WEIGHT OF.

ONEFCUBIC
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
F . - FOOT
- _ OF flUID
THEORETICAl TOROUE TO ORIVE GRAVITY
FORCE
flOW (fXJUnds)
xRATE (GPM) lllPUT
ACTUAl HORSEPO'NER
TOROUE TO231
DRIVE
==~ .32080
=
=!!k~
= 100
EIf,'CL xx OF = 2!!.§.
= rPRESSURE
.3208
RPM
FlO'N
=
OUTPUT xx PUMP
RATE
.2253xSUS-~
.2193
VOLUMETRIC
XACTUAL
PRESSURE
.!:.x DIAMETER'
RADIUS> (PSI)
flOW
OUTPUT xxR.I,TEOUTPUT
"VOLUME
250,000
xxx134.6
RATE FLOW
ADDITIONAL
HORSEPOWER
SUS flOW
Elf.
_
(psi)
(psi)
\JSPECIFIC
lapprox.)
THROUGH
DISPlACEMENT
(GFM) (GPM)
=xAREA
WORD FORMULA
FORMULA:
VOLUME
(Inches)
(Inches)
NET x OF
100
MECHANICAL 1.0.
(Cu.
PRESSURE
Oil
(Square (GPM)
In.lRev.)
231
(GPMJ
Elf
UNDER x(psi)
100
m
= IfiP= =
UNIT
1714 U/IIT
PRESSURE
Inct.es) SUSA INTERNAl
TIME
AREA
THEORETICAl
===Y..
SUS
1714 =A
1714
8M
AOf
A62.4283
4TElf
4.635
pv 712(Minute)
HP"
(Square
••1xpSIAREA
FLOW (Square
Inches)
RATE
1714E1fNEVI
EFFICIE/ICY
lETTER FORMULA
Inches){GPMJ
OUTPUT
SPEED {RPM}
flEW PRESSURE (PSI)
0
(Ov-r:raU)
Approximately
FORMULA: J

(e., X
EIf.EOt EIf.EO! TTHED Elf",
F =psixAorF=PA
TACT. O",ro
BULK MODULUS THE FLUID FORCE
x 100 CIP) = VELOCITYPRESSURE
AREA
SPECIAC
CElITISTOKES
OVERAll
CEIITISTOKES
HORSEPOWER
MECHANICAL
flOW
VOLUMETRIC
CENTISTOKES
--1- FACTOR
VALVE
AREA
GRAVITY
EFACIENCY ) 100
EFFICIENCY
INPUT
EFFICIENCY VOLUME
SG A
0c.s
VA=
P
V
=
CS
HP =
Elfa,
EIf~.
c.,
_W_
= r[»
=~(Gallons)
BASIC· FORMULAS
.2253 orASUS
=_ _.78S[»
25O,ooolapprox.)
.2193
= a VSG
SUS _O_P or194.4
GPM
134.6 RPMM
\/2%x psi PH
Per 1000 psi

B HOURS OF BEARING LIFE LIFE HOURS x RATEDSPEED (RPM) x ( RATEDPRESSUREf-;:i

= RATED PUMP 8'0 = RATEDHAS. x RPM, x (PSI) J \ 3
FORMULAS
 FLUID POWER FORMULAS
ACTUATOR FORMULAS - CONTINUED

. FORMULA FOR: WORD FORMULA LETTER FORMULA

CYLINDER VELOCITY or SPEED

VELOCITY = 231 x flOW RATE (GP!.1) y = 2310 ory = .32080
In FeetJSerond 12 x 60 x IIET AREA (Square Inches) 72M A

CYLINDER VOLUME CAPACITY

VOLUME = r X RADiUS' (Inches) x STROKE (Inches) v = rf' I
231 221
In Gallons of Fluid

= IIET AREA (Slrwe Inches)

231
x STROKE (Inches) v =~
231
I= Length 01 Slroke

CYlINDER flOW RATE

flOW R~TE _ 12 x 60 x VELOCITY (FeevSec) x NET AREA (Square InCl1es)
o = 720vA or 0 = 3.117yA
In Gallons Per Minute 231 231

flUID MOTOR TOROUE

TOROUE = PRESSURE (psi) x F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. In.lRev.)
In Inch Pounds 2r

= HORSEPOWER x 63025 T = 63025 HP

RPM n

= FLOW RATE (GPM) x PRESSURE (psi) x 36.77 T = 36.770P or T = 36.770psi

RPM n n

flUID MOTOR TOROUE/100 psi

In Inch Pounds
TOROUE/loo psi - = F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/RevotuDon)
.0628
n
HP
T,= Tn
2310
-- =
=-d-63025
d
.0628

FLUID MOTOR SPEED _ 231 flOW RATE (GPM)

SPEED
In RevoIulions/Minule - F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/Revolution)

FLUID MOTOR POWER = TORQUE OUTPUT (Inch Pounds) x RPM

HORSEPOWER
63025
In Horsepower Output

THERMAL FORMULAS

NOTE: ONE BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT REOUIREDTO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF ONE POUND OF WATER OIlE OEGREEF.AHRENHBT.ONE HORSEPOWER = 2545 BTU/HR.

