at its own risk under the
caveat emptor​ rule…"
(G.R. No. 173456 Mega Prime Realty and Holdings Corp. vs PNB, 2008)

5)​Certiorari​ (to be apprised): A type of writ seeking judicial review.

Example:
"This Petition for ​Certiorari​ under Rule 65 of the Revised Rules of Court filed
by petitioner Alfredo Tagle…"
(G.R. No. 172299 Alfredo Tagle vs Equitable PCI Bank, 2008)

6)​Contra Legem​( against the law): Used when a court or tribunal hands
down a decision that is contrary to the laws of the governing state.
Example​:
"...Because the promotional appointment in favor of petitioner Victoria was a
violation of Section 59, it was null and void as being ​contra legem​…"
(G.R. No. 111471 City Mayor Rogelio R. Debulgado and Victoria T.Debulgado vs
Civil Service Commision, 1994)

7)​Corpus Delicti​ (body of the crime): A person cannot be convicted of a

crime, unless it can be proven that the crime was even committed
Example:
"...​Corpus delicti​ is defined as the body, foundation or substance upon which
a crime has been committed, e.g. the corpse of a murdered man…"
(G.R. No. 170863 Anthony Zapanta vs Republic of the Philippines, 2013)

8)​Corpus Juris​ (body of law): The complete collection of laws of a particular

jurisdiction or court.
Example:
"...Such silence, under the rule on interpretation of laws, signifies acquiescene
in such construction (59 ​Corpus Juris​, 1037, sec. 613)..."
(G.R. No. 44100 WM H. Anderson vs Juan Posadas JR, 1938)
 D
9)​De Facto​ (in fact): Literally "from fact"; often used to mean something that is
true in practice, but has not been officially instituted or endorsed.
Example​:
"...On the capacity of the donee, the RTC held that at the time of the execution
of the Deed, the petitioner was a de facto corporation…"
(G.R. No. 224307 The Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Fatima vs Amando
Alonza et al., 2018)

10)​De Minimis​ (about the smallest things):Various legal areas concerning

small amounts or small degrees.
Example​:
"...Firstly, the losses expected should be substantial and not merely ​de
minimis​ in extent…"
(G.R. No. 169780 Alfredo A. Mendros JR vs Mitsubishi Motors Phils
Corporation, 2009)

11)​De Novo​ (anew): Often used in the context of "trial de novo" – a new trial
ordered when the previous one failed to reach a conclusion.
Example​:
"...A trial ​de novo​, it has been said, means a new trial in the same manner, with
the same effect, and upon the same issues as the case was tried in the lower
court…"
(G.R. No. L-17260 Jose Crisostomo vs The Director of Prisons, 1921)

12)​Dictum​ (said): A statement given some weight or consideration due to the

respect given the person making it.
Example​:
"...as held by the Supreme Court, an obiter ​dictum​ lacks force of adjudication.
It is merely an expression of an opinion with no binding force…"
(G.R. No. 142947 Francisco Villanueva vs Court of Appeals and Roque
Villadores, 2002)
13)​Duces Tecum​ (bring with you): A "subpoena duces tecum" is a summons to
produce physical evidence for a trial.
Example​:
"...The subpoena ​duces tecum​ is, in all respects, like the ordinary subpoena ad
testificandum…"
(G.R. No. 158275 Domingo Roco vs Hon. Edward Contreras et al., 2005)

E
14)​Erga Omnes​ (towards all): Refers to rights or obligations that are owed
towards all.
Example​:
"...Even the invocation of jus cogens norms and ​erga omnes​ obligations will
not alter this analysis…"
(G.R. No. 162230 Malaya Lolas Organization vs Hon. Alberto Romulo et al.,
2010)

15)​Ergo​ (therefore)
Example​:
"...​ergo​, just compensation should be based on the value of the property as of
that time and not at the time of possession in 1993…"
(G.R. No. 174007 Department of Agrarian Reform vs Manolo V Goduco, 2012)

16)​Erratum​ (having been made in error):

