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Can the Dean number Alone Characterize Flow Similarity in Differently Bent
Tubes?

Article  in  Journal of Fluids Engineering · May 2012

DOI: 10.1115/1.4006417

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Krzysztof Cieslicki Adam Piechna

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Krzysztof Cieślicki
Adam Piechna1
e-mail: adam.piechna@gmail.com
Laboratory of Bioflows, Institute of Automatic
Control and Robotics,
Warsaw University of Technology,
02-525 Warsaw, Poland
Can the Dean number Alone
Characterize Flow Similarity
in Differently Bent Tubes?
Although flows of fluids in curved channels belong to a classical problem of fluid dynamics,
most publications are restricted to investigations of flows in tube coils, or in single bends.
This paper presents experimental and numerical (CFD) results concerning Newtonian
flows in a set of multiple S-type bends of various orientations. Investigations were con-
ducted for a wide range of Re values (0–3500) and for a significant curvature ratio lying
between 0.05 and 0.29, which corresponds to De value falling within the range
0.02–1200. A coiled tube was also examined and treated as the reference geometry. It
was shown, that despite a completely different velocity pattern, the nonlinear dependence of
normalized flow resistance of wavy tubes and coiled tube of the same curvature ratio overlap
within a significant range of De. A novel, close phenomenological formula to estimate the
nonlinear flow resistance of tortuous tube in a wide range of De was proposed and compared
with those in the literature. The conditions were also determined in which the De might be
the only dimensionless group that characterizes such flows. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006417]

Keywords: 2D and 3D tortuous channels, Dean number, De, nonlinearity of the flow,
CFD, periodical flow

1 Introduction with a parameter De introduced by White [28], which is useful in

experiments, because it is based on the actual mean velocity down
Although fluids flows in curved channels belong to a classical
the tube. The other version of the Dean number—Dn—is also in
problem of fluid dynamics, most of publications are restricted to
frequent use and is more convenient for the theoretical purposes,
investigations of flows in tube coils, or in single bends. An exten-
because it is based on the constant pressure gradient. For Dn 
sive literature review of such flows was introduced by Berger and
100, Dn number is roughly proportional to De, according to the
Talbot [1] and more recently by Ali [2].
relation: Dn ¼ 4H2  De. For higher Dn, this relation becomes
Less attention has been given to multiple S-type bends of vari-
nonlinear [24,25] due to loss of proportionality between G and Q
ous orientations [3,4], characteristic for arterial segments geome-
in a curved tube.
tries [5–7]. The action of centrifugal forces in the bend of a tube
For sufficiently small De and d the existing correlations for
manifests itself through the appearance of complicated secondary
flow resistance ratio of coils are based on solutions of simplified
flow pattern in the plane perpendicular to the main stream, which
Navier-Stokes equations. In turn, for sufficiently large De, but still
modifies the axial velocity [8]. Due to this effect, the flow resist-
small d, there are many functional approximations predicted from
ance of the curved tube, RC, is greater than in a straight tube, RS,
the boundary-layer analyses [20–22]. Only the numerical methods
of the same length and for the same flow rate. Additionally, RC
remain to link both asymptotic solutions in the intermediate range
depends on the flow rate, which makes the pressure-flow relation
of De [29], particularly in tubes with high curvature ratio.
nonlinear. Meanwhile, several authors still calculate the flow re-
Within this paper an extensive experimental and numerical
sistance of arteries from the Hagen-Poiseuille formula [9,10]. This
work has been done on flow in a set of multiple S-type bends of
leads to a remarkable underestimation of pressure drop along
various orientations for a wide range of Re (0–3500) and for sig-
proximal vessels [11–13].
nificant curvature ratio lying between 0.05 and 0.29. The above
Since the pioneering work of Eustice [14] and Dean [15], who
values of Re and d correspond to De falling within the range
studied flows of water through flexible coiled tubing of various
0.02– 1200. The numerical model was optimized and validated by
radii of curvature, many theoretical as well as experimental and
the available experimental results. A novel, simple formula to
numerical attempts have been made to obtain correlations for flow
estimate flow resistance ratio, RC=RS, of multiple bent tubes was
resistance ratio, RC=RS, in terms of a separate or joint combination
proposed and contrasted to the most known correlations available
of various dimensionless groups, namely:
for coiled tubes. It was shown, that the normalized flow resistance
• Reynolds number, Re, and the curvature ratio, d [16–19]; characteristics of wavy tubes and coiled tube, having the same
• Dean number, De alone [15,20–25]; curvature ratio, overlap within a significant range of De. The con-
• De and d [26,27], ditions were also determined for which the De might be the only
dimensionless group that characterizes such flows.
to name but a few.
It should be noticed here that in the literature there are several
2 Experimental Procedure
definitions of the Dean number. Within this paper we have worked
Experimental investigations of flow were performed in a set of
differently bent tubes of similar diameter, d % 2.8 mm, length
1
Corresponding author. L  1 m and curvature radius, R ¼ 19 mm. In principle, four geo-
Contributed by Fluids Engineering Division of ASME for publication in the JOUR-
NAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING. Manuscript received June 20, 2011; final manuscript
metries of tubes were considered (Fig. 1). The first two geometries
received March 19, 2012; published online May 18, 2012. Assoc. Editor: Mark F. were created by bending the tubes in a plane to form a periodi-
Tachie. cally repeated S-sections having amplitudes H ¼ 8 mm and