RESERVOIR COOUNG CAPACITY HEAT (BTU/HR) = 2 x TEMPERATURE OJFFERENCEBffi'/EEN RESERVOIRWAlLS AND AIR (oF)
x AREA OF RESERVOIR(SO. Ft) BTUIHR = 2.0 x AT x A
BASED ON ADEQUATE AIR CIRCULATION

HEAT IN HYDRAULIC OIL (approx.) I HEAT (BTU/HR) = Fl(J.'I1WE (GPM) x 210 x TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE(oF)
BTU/HR = 0 x 210 x AT
DUE TO SYSTEM INEFFICIENCY (SG = .89 -
.92)

HEAT IN FRESH WATER (approx.) tHEAT (BTU/HR) = FLOW RATE (GPAt) x 500 x TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE(OF) BTU/HR = 0 x 500 x AT

PRESSURE DROP FORMULAS

NOTE: SEE PAGES 79 THROUGH 84 FOR INFORMATION

ACCUMULATOR· FORMULAS
NOTE: SEE PAGES 130 AND 131 FORADDITIONAL INFORMATION Where UP" = psia(ABSOLUTf} = psig (GAUGE PRESSURE) + 14.7 psi

FORMULA FOR: WORD FORMULA: lETTER FORMULA:

PRESSURE OR VOLUME . ORlGIIIAL PRESSURE x ORIGINAL VOLUME =. FIfIAL PRESSURE x FINAL VOLUME P, V, = P, V, lsothermic

w/Constant "r (Temperature)

PRESSURE OR TEMPERATURE . ORIGIIW: PRESSURE x FIIJAi. m,IPERATURE ;; FlllAlPRESSURE X ORIG. TEMPERATURE P, T, = P, T, lsochoric
w/ Constant "V" (Volume)

VOLUME OR TEMPERATURE ORIGII/AL VOLUME X AI/AL TEI,IPERATURE = FINAL VOLUME x ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE V, T, = V, T, Isobaric
w/Constant "P" (Pressure)

PRESSURE OR VOLUME
ORIGINAL PRESSURE x ORIGIIIAL VOLUME" ...= FINAL PRESSURE x FINAL VOLUME"
w/Tempetalure Change Due

l'"
-
To Heat of Compression FINAL TEMP.
ORIG. TEMP. .> .....•.•.•...
i;,; ORIG.
FIlIAL VOLUME\
VOLUMFj ",:,eINAL
ORIS. PRESSURE
PRESSURE
U.S.
.037037
.0005787
.00002143
i,48052
28.317
.004329
.016384
1.119825146.656
.0160184
.004951
201.974
764.56
.001308
1.20032
.0353145
.160459
.264170
1.133681
4.54374
13.78543
27
.453592
.0005929
.0059429 17281
2277.274
31
27.6798
61.0234 Gar:u.1S
~~Liters VOLUME&CAPACITY EQUIVALENTS
Water at Max. Oensity
39.2° F 4° C