Example​:
"...Security Bank caused the publication of an ​erratum​ in a newspaper to
correct these errors…"
(G.R. No. 192934 Security Bank vs Spouses Rodrigo and Erlinda Mercado, 2018)
17)​Ex Delicto​ (from a transgression): The consequence of a crime or tort.
Example​:
"...both the trial court and the Court of Appeals failed to award civil indemnity
ex delicto​ to the heirs of the victims…"
(G.R. No. 163351 Antonio V Nueva España vs Republic of the Philippines, 2005)

19)​Ex Officio​ (from the office): Something done or realized by the fact of
holding an office or position.
Example​:
"...The ​ex officio​ members may designate their representatives to the
Commission…"
(G. R. No. 156982 National Amnesty Commission vs Commision on Audit et al.,
2004)

20)​Ex Post Facto​ (from a thing done afterward): Commonly said as "after the
fact."
Example​:
"...The writer hereof believes, upon the other hand, that the new law should
not be given retroactive effect if it is not be to ​ex post facto​…"
(G.R. No. L-1656 The People of the Philippines vs Roman Vilo, 1949)
 F
21)​Factum Probandum​ (Fact needing to be proved): A fact that, for some
reason (usually to carry a burden of proof)
Example​:
"...Respondents have the burden to substantiate the ​factum probandum​ of
their complaint…"
(G.R. No. 192486 Ruperta Cano Vda. de Viray and Jesus Carlo Gerard de Viray
vs Spouses Jose and Amelita Usi, 2012)

22)​Felo de se​ (A suicide): This archaic term stems from English common law,
where suicide was legally a felony, thus a person who committed suicide was
treated as a felon for purposes of estate disposal.
Example​:
"...the cause of the accusation against him, the process is itself a ​felo de se​…"
(G.R. No. 130487 The People of the Philippines vs Roberto Estrada, 2000)

23)​Fiat​ : A warrant issued by a judge for some legal proceedings.

Example​:
"...a legislative lacuna cannot be filled by judicial ​fiat​…"
(G.R. No. 122213 CDCP Mining Corporation vs Commissioner of Internal
revenue and Court of Appeals, 2005)

G
24)​Guardian Ad Litem​ (guardian for the case): An independent party
appointed in family law disputes to represent parties that cannot represent
themselves, such as minors, developmentally disabled, or elderly
Example:
"...Pursuant to an order of respondent Judge dated February 14, 1963, a
guardian ad litem of the minor Augusto Salas, Jr., Atty. Raul Almacen, was
appointed…"
( G.R. No. L-20827 Adela Salas-Gatlin vs Hon. Corazon Agrava, 1967)
 H
25)​Habeas Corpus​ (May you have the body):A writ used to challenge the
legality of detention. Orders the detaining party to "have the (living) body" of
the detained brought before the court where the detention will be
investigated.
Example​:
"On March 24, 2011, respondent Raquel M. Cada-Deapera filed before the R TC-
Caloocan a verified petition for writ of ​habeas corpus​…"
(G.R. No. 210636 Ma Hazelina A. Tujan-Militante vs Raquel M. Cada-Deapera,
2014)

26)​Hostis humani generis​ (enemy of the human race): A party considered to

be the enemy of all nations, such as maritime pirates.
Example​:
"...Pirates are in law ​hostes humani generis​. Piracy is a crime not against any
particular state but against all mankind…"
(G.R. No. 17958 The People of the Philippines vs Lol-lo and Saraw, 1922)

I
27)​In Absentia​ ( in absence of) : A legal proceeding conducted without the
presence of one party is said to be conducted in absentia, e.g., trial in absentia
or being sentenced in absentia.
Example​:
"...the other issue is whether or not under Section 19, Article IV of the 1973
Constitution, an accused who has been duly tried ​in absentia​ retains…"
(G.R. No. L-37933 Fiscal Celso M. Gimenez and Federico B. Mercado vs Hon.
Ramon E. Nazareno and Teodoro de la Vega Jr., 1988)
28)​In esse​ (in existence) : actually existing in reality.
Example​:
"...it is essential that there must be a right ​in esse​ or the existence of a right to
be protected…"
(G.R. No. 171765 The Incorporators of Mindanao Institute Inc. vs The United
Church of Christ Philippines, 2012)