Journal of Fluids Engineering Copyright V

C 2012 by ASME MAY 2012, Vol. 134 / 051205-1

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Fig. 1 Four considered tubes’ configurations. Dimensions of
the sine-type tubes are shown on the right-bottom drawing.
Table 1 Dimensions of the experimental tubes
Model d [mm] R [mm] L [mm] H [mm] d
sinA 2.85 19 1040 8 0.075
sinB 2.80 19 1043 19 0.074
sin3D 3.00 19 1036 8 0.079
coil 2.80 19 1040 — 0.074
H ¼ 19 mm (Fig. 1). Due to their resemblance to sine curves they
were named as sinA and sinB, respectively. The next geometry,
sin3D, was obtained by bending the tubes in 3D space to form a
repeated S-sections lying alternatively in mutually perpendicular
planes. The last geometry was a tight coil. It was treated as refer-
ence geometry because the majority of experimental, as well as,
theoretical and numerical results described in the literature con-
cern such geometry. The pressure taps in the coil configuration
were placed on the straight ends 32 mm before terminal turns.
While bending the tube utmost care was taken to retain the inter-
nal diameter, d, over its full length and the constant radius of cur-
vature, R. Tube diameters were measured with the accuracy of
0.05 mm. Actual dimensions of considered models are summar-
ized in Table 1.
The experimental setup is presented in Fig. 2.
The flow of distilled water in all models was hydrostatically
induced. Constant pressure drop was maintained and adjusted by
means of a pair of small overflow reservoirs provided at both far
ends of the model. Mass flow rates, were measured by weighing
the mass of water collected over an interval of time using a Sarto-
rius electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.001 g. The calculated
volume rate of flow, Q, supplied the Reynolds number:
Re ¼ 4Q=(pd). The experiments were performed in isothermal
conditions to avoid variation of water viscosity, density and any
thermal convection. Constant temperature of 20  C was main-
tained within the 60.5  C interval. Pressure taps were attached to
the straight parts of the tubes in direct vicinity of the first and the
last bend. To secure the high accuracy of measurements of pres-
sure drop within the whole range of experiments two pressure
transducers with measuring range of 1 kPa (with an error less than
0.1%) and of 10 kPa (with an error less than 0.5%), respectively,
were used. Then, the average hydraulic gradient, J ¼ DH=L, was
calculated. Hydraulic resistance–flow relations of all models were
obtained for a wide range of Re and compared with numerical
results.
051205-2 / Vol. 134, MAY 2012
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Fig. 2 The experimental setup
3 CFD
Initial numerical simulations were performed on four tube geo-
metries described in the previous section. The numerical mesh
was generated and optimized with the help of preprocessor GAM-
BIT and Ansys Meshing Platform. Volume mesh composed of
hexahedral elements was created using sweeping method. At the
vicinity of walls a high density mesh was applied. (Fig. 3.). Mesh
independence was tested to obtain optimal number of elements
(Fig. 3.). Their total number ranged between 500,000 and
2,000,000 depending upon the geometry. A proper number of ele-
ments guarantees high accuracy of the solution in reasonable sim-
ulation time.
Due to the symmetry of models sinA and sinB, the numerical
mesh could be restricted to half the model volume. The numerical
simulations of flows in the curved tubes were carried out using the
commercial computational fluid dynamics software package FLU-
ENT. The software applies a finite-volume algorithm to solve the
nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations governing the conservation of
mass and momentum within the fluid. The solution was achieved
through integration of the above mentioned equations by the itera-
tive algorithm SIMPLE belonging to the family of methods of
implicit pressure correction. On tube walls, no slip velocity condi-
tion was applied. Parabolic (Poiseuille) velocity profile at the tube
inlet and the known reference pressure at its outlet were assumed.
All simulations were done using a second order discretization
scheme for momentum equation and with a single precision for
floating point operations. The simulations were ran on a standard
workstation and required between 0.5 and 4 h of CPU time for full
convergence for a steady state simulations. Convergence was con-
trolled by monitoring solution residuals, mass flux balance and
pressure loss value.
4 Results of CFD and Their Validation
In Fig. 4 we compared experimental and numerical dependence
of hydraulic resistance of differently bent tubes, RC = J=Q,
against Re. To each plot we added images of axial velocity field at
a single characteristic cross section for four Re values. Cross-
sectional slice is situated in the middle part of each model and at
its apex, as marked in figures. Color legend refers to dimension-
less velocity, normalized by the maximal axial velocity.
The experimental and numerical results are in a very good
agreement. Only in the case of a spatially bent tube (sin3D), with
the Re increase, the simulated resistance to flow gradually tends to
smaller values than the experimental ones. Probably the reason
lies in the degree of the geometrical complication of this model
Transactions of the ASME
 Fig. 3 (a) Discretization of computational flow domain. The fine mesh lying within the boundary layer is marked out. (b)
Results of the mesh convergence test. Fine reference mesh and mesh with optimal cell density are marked out.