~rams
. -\y.;;-. I ·of-Water

.0036065 .0361275 .0163872

6.23210 62.4283 28.3170
168.266 1685.56 764.559
.220083 2.20462 1
.833111 8.34545 3.78543
1 10.0172 4.54373
.0998281 1 .453593
 0.06102
0.001
0.02832
28.317
.0036065
. Cms/sec
31.5
7.48052
448,83
0.01639
35,31
14.50
6.23210
7.481
28.32
264.2
0.5080
Intocms
Liters =9.5)
.00003521
.000001
.0002642
.0005787
.00001639
.004329
16.39 ...
feet
meters
Fahrenheit
Gallons/min
Cu cms/min
Gallons
Liters/min
inches
10,200
28,320
28,317
61,023
1,728
1,000,000
1,000
Pounds/sq
Imperial
Multiply
Gallons
Kgs/sq
tDegree
DC
(COx .OF-
gallons
by
(tmeter
(U.S.
Celsius 32)/1.8
in...liquid)
+32 277.274
4.54374
0.0353145
61.0234
0.001
3785
231
,160459
,00009807
.220083
1000
.069
.133681
.3785
703.1
3.785
0.264170
3,785
.1337
1,20032
14.22
,001422
.035
.264
,00001
.000145
.83267
Into
Bar
Gallons/min
0.3048
Barsmeters
feet
Liters
Cu
6,895
1,000 ...
cms
Meters/min
feeVmin
inches
cm
Liters/min
cms/min
2,048
3,785.412
Pounds/sq
Kgs/sq
Multiply
U.S.
Gallons meter
byftin...liquid)
gallons
Imperial
Pascal (U.S.
gallons
(Pa)
To Convert To Convert
Gallons/min
Liters
Liters/min
FeeVmin
Imperial
Kilograms/sq
Pascal
Pounds/sq
U.S,
U.S. gallons
(Pa)
gallons
inch
cm
meter
 TABLE 6-E. CONVERSION BETWEEN ENGLISH UNITS AND SI UNITS

The "SI" (International Standards) units shown below are adopted for use by the International Fluid Power Com-
munity, and should be used on documents prepared for international circulation.

Quantity SI Unit for Fluid Power "Customary" U.S. Unit Conversion Factor

Length . millimeter (mm) . inch (in). 1 in = 25.4 mm

Pressure* bar (bar, g or bar, a) . Ibs/sq in (psig or psia) . 1 bar = 14.5 psi
Pressure** mm of mercury (mm Hg) inches of mercury (in Hg) 1 in Hg = 25.4 mm Hg
Flow*** liters per minute (I/min) U.S. gallons per minute (U.S. GPM) . 1 U.S. GPM = 3.79 I/min
Flowt cubic decimeters/see (dm3/sec) cubic feet per minute (cfm) 1 dm3 /sec = 2.12 cfm
Force Newton (N) pound(f) or Ib(f) (force) . 1 Ib(f) - 4.44N
Mass . kilogram (Kg) pound(m) or Ib(m) (mass). 1 Kg = 2.20 Ib(m)
Time ... second (see) second (see)
Volume*.**. liter (I) . gallon (U.S. gal) . 1 U.S. gal = 3.791
Temperature degrees Celcius (oC) degrees Fahrenheit (0 F) °C = 5/9 (OF - 32)
Torque . Newton-meters (Nm) pounds(f)-inches Ibs(f)-in 1 Nm = 8.88 Ib(f)-in
Power kilowat (kw) horsepower (HP) . 1 kw = 1.34 HP
Shaft Speed revolutions per minute (rpm) revolutions per minute (rpm)
Frequency . Hertz (Hz) . cycles per second (cps) . 1 Hz = 1 cps
Displacement millileters/revolution (ml/rev) cubic inches per revolution (cipr). ·lml/rev = 0.061 cipr
Kinematic viscosity centistokes (cSt) . Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) cSt = (4.635)(SUS)tt
Velocity. meter per second (m/s) feet per second (fps) . 1 m/s = 3.28 fps
NOTES: *Pressure above atmospheric **Pressure below atmospheric ***Liquid tGas
tt@38°C; Factor is 4.667 @ 99°C

EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENTS

1 U.S. Ga lion 231 Cu bic Inches 1 Horsepower = 33,000 Ft. Lbs. per Minute
4 Quarts; or 8 Pints 550 Ft. Lbs. per Second
8.3356 Pounds 42.4 BTU per Minute
3.785 Liters 2545 BTU per Hour
746 Watts, or 0.746 Kilowatts
1 Imperial Gallon = 1.2 U.S. Gallons
lPSI= 2.04161'Hg
27.71 "Water
1 Liter = 0.2642 U.S. Gallons
Foot Column of Water = 0.433 PSI

1 Cubic Foot = 7.48 Gallons Foot Column of Oil = 0.390 PSI

= 1728 Cubic Inches
1 "Hg = 0.491 PSI
1 Cubic Foot of Water Weighs 62.4 Pounds = 1.132 Ft. Water

1 Barrel Oil = 42 Gallons

1 Bar at Sea Level = 14.5 PSI (Approx.l Atmos.)
33.8 Foot Water Column 1 Micro-meter = 1 Millionth of a Meter (Micron)
42 Foot Oil Column = 1 Thousandth of a Meter
II
29.92 Hg. = 0.00004 Inch
Approx. VzPSI Decrease Each 1000 Ft. Altitude 25 Micro-meters = 0.001 Inch