J
29)​Jus Civile​ (civil law): A codified set of laws concerning citizenry, and how
the laws apply to them.
Example​:
"...real contracts of the ​jus civile​ (the others being mutuum, commodatum
and depositum should be absorbed by the chattel mortgage contract…"
(G.R. No. L-40018 Northern Motors Inc. vs Filinvest Credit Corp, 1975)

30)​Jus Cogens​ (compelling law): Internationally agreed laws that bear no

deviation, and do not require treaties to be in effect.
Example​:
"...they allege that the prohibition against these international crimes is ​jus
cogens​ norms from which no derogation is possible…"
(G.R. No. 159618 Bayan Muna vs Alberto Romulo, 2011)

31)​Jus Sanguinis​ (right of blood): Social law concept wherein citizenship of a

nation is determined by having one or both parents being citizens.
Example​:
"...Tatad theorized that the Philippines adheres to the principle of ​jus
sanguinis​…"
(G.R. No. 221697 Mary Grace Natividad Poe-Llamanzares vs COMELEC, 2016)
 L
32)​Lex loci​ ( the law of the place) :The law of the country, state, or locality
where the matter under litigation took place. Usually used in contract law, to
determine which laws govern the contract.
Example​:
"...Applying the doctrine of lex loci contractus, the Labor Arbiter held that the
terms and provisions of the employment contract…"
(G.R. NOS. 178382-83 Continental Micronesia Inc., vs Joseph Basso, 2015)

33)​Locus delicti​ (place of the crime): Shorthand version of Lex locus

delicti commissi. The "scene of the crime".
Example:
"...therefrom, the ​locus delicti​ is only five (5) minute-ride-away by bus, or at
most, ten (10) minutes by tricycle…"
(G.R. No. 94432 People of the Philippines vs Domingo Lachica, 1999)

M
34)​Mala fide​ (in bad faith): A condition of being fraudulent or deceptive in act
or belief.
Example:
"...It is tainted with mala fide and, therefore, should not be granted…"
(G.R. No. L-19749 Monico Cruz vs Camilo Pangan and Sotera (Pangan)
Santiago, 1964)

35)​Mandamus​ (we command): A writ issue by a higher court to a lower one,

ordering that court or related officials to perform some administrative duty.
Often used in the context of legal oversight of government agencies.
Example:
"...​Mandamus​ is a writ issued in order to compel the performance, when
refused, of a ministerial duty, this being its main objective…"
(G.R. No. 146531 Domingo R. Manalo vs APIC Savings Bank and Therese V
Vargas, 2005)
36)​Mens rea​ (guilty mind): One of the requirements for a crime to be
committed, the other being actus reus, the guilt act. This essentially is the
basis for the notion that those without sufficient mental capability cannot be
judged guilty of a crime.
Example​:
"...It is from the actus reus and the ​mens rea​, as they find expression in the
criminal statute, that the felony is produced…"
(G. R. No. 160188 Aristotel Valenzuela-Natividad vs People of the Philippines
and Court of Appeals, 2007)

N
37)​Nota Bene​ (note well): A term used to direct the reader to cautionary or
qualifying statements for the main text.
Example:
"...PSI's liability is traceable to its failure to conduct an investigation of the
matter reported in the ​nota bene​ of the count nurse…"
(G.R. No. 126297 Professional Services Inc. vs Natividad and Enrique Agana,
2007)