Fig. 4 Experimental and numerical plots of hydraulic resistance of examined tubes, RC 5 J=Q, against Re obtained
for models: (a) sinA; (b) sinB; (c) sin3D; (d) coil. Solid lines denote the best fit approximations of experimental points
obtained from the introduced Eq. (1a). Images denote normalized velocity magnitude at characteristic cross section of
a particular model for four Re values.

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 Fig. 5 Relative flow resistance of all experimental models
against De. Solid line is plotted according to Eq. (1a) and (1b).
The Dashed line refers to equation of hyperbole’s asymptote
(see A2 in the appendix).
and difficulties in its exact realization. The frequent bending of
the tube in mutually perpendicular planes resulted in a slight devi-
ation from the main axis of the model, which was not taken into
account in numerical simulations. This additional curvature might
manifest itself in a slightly greater resistance to flow.
For smaller values of Re ( 100), the velocity profile, at the
characteristic cross sections, does not depend on the shape of the
model. For Re ¼ 1 it is nearly axisymmetric, like in a straight
tube. For Re ¼ 100, the position of the maximal velocity is shifted
to the outer side, like in a single bend. This is in accordance with
the analytical solutions of Topakoglu [26], and Siggers and
Waters [27]. For greater values of Re, the axial velocity profile
varies for each model. In “sinusoidal” models the region with
highest velocity bifurcates and its both parts shift distally toward
lateral sides. Such a tendency was not observed in simulations of
flow in a tube with two successive bends reported by Hoogstraten
et al. [7]. In the most complicated sin3D model, the velocity pro-
file is neither symmetric nor periodic, as can be easily deduced
from Fig. 4. However, detailed analysis of velocity fields is
beyond our area of interest which is quantitative analysis of sys-
tem. The velocity patterns in non planar double bends for low val-
ues of Re, are described in literature [3].
No signs of turbulence could be seen on either of flow charac-
teristics, although the maximal Re values in models sinA and
sin3D significantly exceeded the critical value for the straight
tube. This observation is consistent with many other findings con-
cerning tube coils, which estimate their critical Re value to be
6300 [2].
Consistent with the literature the resistance to flow in coiled
tubes grows asymptotically as the square root of the Dean number.
We plot the flow resistance of all models in a common graph
(Fig. 5.) in dimensionless form of the dependence RC=RS against
HDe. The value of RS was calculated from the Hagen-Poiseuille
formula and it served only as the normalizing parameter. For-
mally, for Re > 2100 the flow in the straight tube ceases to be lam-
inar and the Hagen-Poiseuille formula is no longer valid. In such a
case RS depends on velocity, and this would make the nature of
RC=RS versus De curve more complex than the dependence RC
versus De.
As we can see, experimental points lie along the curve showing
a close resemblance to the branch of a conjugate hyperbole which
may be described in the following, general form (see Appendix)
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
RC
¼ A þ ð1  AÞ2 þ B2 De (1a)
RS
051205-4 / Vol. 134, MAY 2012