APPROXIMATE MEASUREMENTS

1 Pint = 2 cups = 16 fluid ounces = 1 pound 1 Gallon = 231 cubic inches = 76,800 drops
1 Pint = 96 teaspoons = 32 tablespoons = 16 fluid ounces 1 Cup = 16 tablespoons = 48 teaspoons
1 Quart = 4 cups = 2 pints = 32 fluid ounces = 2 pounds 1 Tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
1 Quart = 192 teaspoons = 64 tablespoons = 32 fl. oz. 2 Tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce
1 Gallon = 16 cups = 4 quarts = 8 pints 1 Fluid ounce (volume) = 600 drops (hydraulic oil)
1 Gallon = 768 teaspoons = 256 tablespoons = 128 oz. 1 Cubic inch = 330 drops
 TABLE 6-F. EQUIVALENT VALUES

To convert units appearing in Column 1 into equivalent values of units in Column 2, multiply by factor in Column 3,
Example: To convert 7 gallons into cubic inches, multiply 7 x 231 = 1617 cubic inches.
To convert units appearing in Column 2 into equivalent values of units in Column 1, divide by factor in Column 3.
Example: To convert 25 horsepower into BTU per minute, divide 25 by 0.02356 = 1061 BTU per minute.

. Column
144 Column
745.7
0.01136
0.0005787 1per
Column 33.9
1 Column
Column
Feet
2000Column
Pounds
0.001341
Watts
·Atmospheres
550.231
0.1337
Seconds
2.036
2.307
88
0.25
Watts
Cubic
Foot 0.01745
0.004329
Fahrenheit
2.54
0.04167
1000
Inches.
0.005952
Hou
Hours
7000
16 0.02356
1728
0.2931
Pounds
Inches.
U.S.
1.1330.6818
Inches
0.001
0.3937
Meters
0.5 0.0001894
0.3048
42.44
8.3453
29.92
Radians
5280
Quarts
0.001818
453.5924
0.00004
0.2642
1.467
liters
0.0000303
00.8826
MilesoCx
778.3
0.4335
7.48052
Weeks.
Watts
14.7
liters
0.0625
1.805
0.4912
0.03342
Pints
0.5555
BTU
33,000
PSI
PSI
InchesPouof
Gallons
Cubic
rs
lbs.
Gallons
0.0002642
Tons
86,400
0.06804 FeetWater
of
Centimeters
Ounces
Grains.
Grams.
.001286
PoundsInches.
Quarts
Feet .of
Micro-meter
Inches.
0.03613
Ounces
0.0295
Inches
per
per of
Horsepower
Footper
Horsepower
Horsepower
U.S.Galions
MilesSquare
Inches
Gallons
Days
PSI 32per
3Centimeters
2.Water
.1.8+32
.nds
.of Water.
Inches.
(U.SJ
lbs.
(lbs.
Temperature
Feet
(lbs. Water
(Fluid)
Minute.
(Statute) Inches
of
(lbs.perSq.ln).
(lbs.
Atmospheres
ofperper Feet (Micron)
per
Hour{MPH)
Hour
Hour Minute
Mercury
.Sq.
Mercury
(U.S.
liquid
Second.
(Weight)
Mercury .Second
.Sq.(MPH)
Minute
liquid)
Sq.In)
(oC)
(oF) ...In.)
("Hg)
.(Bars)*.
(Bars)*.In)
.in)
("Hg)
InJ .
- 32 Please read instructions above

TABLE 6-G. PSI GAUGE PRESSURE CONVERTED TO METRIC PRESSURE UNITS

This table is calculated on the basis of 1 bar = 14.5 PSI, or, 1 PSI = .069 bar
PSI • 10 50 100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 5000
Bars ••.....0.69 3.45 6.90 17.2 34.5 51.7 69.0 103.4 137.9 172.4 206.9 344.8

TABLE 6-H. GPM OIL FLOW CONVERTED TO METRIC UNITS

This table is calculated on the basis of 1 U.S. GPM = 3.79 liters per min. (liquid) or, 1 liter per min. = 0.2638 GPM.
GPM .5 8 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 75 100
Liters/min~18.95 30.32 45.48 56.85 75.80 94.75 113.7 132.7 151.6 189.5 284.3 379.0

TABLE 6-1. SCFM AIR FLOW CONVERTED TO METRIC UNITS

This table is calculated on the basis of 1 SCFM = 0.4716 cubic decimeters per second, or 1 dm3/sec. = 2.12 SCFM.
SCFM ~5 10 15 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 350
Dm3/sec~2.358 4.716 7.074 11.79 23.58 35.37 47.16 70.74 94.32 117.9 141.5 165.1