38)​Nulla Bona​ (no goods): Notation made when a defendant has no tangible
property available to be seized in order to comply with a judgement.
Example​:
"...the liability of the surety or sureties attaches upon the rendition of the
judgment, and the issue of an execution and its return ​nulla bona​…"
(G.R. No. L-28030 The Imperial Insurance Inc. vs Hon. Walfrido de los Reyes et
al., 1982)
 O
39)​Obiter dictum​ (a thing said in passing): In law, an observation by a judge
on some point of law not directly relevant to the case before him, and thus
neither requiring his decision nor serving as a precedent, but nevertheless of
persuasive authority. In general, any comment, remark or observation made
in passing.
Example:
"...An ​obiter dictum​ is an opinion "uttered by the way, not upon the point or
question pending, as if turning aside from the main topic of the case to
collateral subjects…"
(G.R. No. L-4316 People of the Philippines vs Hon. Hignio Macadaeg et al., 1952)

P
40)​Parens patriae​( parent of the nation): Refers to the power of the State to
act as parent to a child when the legal parents are unable or unwilling.
Example​:
"...​Parens patriae​ means parent of his or her country, and refers to the State
in its role as 'sovereign'..."
(G.R. No. 199669 Southern Luzon Drug Corp. vs DSWD et al. , 2017)

41)​Prima facie​ (at first face): A matter that appears to be sufficiently based in
the evidence as to be considered true.
Example​:
"...​Prima facie​ evidence is defined as: Evidence good and sufficient on its
face…"
(G.R. No. 164575 Robert P. Wa-acon vs People of the Philippines, 2006)
 Q
42)​Quid pro quo​ (this for that): An equal exchange of goods or services, or of
money (or other consideration of equal value) for some goods or services.
Example​:
"...Unless of course such a dismissal is a ​quid pro quo​ before the parties could
sit around the bargaining table…"
(G.R. No. L-23331-32 Heirs of Teodolo M. Cruz et al. vs Court of Industrial
Relation et al., 1969)

43)​Quo warranto​ (by what warrant): A request made to someone exercising

some power, to show by what legal right they are exercising that power. A type
of writ.
Example​:
"...the NTC ruled that it was not competent to render a ruling on that issue, the
same being more properly the subject of an action for ​quo warranto​…"
(G.R. No. 162272 Santiago C. Divinagracia vs Consolidated Broadcasting System
Inc. and People's Broadcasting System Inc., 2009)

R
44)​Res judicata (a matter judged): A matter that has been finally
adjudicated, meaning no further appeals or legal actions by the involved
parties is now possible.
Example​:
"...​Res judicata​ literally means a matter adjudged, judicially acted upon or
decided, or settled by judgment…"
(G.R. No. 146886 Devorah E. Bardillon vs Barangay Masili of Calamba, Laguna,
2003)
 S
45)​Stare decisis​ (to stand by [things] decided): The obligation of a judge to
stand by a prior precedent.
Example​:
"The principle of ​stare decisis​ enjoins adherence by lower courts to doctrinal
rules established by this Court in its final decisions…"
(G.R. No. 204039 United Coconut Planters Bank vs Spouses Walter and Lily Uy,
2018)

46)​Sui generis​ (of its own kind/genus):Something that is unique amongst a

group.
Example​:
"...Flowing from its ​sui generis​ character, it is not mandatory to have a formal
hearing in which the complainant must adduce evidence…"
(Adm. Case No. 6475 Fe A. Ylaya vs Atty. Glenn Carlos Gacott, 2013)

47)​Sui juris​ (of his own right):Refers to one legally competent to manage his
own affairs. Also spelled sui iuris.
Example​:
"...expatriation may be accomplished by citizens who are ​sui juris​ by express
or implied renunciations of their citizenship…"
(G.R. No. L-40895 Teofilo Haw vs The Insular Collector of Customs , 1934)
 T
48) ​Trial de novo​ (trial anew): A completely new trial of a matter previously
judged. It specifically refers to a replacement trial for the previous one, and
not an appeal of the previous decision.
Example​:
"...as cases filed before it are litigated de novo, party litigants should conduct a
formal trial (​trial de novo​)..."
(G.R. No. 153204 Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs Manila Mining
Corporation, 2005)