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Fig. 6 The relations of flow resistance ratio versus the curva-
ture ratio for constant values of De
The geometrical meaning of coefficients A and B is shown in
Fig. 5. To find numerical values of A and B for the best fit curve
the standard, least square method was applied. They are as
follows:
A ¼ 0:080 and B ¼ 0:109 (1b)
Introducing them into (1), we get an equation of the best fit
curve shown in Fig. 5 by solid lines. The calculation of the best fit
approximation RC versus Re for each model is now
straightforward.
5 CFD Extension
To extend the class of studied models, additional simulations
were carried out for the periodically bent tubes of the sinB type
(i.e., R ¼ H), with various combinations of diameters and curva-
ture ratios falling within the range : 0.018 < d < 0.289, 1.375< d
<5.5, 1< De <600.
In total, approximately 200 simulations of the flow through dif-
ferently curved tubes were performed.
Based on numerical calculations, the relations of flow resist-
ance ratio versus the curvature ratio for constant values of De was
plotted and displayed in Fig. 6. The lined field denotes the zone in
which the difference between the flow resistant ratio calculated
from our phenomenological formulae (1) and numerical results is
less than 5%.
We can see, that for a significant range of curvature ratios, the
De alone may characterize the flow in wavy channels quite
accurately.
6 Discussion
Conducted experiments show that despite different shapes of
studied models their dimensionless resistance–flow characteristics
overlap within a significant range of De value. Such results are
striking, because multidirectional and alternating action of centrif-
ugal forces in wavy tubes (which is particularly pronounced in the
model sin3D) makes their velocity pattern much more complex,
highly dependent on Re and qualitatively different than in tightly
coiled tube. Simultaneously, it enables direct comparisons of flow
resistance in wavy models with solutions available for coiled tubes.
As was already mentioned in the introduction there are several
asymptotic solutions for RC=RS valid either for small or
Transactions of the ASME
 sufficiently large De. Each of these solutions were based on the bold line. As we can see, only for De < 20 the analytical solution
assumption of vanishing curvature ratio, d, although the upper better describes flow resistance behavior, because; in contrast to
limit of d ensuring their practical applicability frequently was not our approximation (1), it provides asymptotic convergence to the
stated. linear Hagen-Poiseuille law not only at the point De ¼ 0, but also
For small De, based on the Navier-Stokes equations, Siggers in the vicinity of that point. Comparing the value of RC=RS and its
and Waters [27] derived the ratio of the flow rate through a curved first derivative calculated for De approaching 0 may easily check
pipe, QC, to that through the corresponding straight pipe, QS, it. In the analytic solution, we get
under the same pressure gradient in the forms of truncated series 
of combinations of Dn and d parameters. Bearing in mind that the RC  d2 dðRC =RS Þ
¼ 1  ; lim ¼0 (4)
flow resistance ratio, RC=RS is the reciprocal of the flux ratio, RS De!0 48 De!0 dDe
QC=QS, and taking Dn ¼ 4H2De, we may present it in a form:

RC  1 whereas in our approximation

¼ 1  C  De2 d  D  De4 þ E  d2 
RS RC  dðRC =RS Þ B2
  ¼ 1; lim ¼ >0 (5)
þ O d4 ; De2 d3 ; De4 d2 ; De6 d; De8 (2) 
RS De!0 De!0 dDe 2ð1  AÞ

with C ¼ 6.3657  104, D ¼ 3.6863  107, E ¼ 1=48; On the other hand our approximation (1) deviates from experi-
The identical series may be derived from the analytical solution mental and numerical results at this range of flow by less than 5%,
of Topakoglu [26]. which is the value comparable to experimental and numerical
For sufficiently large De, the majority of solutions give practi- errors.
cally the same asymptotic result, despite significant differences in For De > 20 the truncated series (2) quickly diverges from our
the basic assumptions and approximation methods. It has the CFD and experimental results, which confirms Verkaik’s [29]
form: statement on the range of its validity. According to them, the three
term series gives accurate results only for De < 9 (or Dn < 50)
RC and reasonable results for 9 < De < 16 (or 50 < Dn < 100). Addi-
! G  De0:5 (3a)
RS De!1 tionally, slightly lower than 1 value of RC=RS for De ¼ 0 in trun-
cated series solution is unrealistic, because the flow resistance of
where the value of coefficient G varies among authors, as is curved tube should not be less than in straight tube.
shown below: For large De, our approximation shows asymptotic behavior
8 (3a), which results directly from (1):
>
> 0:0919 ðBarua; 1963Þ þ 20  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
> RC pffiffiffiffiffiffi
< 0:1080 ðMoriand & Nakayama; 1963Þ½21
lim ¼ lim A þ ð1  AÞ2 þ B2 De ¼ A þ B De (6)
G ¼ 0:1033 ðIto; 1969Þ½22 (3b) De!1 RS De!1
>
>
>
> 0:1015 ðDennis; 1980Þ½30
:
0:0938 ðYanase; et:al:1989Þ½25 with the value of coefficient B ¼ 0.109 being very close to Mori-
Nakayama [21] result (= 0.108).
The main drawback of these solutions is that, ex definitione, From the proposed approximation (1), as well as, from a several
they do not hold for low De, as is clearly seen in Fig. 7, where approximations reported in literature [15,20,23–25,30], it follows
they are sketched and compared to the analytical solution, (2) as that for a fixed De, the flow resistance ratio does not depend
well as to our experimental and CFD results for low range of De directly on the curvature ratio, while the analytical solution of
(De <60). Our best fit relation (1a) and (1b) is marked by a solid Siggers and Waters [27] does. Also our numerical results (shown
in Fig. 5) indicate such a dependence, although there is a signifi-
cant zone of d in which the changes of flow resistance ratio are
slight and therefore may be considered constant. Also, the lower
De values, the wider range of d satisfies the validity of approximation
(1). For comparison with our results the theoretical equation (2) was
evaluated for De ¼ 16, which constitutes the upper limit of its applic-
ability, and plotted in Fig. 6. The five percent increase of RC=RS,
which corresponds to d ¼ 0.312 was marked by a point. As can be
seen it perfectly matches our predictions plotted by the dashed line.
In conclusion we can say that in the light of conducted experi-
ments and simulations, the Dean number alone can serve as the
parameter of laminar flow similitude in differently bent tubes only
in a limited range of both De and d values (as was shown in
Fig. 6). However, for many applications the knowledge of De is
sufficient to estimate the flow resistance of wavy tubes, with a rea-
sonable accuracy, according to the approximation (1) proposed in
this work.

Nomenclature
d ¼ inside diameter of tube
De ¼ Dean number
(= Re(a=R)0.5)
3  0:5
Dn ¼ Dean number ¼ Ga l R
2a

Fig. 7 Comparison of the literature analytical (2) and asymp- G¼ constant pressure gradient (=DP=L)
totic solutions to our experimental and CFD results (for H¼ tube amplitude
d 5 0.074) for low range of De. Our best fit relation (1a) and (1b) DH ¼ hydraulic drop
is marked by solid bold line. J¼ hydraulic gradient (=DH=L)

Journal of Fluids Engineering MAY 2012, Vol. 134 / 051205-5

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