U
49) ​Ultra vires​ (beyond the powers): An act that requires legal authority to
perform, but which is done without obtaining that authority.
Example​:
"...Petitioner argues that the execution of the mortgage contract was ​ultra
vires​…"
(G.R. No. 194964-65 University of Mindanao Inc vs Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
et al., 2016)

V
50) ​Veto​ (forbid): The power of an executive to prevent an action, especially
the enactment of legislation
Example​:
"...The local chief executive, except the punong barangay shall have the power
to ​veto​ any particular item or items of an appropriations ordinance…"
(G.R. No. 121215 Mayor Oscar de los Reyes vs Sandiganbayan and People of the
Philippines, 1997)
 List of References
Ramonito Tanoy Sr. vs Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 141427 (The Supreme Court April 01, 2001).
Retrived from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/apr2001/gr_141427_2001.html

Public Attorney's Office , Maximos B. Usita JR, Wilfredo C. Andres vs. The Hon. Sandiganbayan
Special Division. G.R. Nos. 154297-300 (The Supreme Court February 15, 2008). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/feb2008/gr_154297_2008.html

Republic of the Philippines vs Cecilia Grace L. Roasa, G.R. No. 176022 (The Supreme Court
February 2, 2015). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/feb2015/gr_176022_2015.html

Mega Prime Realty and Holdings Corp. vs PNB, G.R. No. 173456 (The Supreme Court October 06,
2008) Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/oct2008/gr_173456_2008.html

Alfredo Tagle vs Equitable PCI Bank, G.R. No. 172299( The Supreme Court April 22, 2008).
Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/apr2008/gr_172299_2008.html

City Mayor Rogelio R. Debulgado and Victoria T. Debulgado vs Civil Service Commision, G.R. No.
111471 (The Supreme Court September 26, 1994). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1994/sep1994/gr_111471_1994.html

Anthony Zapanta vs Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 170863 (The Supreme Court, March
20,2013). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/mar2013/gr_170863_2013.html

WM H. Anderson vs Juan Posadas JR, G.R. No. 44100 (The Supreme Court, September 22, 1938).
Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1938/sep1938/gr_44100_1938.html

The Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Fatima vs Amando Alonza et al., G.R. No. 224307 (The
Supreme Court, August 6, 2018). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2018/aug2018/gr_224307_2018.html

Alfredo A. Mendros JR vs Mitsubishi Motors Phils Corporation( MMPC), G.R. No. 169780 (The
Supreme Court, February 16, 2009). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/feb2009/gr_169780_2009.html

Jose Crisostomo vs The Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-17260 (The Supreme Court February 7,
1921). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1921/feb1921/gr_l-17260_1921.html

Francisco Villanueva vs Court of Appeals and Roque Villadores, G.R. No. 142947 (The Supreme
Court, March 19, 2002). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/mar2002/gr_142947_2002.html

Domingo Roco vs Hon. Edward Contreras et al., G.R. No. 158275 (The Supreme Court, June 28,
2005). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_158275_2005.html

Malaya Lolas Organization vs Hon. Alberto Romulo, G.R. No. 162230 ( The Supreme Court, April
28,2010). Retrieved from https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/apr2010/gr_162230_2010.html
Department of Agrarian Reform vs Manolo V. Goduco, G.R. No. 174007 (The Supreme Court,
June 27, 2012). Retrieved from
https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jun2012/gr_174007_2012.html

Security Bank vs Spouses Rodrigo and Erlinda Mercado, G.R. No. 192934 (The Supreme Court
June 27, 2018). Retrieved from
https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2018/jun2018/gr_192934_2018.html

Antonio V Nueva España vs Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163351 (The Supreme Court
June 21, 2005. Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_163351_2005.html

National Amnesty Commission vs Commision on Audit et al., G. R. No. 156982 (The Supreme
Court September 8, 2004). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/sep2004/gr_156982_2004.html

The People of the Philippines vs Roman Vilo, G.R. No. L-1656 (The Supreme Court January 7,
1949). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1949/jan1949/gr_l-1656_1949.html

The People of the Philippines vs Roberto Estrada, G.R. No. 130487 (The Supreme Court June 19,
2000). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jun2000/gr_130487_2000.html

CDCP Mining Corporation vs Commissioner of Internal revenue and Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
122213 (The Supreme Court June 28, 2005). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_122213_2005.html

Adela Salas-Gatlin vs Hon. Corazon Agrava, G.R. No. L-20827 (The Supreme Court September 29,
1967). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1967/sep1967/gr_l-20827_1967.html

Ma Hazelina A. Tujan-Militante vs Raquel M. Cada-Deapera, G.R. No. 210636 (The Supreme

Court July 28, 2014). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/jul2014/gr_210636_2014​.​html

The People of the Philippines vs Lol-lo and Saraw, G.R. No. 17958 (The Supreme Court February
27, 1922). Retrieved from
https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1922/feb1922/gr_l-17958_1922.html

Fiscal Celso M. Gimenez and Federico B. Mercado vs Hon. Ramon E. Nazareno and Teodoro de la
Vega Jr., G.R. No. L-37933 (The Supreme Court April 15, 1988). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/apr1988/gr_l_37933_1988.html

The Incorporators of Mindanao Institute Inc. vs The United Church of Christ Philippines,G.R.
No. 171765​ ​(The Supreme Court March 21, 2012). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/mar2012/gr_171765_2012.htm​l

Northern Motors Inc. vs Filinvest Credit Corp, G.R. No. L-40018 ( The Supreme Court August 29,
1975). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1975/aug1975/gr_40018_1975.html

Bayan Muna vs Alberto Romulo, G.R. No. 159618 ( The Supreme Court February 1, 2011).
Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/feb2011/gr_159618_2011.html
Mary Grace Natividad Poe-Llamanzares vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 221697 (The Supreme Court
March 8, 2016). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2016/mar2016/gr_221697_2016.html

Continental Micronesia Inc., vs Joseph Basso, G.R. NOS. 178382-83 (The Supreme Court
September 23, 2015). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/sep2015/gr_178382_2015.html

People of the Philippines vs Domingo Lachica, G.R. No. 94432 ( The Supreme Court October 12,
1999). Retrieved from ​https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/oct1999/gr_94432_1999.html

Monico Cruz vs Camilo Pangan and Sotera, G.R. No. L-19749 (The Supreme Court May 30, 1964).
Retrieved from ​https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1964/may1964/gr_l-19749_1964.html

Domingo R. Manalo vs APIC Savings Bank and Therese V Vargas, G.R. No. 146531 (The Supreme
Court March 18, 2005). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/mar2005/gr_146531_2005.html

Aristotel Valenzuela-Natividad vs People of the Philippines and Court of Appeals,

G. R. No. 160188 (The Supreme Court June 21, 2007). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/jun2007/gr_160188_2007.html

People of the Philippines vs Hon. Hignio Macadaeg et al., G.R. No. L-4316 ( The Supreme Court
May 28, 1952). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1952/may1952/gr_l-4316_1952.html

Southern Luzon Drug Corp. vs DSWD et al., G.R. No. 199669 ( The Supreme Court April 25, 2017).
Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2017/apr2017/gr_199669_2017.html

Robert P. Wa-acon vs People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 164575 ( The Supreme Court December
06, 2006). Retrieved from ​https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_164575_2006.html

Heirs of Teodolo M. Cruz et al. vs Court of Industrial Relation et al​.​, G.R. No. L-23331-32 (The
Supreme Court December 27, 1969). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1969/dec1969/gr_23331_1969.html

Devorah E. Bardillon vs Barangay Masili of Calamba, Laguna, G.R. No. 146886 (The Supreme
Court April 30, 2003). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2003/apr2003/gr_146886_2003.html

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University of Mindanao Inc vs Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, G.R. No. 194964-65 (The Supreme
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Mayor Oscar de los Reyes vs Sandiganbayan Third Division and People of the Philippines, G.R.
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